Annual reports and proceedings of the Belfast Naturalists' Field Club

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ANNUAL REPORTS

AND

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB

SERIES || 1928-29
VOLUME TLL
Ix 1937-38

selfast :
Printep py Tux Noxtuern Wate, Ltp., Baumer Srrect

1938

BRITISH
| MUSEUM

11 MAY 31

NATURAL
HISTORY.

ANNUAL REPORTS ©

PROCEEDINGS

ae AN

SERIES II. PARTS

VOL. IX. 1, WU.
1928-29.
1929+30.

FOR CONTENTS SEE INSIDE COVER.

PRINTED FOR MEMBERS ONLY
PRICE OF EXTRA COPIES TO MEMBERS 2/-

CONTENTS.

—_——0

List of Officers, 1928-29 .
Excursions :—Cave Hill and M‘Art’, s - Fort, ' Portmore district,
Carngaver Hill, Monlough, Bessbrook, Dublin and district,
Scarva, Arboe Cross and Toome, Greencastle and Kilkeel,
Craighuliar Quarries, Mountstewart
British Br ‘yological Society’s Ivish Visit
Conversazione
Papers i=
‘ Moth and Butterfly Love’’—D, J. Carpenter, A.R.C.Sc.L.
‘ Fungi and Diseases of Plants ’—A. E, Muskett, B.Sc.,
A.R.C.Se.L. ; : Rey or re ea
‘The so-called Volcanic Necks. ‘of Northern Ireland ’’—
Dr. H. PR. ie Rohleder , se8 Bs nee
‘ Thumbnail Sketches of Larne ’’—Dr. S. W. Hill ... ;
‘Paleolithic Man in Sligo?’’—Professor J. K. Charles-
worth, D.Sc., M.RB.1. A; ae i
‘South Africa : lt s Call to the Naturalist BE Roy, W. RB.
Megaw, B.A. ane
“ Local ‘Text-book [ilustnabions in | Geolosy oy. “Welch,
M!Sc., *M.R.ICA.
Annual Meeting
Club Medallists
List of Officers, 1929-30
Excursions :-—Purdysburn Glen and Mealough, Larriban Cliffs
and Ballintoy, Maghera and district, Belvoir Park, Ram’s
Island, Bundoran and_ district, Strangford Lough (West
side), Galgorm and Portglenone, Derryadd and Lough
Neagh Shore. Ramble around old Belfast, Red Tall
Convetbazione : $73
Papers :—
‘*Bield Work as a Handmaid to History ’’—Miss W. J.
Sayers, B.A, ee
“ Sigurd the Crusader ?2D, E, ‘Lowry, J. Pe Ae be
“The A BC of Birds "—J. A...S, Stendall, M.R.LA.,
M.B.0.U. a ’ a PP
2 eek: with a Camera in Natureland ”—J. A. Benington,
“The ‘February Skies ’ 2a i. Kerr, B. 5 GAEL Ra StS ree ae bee
‘* Naturalism in Roman Art ’’—lan A. Huainiond, M.A...
‘““ Grasses ’’—Captain C. D. Chase, M.A., M.'C.
‘<The Celtic Gods ’’—Col. R. G. Berry, M.R.E. A. es
‘‘ Cave Researches in England ’’—Dyr. J. W. Jackson, Bowes:
Annual ‘Meeting £
Club Medallists
List of Exchanging Societies
Rules a st
List of Members

PAGE

60

PROCEEDINGS
AND ANNUAL REPORT

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB

For the Year Ending 3lst March, 1929

(SIXTY-SIXTH YEAR).

SERIES Il. Pa |.

VOLUME IX. 1928-29.

EDITOR:
WILLIAM M: CRAWFORD, B.a., F:£.s., F.z 5.

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

SIYTY-SIXTH YEAR, 1928-29.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President:
D. Jz CARPENTER, A-8.C.SC.1.
Vice-President:
Miss W. J. SAYERS, b.a.
Hon, Treasurer:
A. H. DAVISON, v.r.s.4.t.. 32 Wellington Place, Belfast.
Hon. Librarian:
W. M. CRAWFORD, B.a., F.x.s., F.z.s., Orissa, Marlborough Park
South, Belfast.
Hon. Recording Secretary:
J. A. 8. STENDALL, M.n.1.4., M.B.0.U., Deva, Haypark Avenue,
Beltast.
Hon. Secretary of Botanical Section:
C. R. NODDER, m.a., he Corner House, Lambeg.
Hon. Secretaries of Geological Section:
ROBERT BELL, 64 Newington Avenue, Belfast.
A. M‘I. CLELAND, 28 Green Road, Knock, Belfast
Hon, Secretary of Zoological Section:
JAMES ORR, m.z.0.u., 17 Gartield ‘Street, Belfast.
Hon. Secretary of Archzological Section:
J. SKILLEN, 25 Stranmillis Gardens, Belfast.
Hon. Secretary of Junior Section:
Mrs. C. R. NODDER, The Corner House, Lambeg.
Ordinary Members of Committee:

Yetire 1929, Retire 1930.
S. A. Bennett, B.a.. B.SC. Miss W. M. Rea, M.sc.
S. Freeland. Rev. W.. R. Megaw, B.a.
J. R. H. Greeves, z.se. R. J. Welch, m.sc..
M.R.1.A.
Retire 1931.
A. A. Campbell, r.r.s.a.1.
C. D. Chase, M.c., M.A.
Rt. S. Lepper, M.A., LL.M.,
F.R.HIST. SOC.
Hon. Secretaries:
E. N. CARROTHERS, 145 Stranmillis Road, Belfast.

A, E, MUSKETT, s.sc., a.n.c.sc.u., St. Helen’s, Old Stranmillis
Road. Belfast,

\

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PROCEEDINGS.

: ~O
SUMMER SESSION.

O ———

CAVE HILL AND M‘ART’S FORT.

Date—Tuesday evening, 22nd May, 1928. Conductor—The President
(D. J. Carpenter). Number present, 90.

The party started from Castle Junction at 6.380 p.m.
and were conveyed by special tram to the Old Cavehill Road,
Where others jomed in, and the numbers then amounted
to ninety.

They proceeded on foot to the Cave Hill quarry, where
the President gave an interesting talk on the. eeological
formations, pointing out the cretaceous and liassic strata,
and so demonstrating in situ the main aqueous rocks of the
Belfast area. He also. showed and explained field evidence
of the faet that Co. Antrim had at one time been subjected
to great volcanic activity, and that the basalt was a lava.
The evidence included the different lava flows with different
characteristics, the vesicular and amygdaloidal nature of
various basaltic specimens, and the baking to a red colour of
the flints accumulated on the top of old irregular chalk
country

At the top of the quarry two fine basaltic dykes were
shown. At the one the conversion of the chalk to marble
by contact metamorphism was well seen, and at the other
the presence of a fault was readily demonstrated.

After leaving the quarry a halt was made. half-way up
the hill, where Mr. Carpenter explained the ingenious escape
device. found in the cocoon of the Emperor Moth, which
was found amongst the heather.

On the Hill it was interesting to find four typical wood
plants amongst the heather, viz.:—Wood Rush (Luzula syl-
satica), W ood Anemone (Anemone nemorosa), Wood Violet
(Viola sylvatica), and Wood Sage (Teucrium Scorodonia).

After visiting M‘Art’s Fort the party returned via
Bellevue and Hazelwood. On the slopes of the latter Pyrola
rotundifolia was found by some of the members.

wan (Proc. B.N.F.C

PORTMORE DISTRICT.
Date—2nd June, 1928. Conductors—The General and Sectional
Secretaries, Number present, 60.

This excursion took the form of a preliminary inspection
of Portmore and district, an area selected by the Committee
as suitable for a regional survey. The party left the
Museum, College Square North, by motors at 10 a.m., and
reached Gawley’ s Gate, close hes the shores of Lough Neagh,
about 11 a.m. From there a ramble was taken ‘along the
small but picturesque road bordering the Lough to Tunny
Bridge, and thence to the Glenavy river, the members
looking for plants and zoological objects according to their
several tastes. Meanwhile some of the members had
devoted their energies to an exploration of Portimore Lough.
At 5 p.m. all collected at Lower Ballinderry Schoolhouse
for tea, after which a business meeting was held, a start
being made for home about 8 p.m.

CARNGAVER HILN.

Date—l6th June, 1928. Conductor—Captain ©. D. Chase,
Number present, 20.

In perfect weather about a score of members enjoyed
the eight miles walk from the Belmont trant terminus, via
Ballymiscaw and Craigauntlet, to the top of Carngaver and
from there to the main Newtownards road at Bradshaw's
Brae, where buses were taken back to the city. Carngaver
is the highest point of the Holywood Hills (750 feet), and
on this exceptionally clear day Scotland and the Isle of Man
were as distinct as the Mourne Mountains. Anchusa sem-
pervirens was secn near a farm, and Mr. Nathaniel Carrothers
showed the botanists the rare Pyrola minor in the station
discovered some years ago by A. W. Stelfox.

MONLOUGH.

Date—19th June, 1928 (evening). Conductors—S. Freeland
and J. A. S. Stendall. ‘Number present, 65.

A party of over sixty members, with their friends,
took part in the fourth excursion of the season to Mon-
lough, a stretch of water hidden among the rolling hills
of County Down between Carryduff and ‘Ballygowan. The
journey was made by motor coach, and on arrival
at the east end of the lough the party was met by Mr. J.

1928-29. ]
7

M’ Williams, who resides nearby, and who acted, in his genial
way, as guide, philosopher and_ friend thro ughout the
evening.

The eel weir and traps were first visited. Here the
conductor gave a talk concerning the strange life-history of
the eel, and explained the method of capture by means of
the weir and trap. Afterwards members approached ute
lough by way of Mr. M‘Williams’s farm, and commenced :
diligent search for botanical and zoological treasures. some
members, armed with nets, searched the drains for their
occupants and made a rich haul, which included water
beetles, caddis-fly larve, and hosts of mollusks of different
species.

The President (Mr. D. J. Carpenter) gave a short talk
on the birds of the district, and was followed by Mr. R. J.
Welch, who gave an account of the water animals found.
Mr. M*Williams added interest by his account of the wild
life of the area.

After a tour of the httle fir-planted ‘‘ islet “’—fortu-
nately if was a peninsula on this occasion—Captain C. D.
Chase gave an address on the botanical features of the neigh-
bourhood. He mentioned that out of the six or seven
hundred species of plants known to grow in County Down
some two hundred were present in the Monlough area, which
possessed, so far as is known, no plants of outstanding
importance, but nevertheless many that were interesting.
Some twelve species of sedges had been found during ie
evening, many grasses together with several flowé ering
plants, “including Bogbean, Brooklime, Water Blinks, Lesser
Spearwort, and “Marsh Cinque efoil.

Before leaving the President proposed that 2 heart)
vote of thanks be accorded Mr. and Mrs. M‘Williams and
family for their kindness in allowing members to roam over
their lands and for the interest they had taken. This was
seconded by Mr. A. A. Campbell, and passed with
acclamation.

The return journey was made via Castlereagh, the
outing being voted by all to have been of much educational
value.

BESSBROOK.
Date—30th June, 1928. Conductors—The President and
W. A. Green. Number present, 42.

The party were conveyed by charabane and _ private

cars. Starting from College Square North at 9.0 a.m., they

P (Proc. B.N.F.C.

proceeded via Lisburn to Dromore, where the iron stocks
and ancient cross were examined; then to Banbridge, past
Loughbrickland and its crannoge to Newry.

rom there Miss Barcroft (The Glen, Newry) and Mr.
J. Richardson (Bessbrook) conducted the party to Nilleavy.
There some interesting Cists were examined, and Killeavy
Church, with its two churches of different ages, eyclopean
doors, &e., were well studied.

Afterwards the party proceeded past the beautiful Cam-
lough Lake-and Camlough Village between the bases of
Slieve Gullion and Sturgeon to the Cashel Lakes, where a
stop was made for lunch. The scenery in this neighbour-
hood is exceptionally fine, and geologists were able to note
the difference in the aspect of the silurian country and that
of the Newry granite areas. Among the botanical specimens
found near Killeavy and the lakes were the Butterwort,
Sundew, Marsh Cinquefoil, Butterfly Orchis, Lesser Spear-
wort, &¢.

After lunch, the party proceeded to ed Mill to view
the great earthwork known as the Dun of Dorsey, with its
deep parallel entrenchments about I8ft. apart and from
14-28ft. deep. It is regarded as the remains of a dun or
fortified residence probably occupied by Cucuchlan,

Returning to Bessbrook about 5.80 p.in., the party
enjoyed the hospitality of Mrs. Williams, The Woodhouse,
and the members were delighted with the splendid reception
given them by the hostess and her many kind helpers.

After tea, the party visited the rock gardens at The
Woodhouse and Deramore House, and then returned to
Belfast via Portadown,

At Dromore and the Dun of Dorsey the party were
addressed by the President, at on eee land by Mr. W. A.
Green, and at Killeavy by Messrs. R. 8. Lepper and I. ¢
Lawlor.

DUBLIN AND DISTRICT.

Date—12th to 14th July, 1928. Conductor—R. J. Welch,
M.Se., M.R.I.A. Number present, 48.

The members left Belfast on Thursday morning, 12th
July, by the G.N Raiiway breakfast train, and, after arrival
af Jury’s Hotel, were soon on their way to see Christ Chureh
Cathedral, where the Very Rey. Dean Kennedy kindly
showed them many objects of great historical interest.
The same afternoon a visit was paid to the Zoological

1928-29.]
9

Gardens in’ Phoenix Park. The Secretary, Mr. B. B.
Ferrar, M.I.1.A., conducted the party round, and showed
them most interesting new animals and also the fish
hatchery.

Next morning the National Museum, which the party
visited with Dr. Praeger and Mr. A. W. Stelfox, impressed
them particularly. They were shown the Irish cave remains,
the skeletons of Irish Deer, the finest in existence, and many
other interesting objects in the Irish Room. In the Gold
Room they inspected the Royal Irish Academy collection,
which includes St. Patrick’s Bell and Shrine, the Tara
Brooch, the Cross of Cong and the Limavady Jind.
Amongst the many exhibits of unusual interest they saw
the prehistoric sepulchral urns and the Ogham Stones.
Botanical enthusiasts were shown over the Herbarium by
Miss Knowles, daughter of the late eminent Irish antiquary,
W..J: Knowles, M.R.1.A.

During a visit to Trinity College the visitors saw the
celebrated mulberry trees in the Fellows’ Garden, where a
fresh tree has been planted only once in every hundred
vears for five centuries.

After Junch an excursion was made to Powerscourt
Demesne and Waterfall, and in this connection a warm
tribute was paid to the Dublin taxis, in which some of the
party travelled. The ancient Irish oak forest was a great
source of delight, and one of the lady members of the ‘Club
was charmed with the opportunity she had of petting and
nursing a baby Japanese deer.

The vicinity of the Waterfall is the finest collecting
ground in Ireland for entomologists; the geologists amongst
the party had much to interest them in the curious contor-
tions of the schistose rocks near the Falls, and the botanists
were busy gathering specimens of mosses and fungi.

As is fia custom of the Club on excursions, a business
meeting was held during the afternoon, the pl: ice chosen being
the Sealp, where members gathered on she return journey
This meeting, Mr. Welch s: ud, was 1% ither interesting owing
to the strange fact that it was held in two counties. They
assembled to discuss their affairs in two groups, one on each
side of a three-foot wide stream which marks the boundary
between County Dublin and County Wicklow.

Amongst the subjects disc cussed at the ine eting was the
quarrying which is going on in the Scalp, and which they
viewed with dismay on account of the menace to the glaci: ul
overtlow channels, ‘which are the finest in the British Isles.

{(Proc. B.N.F.C.
10

It was decided, on the motion of Mr. W. M. Sweeney,
seconded by Mr. C. R. Nodder, to protest against this spolia-
tion of one of the fees natural national monuments.

The last day of the Club’s visit was devoted to a ramble
in the Howth district and a visit to the Bailey Lighthouse.
After this the party left by the 6.40 p.m. train, and reached
Belfast about 9.30.

SCARVA.
Date-Saturday, 21st July, 1928. Conductors—Col. R. G. Berry,
M:R.1A., and A. A. Campbell, F.R.S.A.0
Number present, 57.

A party of fifty-seven members visited Scarva for
which the Great Northern Railway Company ,courteously
reserved a coach on the 2.20 express, and stopped
specially. at Scarva for the accommodation of the party.

The principal item on the programme for the afternoon
wis the inspection, by kind permission of: Marae 5.
Thomson, of the remains of the Danes’ Cast or Black Pig’s
Dyke in Scarva House demesne. Colonel Berry gave an
address on this chain of earthworks, which extends from
Newry to Ballyshannon, and was probably a boundary of
Ulster or Meath. He pointed out that the name “* Danes’
Cast ’’ does not denote exclusively the Great Wall of Ulidia
Hs Glen Ree, which had for its prototype the Koman Walls
in, Britain—the Antonine Wall and Hadrian’s Wall. When
i: mania was destroyed by the Three Collas in a.p. 333 and
the Ultonians were driven out, the Ultonian Wall in Glen
Ree was built, and its history as a boundary and defence
extends up to the time of Shane O’Neill. Many traditions
and even names are common to the Ultonian and Roman
Walls, and the famous sham fight at Searva had its counter-
part at the Catrail in Scotland and elsewhere on the Roman
Walls.

The Great Wall of Uldia was not a sod wall, but was
an earthwork resembling the vallum of the Southern Roman
Wall—a ditch with ps arapets on cither side. The large
number of forts on the east suggests defence from that side.
Owing to its commanding position, with natural obstacles
along. its western front, it must always have been of strategic
importance, and would be so even to-day, as a defensive
ime with its flanks resting on two great pieces of water—the
sea and Lough Neagh.

Mr. D. KE. Lowry, J.P., recounted some of the legends
associated with the ‘* Black Pig.’’

1928-29.”
It

‘On the way back to the village some of the older mem-
bers visited the grave of Mr. W. ihe C. Tomlinson, once. an
active member “of the Club. ~Tea was served at Mrs.
Dunlop's, after which the return journey to town was made.

ARBOE CROSS AND TOOME.
Date—4th August, 1928. Conductor—Joseph Skillen,
Number present, 45.

The Club visited Arboe (Tyrone) in ideal weather, and
on the picturesque shores of Lough Neagh found them-
selves on historic ground, as they were informed by their
conductor,

The magnificent Old Cross, which stands about 18ft.
high, was inspected with interest. This well preserved relic
of e arly Christianity in Ireland is one of the finest high crosses
in the country. Recently it was taken over by the "Northern
Government to be preserved,

Near the Cross the party saw the-remains of the old
church in the graveyard, and farther north along the shore
the rums of an older church and monastery, whose
foundation is credited to St. Colman. It was destroyed in
1166.

An interesting object noted by the party was a large
beech tree in a corner of the graveyard, with thousands of
pins sticking in the bark. Known locally as the pin tree,
it is supposed to have been a holy tree, and the superstition
connected with it.is that anyone ‘making a wish and putting
a pin into it will have that wish fulfilled.

‘Mr. Skillen thanked Mr. C. Beatty, J.P., Coalisland,
for the trouble he had taken to make the excursion a success.
Thereafter the party had lunch, and then took a stroll along
the shore

On the return journey a stop was made in 'Toome and 4
visit paid to the ruins of ‘“‘ Carey’s Temple,’’ while, after
fea in the hotel, opportunity was taken to inspect the eel
weirs and also the diatomaceous clay deposits.

GREENCASTLE AND KILKEEL.
Date—Ist September, 1928. Conductor—R. J. Welch,
M.Se., M.R.LA.. ‘Number present, 65.

The Club selected the old Anglo-Norman military
fortress of Greencastle, Kilkeel, for their ninth field exeur-
sion. The run by express train to Warrenpoimt was
very quickly accomplished, and the party in two motor-chara-

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
12

bancs were conveyed to the famous old Castle on its rocky
eminence. Here the party first climbed up to the great
banqueting hall, from which glorious views of the Mourne
range ad Carlingford Mountains were obtained; the more
venturesome went by the winding stair to the de parapet
and angle towers on the top of the very thick walls. The
purty then scattered for luneh, some taking it on the very
stunnit of the walls in blazing sunshine, others lunched on
the sea shore close at hand cr on a sunny bank below the
Castle.

After lunch the party made its way along the gravelly
shore, the habitat of a number of rare or very Jocal plants,
to the tumulus of Knock Tinvel, or hill of the Assembly.
Here half the party stayed for nearly an hour, admiring the
fine panorama of mountain and lough, while the other half,
led by Mr. A. A.. Campbell, trekked over the raised-beach
platform below the tumulus to the old Church near the
Castle, all meeting together again on the roadside at four
o'clock, where ghee moi lifted them for the run to Ros-
trevor for tea at the Great Northern Hotel.

CRAIGHULIAR QUARRIES, PORTRUSH:.
Date—8th September, 1928. Conductor—A. M‘I. Cleland.
Number present, 28.

This visit was made a special excursion for the Club,
and the weather was magnificent.

At Portrush the party was met by Mr. W. A. Traill,
managing director of the Causeway Tramway Co. (the
premier electric tramway of the world), who very kindly

placed a car at the disposal of the members as far as the
Craigs, whence a short up-hill walk brought the members
to the basalt quarry. Here the manager, Mr. A.

M* Donald, met us, and gave us a hearty w eloomia: but was,
unfortunately, not able to stay long with us. He Gave the
conduetor two very. fine pieces of chalcedony, nodules of
Which are sometimes met with in the upper layer of basalt
at this quarry. Sometimes, as in the specimens presented
by Mr. M‘Donald, the nodules are hollow, showing fine
crystals and stalagmitic and stalactitie effects. :

The basalt of this quarry shows two very good exposures,
the lower revealing excellent examples of columnar struc-
ture, the upper *‘ amorphus ” or “ starch ’’ structure. The
latter is worked by preference, as it breaks more readily into
cubes in the crushers, Whilst the columnar basalt is more

1928-29. ]
3

inclined to flake. It is in the amorphus basalt that the
best chalcedony is found.

In the columnar basalt we also found chaleedony, iron
pyrites and calcite.

From the quarry we passed to the Lignite Workings,
where several plant remains .were found, but nothing very
remarkable. The mine was closed at the time of our visit.

From the workings most of the members returned to
Portrush by the sand dunes and the shore, reaching the
Iuiassic Beds in time for a good discussion.

‘Tea was promptly served on the train at 7.20 p.m., and
ae return journey was in consequence very che enjoy ed,

Belfast being reached on time at 9.15 p.m.

MOUNTSTEWART.

Date-—15th September, 1928. Conductors—-E. N. Carrothers
and A. E. Muskett. Number present, 40.

This excursion took the form of a fungus foray, and the
party journeyed to Mountstewart by taking train to New-
townards and thence by bus to Mountstewart. Through
the kindness of the Marquess and Marchioness of London-
derry members were privileged to roam about the demesne
in their search for fungi. They were fortunate in having
for their guide Mr. Bolas, who is in charge of the oardens,
and who, besides conducting the party to the most hkely
haunts of mushrooms, expli ained the layout of the beautiful
wardens, the fame of which is well known. Most attention
was given to the old woods, where large numbers of speci-
mens were obtained, and the baskets provided for the collec-
tion of the spoils were well filled as the afternoon progressed.
The presenee of Mr. Welch, whose knowledge of the neigh-
bourhood needs no comment here, was a great asset to the
general suecess of the foray.

Before leaving the demesne a hearty vote of thanks was

passed to the Marquess and M: archioness and to all who had
eontributed towards the success of the excursion.

Work was continued until the light began to fail, when
the party journeyed by bus to Newtown: ards, where a sub-
stantial tea was enjoved. After tea members returned to
Belfast by train.

As a result of the foray a number of species not hitherto
recorded in Ulster were added to the list.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
14

BRITISH BRYOLOGICAL SOCIETY’S IRISH VISIT.

A brief notice of the above will be sufficient for our Pro-
ceedings, as the Irish Naturalists’ Journal, both before and
after the visit, published articles on the matter. Our Field
Club entertained the visitors to tea at Hazelwood on the day
of their arrival (25th August, 1928), and during their stay in
the North some of our members were present at each
excursion.

Details of excursions, records made, ete., will be found
in the I.N.J. for November, 1928 (Vol. II, p. 112).

We may quote the following paragraph from the British
Bryological Society’s Report for 1928: ‘‘ On behalf of our
members we take this opportunity of thanking the Belfast
Naturalists’ Field Club most cordially for their hospitality
and assistance during our visit. The Editor of the Irish
Naturalists’ Journal also gave the visitors every help and
welcome, for which the Society is very grateful.’

12)

WINTER SESSION.

The authors of the Papers, of which abstracts are given,
are alone responsible for the views expressed therein.

CONVERSAZIONE.

The Winter Session opened with a Conversazione held
in the Assembly Hall, Fisherwick Place, on Tuesday, 16th
October, 1928. The function was largely attended by
members and friends, and the many exhibits staged were
viewed with great interest. The exhibits included :—

Borany.—Botanical. Department, Queen's University—
(1) The Eeology of the Moss Lane Region, Miss M. Duff.
M.Se.; (2) the Eeology of Divis Mountain, Miss P. I.
Kertland, M.Sc. Prof. Small, Queen’s University, some
microscopic exhibits ; H. Cairns, diseased fungi; Miss M. W.
Rea, Canadian autumn wild flowers; C. R. Nodder, botani-
eal exhibit; Capt. Chase, Mediterranean plants and Conti-
nental floras; Shaftesbury House Students, collection of
fruits; E. N. Carrothers and A. EF. Muskett. fungi.

GroLoGy.—The President, some common ores, spars,
&c.; Professor J. K. Charlesworth, Queen’s University,
fossil fish and ammonites; A. H. Davison, minerals from
iron mines and other sources; Robert Bell, reptilian remains

1928-29. ] 3
us)

from the Lias; A. M‘I. Cleland, photographs, white basalts,
Antrim rhyolites, volcanic tuffs, cross cut in lithomarge,
chaleedony, disintegrated flint; Corporation Gas Works,
chemicals from coal.

Zoo.ocy.—The President, some British butterflies and
moths; Professor Gregg Wilson, Queen’s University, a
microscopic demonstration; W. M. Crawford, drawers
showing in parallel columns similarity in butterflies from
India, the Home countries and America; George C. Reilly,
a beginner’s collection of beetles, showing rough classifica-
tion; “R.J.W elch, land shells of the genus "Helix, Ge. A. HA.
Davison, modern corals ; Belfast Municipal Museum,
models of the mouth parts of insects; A. M‘I. Cleland,
marine mollusea; James Orr, hawks and falcons.

Arcua&oLtocy.—h. J. Welch, photographs of the newly
renovated White Island Church, Lough Erne, &¢.; Herbert
J: i ason, paleolithic implements from_South of E Ingland ;
Ais @. Crawford, flint artifacts from Bushfoot, Whitepark
oa and Larne raised beach; Mrs. A. W. Metcalfe, prehis-
toric implements from Donegal; Charles E. Kerr, an exhibit.

Erunoarapny.—R. S. Lepper, Oriental brass and
weapons.

Miscrituanrtous.—h. J. Welch, heraldic and composite
bookplates, ladies’ bookplates; Miss Mawdsley, cighteenth
century books; A. R. Hogg, a panoramagraph from Bellevue
and Hazelwood; Robert A. Black, photographs.

Juntor Section.—There was a very varied exhibit con-
sisting of fossils, plants, shells, and photographs, as well as
some objects of zoological or antiquarian interest, tabled
by the Misses Rosaleen Capper, Marjorie V. D. Cleeland,
Jean Cole, Nora Fisher, Barbara and Ethna Glendinning,
Vivian Green, Jean and Peggy Loewenthal, Elizabeth
Megaw, Beatrice Searle, Nora Stendall ] and Betty Watson,
and the Masters Jack Blair, Martyn D. Cleeland, Angus
and Ranald Maedonald, John M‘Williams and Wm. Smith.

The Cohn Mountain Survey consisted of exhibits under
the following heads:—Model of Colin Mountain top, the
Secretary ; “Mosses, Agatha R. Crawford and William
Smith; Flowering Plants, E. Langton May; Ferns, Jack
Blair; Fungi, William Loughridge : Birds, Nora Stendall ;
Grasses, Marjorie V. D. Cleeland; Geology, Ranald Mac-
donald; Archeology, Angus Macdonald; Fauna, Richard
Davidson ; Trees, N. Taylor.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
10

At 9.10, p.m. a business meeting was held: The
President (Mr. D. J. Carpenter) oecupied the chair.

Mr. J. A. S. Stendall presented Mr. Robert John
Welch, M.Se., M.R.I.A., as a suitable person to receive
the Club’s Commemoration Medal. It was accordingly
handed by the President to Mr. Welch, who made a suitable
acknowledgment.

During the evening prizes were awarded to Junior
members as follows:—Best collection of marine shells,
Rosaleen Capper; best collection made this year of local
fossils, Klizabeth Megaw; water-colour drawings of flowers,
(1) Lois M*'Keown, (2) Nora Stendall; Naturalists’ diary for
month of July, 1928, (1) Agatha Crawford, (2) Jean Cole;
exhibits of botanieal ae (1) Agatha Crawford, (2) Jean
and Peggy Loewenthal; exhibits of local antiquarian interest,
Angus MacDon: ud; exhibits of geological interest, (1) Jack
Bik: (2) Martyn Ds Cleeland ; bast, collection of Natural
History pee imens collected during this vear’s Junior exeur-
sions, (1) Marjorie Cleeland: (2). B. and EF. Glendinning,

3) William Smyth.

The thanks of the Committee are due to the donors of
the prizes, who were as follows:—The President, the Vice-
President, Messrs. A. M‘I. Cleland, A. Albert Campbell,
W: M. Crawford, Alex: H. Davison, BR. S. Lepper, C. R.
Nodder, Jas. Orr, R. J. Welch, and The I.N. Journal.

MOTH AND: BUTT ERELY LORE.

The opening ordinary meeting of the Winter Session
was held in the Old Museum, College Square North, on
Tuesday, 20th November, 1928, at 8 p.m., when the Pre-
sident (Mr. D. J. Carpenter) delivered the inaugural
address,

Mr. Carpenter first explained that the colour of most
butterflies is due to pigmented seales, and that the pigment
fades under the aetion of light. Consequently museum
specimens have to be kept in the dark. In the case of
iridescent butterflies used for jewellery the colour is due
to a different cause. When light is reflected from a surface
engraved with a large numbers of lines—about 10,000 to
the inch—-a beautiful colour effect is produced as in mother-
of-pearl. Hot wax pressed upon the latter becomes iride-
scent, and microscopic examination of the wax reveals the
presence of the fine lines. In the iridescent butterflies the

1928-29. ]
V7
/
colour is due to a combination of structure and pigment.
The iridescence persists after the pigment has faded, and
so the colour may tone down but will not be destroyed.

The address then dealt with the characters of the pertect
insect and the caterpillar, and the various methods of
pupation leading up to the subject of ‘* Mate-Finding.”’

In respect of the last mentioned Mr. Carpenter related
some interesting personal experiences. Desiring to obtain
specimens of the Emperor Moth, he spent three days on the
moors and only aequired two specimens—one male and one
female. A few days later two females emerged from a
number of cocoons in his possession. One was put in a
small cardboard box with small perforations and placed in
the breast-pocket of his overcoat. The second was put in a
wooden box covered with wire gauze, wrapped up in brown
paper, and both boxes taken to the moors. © On arrival the
overcoat—turned inside out—and the two boxes were placed
on the heather a few yards apart. Nothing happened. The
brown paper was fee removed from the gauze-covered box,
and in about one minute many males swarmed around, and
a number were caught with ease. The small cardboard box,
though near, was almost neglected.

One male paid attention to the pocket of the overcoat
which had contained the box for about an hour. — After
viving various reasons the lecturer expressed the opinion
that the assembling of certain moths to a virgin female in
this fashion was due to scent and not to wireless waves: as
suggested by some people.

The lecturer described how many experimenters had
tried to pair assembling moths, but had not succeeded. The
females seemed compelled to lay eggs, but they were infer-
tile; vet at a butterfly farm in Kent the owner had no
difficulty in mating and breeding moths. The explanation
given was that at the butterfly Santi large cages were used,
while most experimenters used small boxes. Such facts
had led naturalists to conelude that a preliminary flight was
necessary before the males of assembling moths were
sensitive to the attraction of the females.

Prof. K. B. Poulton, Oxford, had given an explanation
of this interesting fact. It had been noticed by the late
Prof. H. N. Moseley that the antennal sheaths of the female
pupee of the Emperor Moth had traces of pectination. like
those of the male pup, but to a less degree, although the
female moth’s antenne are filiform, He concluded that the

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
18

ancestors of both sexes had pectinated ‘antennie, that’ the
male had retained them, but they ae) Ngan in the
female.

In fact, in the process of evolution, .the- males had
progressed in the direction of attaining keener sense organs
for the detection-of the females and stronger powers of flight
to pursue them in competition with other males, while the
females had evolved larger bodies, a greater capacity for
egg-laying and consequent inc reased sluggishness.

Consequently Prof. Poulton deduced that if the males
of assembling moths emerged from their cocoons with ‘all
their powers complete they would readily: detect and pair
with any mature female of their own family close at pen
and the evolutionary history described would result:
inbreeding. That the males were not endowed with’ their
full. powers until they had flown was an adaptation to avoid
‘that danger.

Mr. Carpenter next dealt with the economic aspect: of
caterpillars and the great damage they would do if allowed
to multiply unchecked. The College of Pestology had
organised war upon the moth cocoons in Hyde Park and
had done some good, but the amount of such work done by
human beings was infinitesimal compared with what Nature
does herself. Inseectivorous birds, and seed-eating ones
during the breeding season, destroy large numbers of cater-
pillars; -while:the little-known Ichneumon flies also do enor-
mous good. There are about 1,200 species of ichneumons,
all parasitic on caterpillars or other pests, and one—Micro-
gaster glomeratus—accounts for about 90 per cent,. of the

Cabbage White larve, and so is the chief presenige of our
cabbages. .

Finally, the lecturer Patan out coe the’ pater sills and
the insect naturally tried to maintain their position. in
Nature’s scheme of things, and he described » many interest.
ing ways by which they ac hier 2 their end.

FUNGI] AND DISEASES OF PLANTS.

The second ordinary meeting of the Winter Session
was held in the Old Museum on Tuesday, 18th December,
1928, at 8 p.m., when Mr. A:-E. Muskett, B.Se.,'A.R:C.Sc.
(Lond.) gave a lecture on the above subject. The President
(Mr. D. J. Carpenter) was in the chair, ~~ .

The lecturer stated that the green Blois so ohafaeeae
istic of plants in general is due to a complex substance known

1928-29.]
“

as chlorophyll, without which life on the earth, as we know
it to-day, would not be possible. By means of chlorophyll
present in the leaf, and sunlight, the plant is able to manu-
facture, from water and carbonic acid gas, sugars and
starches which are further built up to form the gigantic
number of even more complex substances necessary for life.
The leaf is the chemical laboratory of the green plant, and
one far more efficient than any built by man. Sunlight and
chlorophyll may be set down as the keys of life as we know
it to-day. Man is dependent upon the green plants for his
very existence—he may eat his beef, but his beef once ate
the grass. But, what of the fungi? Well, the fungi pos-
sess no chlorophyll—they cannot manufacture the sugars
and starches necessary for life—if they are to live they must
be provided with these things already made. In _ this
way they resemble animals rather than plants. What would
happen if the dead remained unchanged and the tree lav
unaltered where it fell? What is it that removes the sites
once animated with the pulse of hfe? It is the fungi and
bacteria. - They are always waiting, always ready to seize
upon the castle deserted by its spirit. Thus, the king of
the forest, be he oak or lion, will himself one day provide a
banquet for the countless hosts, each striving with might
and main to—live. Verily, there are two sides to life: the
limits of complexity are realised by green plants and
animals, only to be reduced to the simple substances from
which they came by fungi and bacteria. Ashes to ashes is
no mean jest—it is true. What blessings we owe to the
lowly fungi!—they have formed the staple food of primitive
tribes and the truffles still make an appetising bait for the
discriminating epicure. Yeast is a fungus, a little of which
leaveneth the whole. Where would be the homely bread
that is made to rise before the kitchen fire—if veast were
not? If fungi were not with us, where would our fairies
hide? For them no more the Elf Cup’s shielding shade
or the ‘“‘ Mushroom’s ”’ covering cloak when night alarms.

But stay! This mighty horde so anxious for attack, so
eager for the fray, may bite too soon, and then we have—
disease. Not content to wait till life has fled, the host must
_vield his banquet far too soon. Who has not heard of the
dread potato blight caused by parasitic fungus of low degree,
whose ravages brought famine to our land? In 1846 did
Father Mathew not write:

““On July 27th I passed from Cork to Dublin, and

the doomed plants bloomed in all the luxuriance of an

[Proc. B.N.E.C.
20

abundant harvest. Ieturning on August 3rd, I beheld
with sorrow mere wastes of putrefying vegetation.’’
Who has not heard of old ‘* Black Seab,’’ the pirate chief
whose very name strikes terror in the heart of County Down?
When the investigator is in doubt, it takes a microscope to
make him out. His size is not the quality which chills the
farmer’s bone. Rusts, smuts and mildews, all eloquently
speak of life cut short or injured. ‘The hordes increase, and
us the years go by we have to fight our battles ever and
unceasingly. Civilisation brings its joys, but with them
comes the bitterness without which how could our joys be
sweet? We do not shirk but fight bravely and oft succeed
to poise the scales wnevened by upsetting Nature’s balance.
The fight, it must go on and will be fought by our sons and
theirs; but if it is help you need, some assistance in the
fray, write to Agriculture's Ministry, which helps to guard
you night and day. Her sons will do their best—they can’t
do more !
\ discussion followed, in which the President, J. A. S.
Stendall, A. M‘T. Cleland, Miss Sayers, R. J. W ‘elch, and
A. H. Davison took part.

THE S0-CALLED VOLCANIC NECKS OF NORTHERN
IRELAND.

The third ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum, College Square North, on Thursday,
lOth January, 1929, when Dr. H. P. T. Rohleder delivered a
lecture on the above subject. The Reet was occupied by
My. J. A. S. Stendall, in the unavoidable absence of the
President.

The Lecturer gave the main problems as follows

I. What is the difference between the three
geological terms: (x) Dyke, (b) Vent and
(ec) Neck?

Il. Is one justified in using the terms “‘ Vent ’’ and
“ Neck "in the same sense as has been done
up to now in Northern Ireland ?

II]. Are there any real ‘‘ Necks ’’ in North East Ire-
laud, and if so, which have to be regarded as
such ?

I. (a) Dykes are the infillings of pre-existing fissures

occurring as lines of a foreign material in the *’ country rock.’

The dyke rock frequently proves to be harder than this, and
then weathers out as a wall.

1
The Tusi-Mountain, a Tuff Neck.’’ one of ‘‘ Swabia’s 130
Embryonic volcanoes,’* South Germany.

2
The ‘‘ Hohentwiel,”’ a phonolitic ‘‘ Neck,’’ in
South Germany.

3
The ‘“‘ Hohenkrahen,’” a phonolitic Neck, in the Hegau
Mountains, South Germany.

M SEU! '

1] MAY 31

NATURAL
Als LORY:

1928-29. |
21

(b) Volcanic Vents, or funnels, are portions of the chan-
uels of Communication between the subterranean reservoir
and the surface of the earth. The upper end is frequently
marked by a crater, but not necessarily so. Thus a vent 1s
no outstanding feature in the geomorphology of a district.
In the elassical district of ‘* voleanic vents,’’ the 180 em-
bryonic voleanoes of Swabia (Southern Germany), one can
traverse the whole, district (an arca of a few hundred square
miles) without noticing one of them, if one does not search
carefully. And here one can study the different stages
from the original crater to a neck, w hich cen be formed when
the weathering process continues.

Vents are not frequent in North East ‘Ireland, but a
‘good example is to be found at the well-known Chalk Quarry
on the road from Portrush to Bushmills:*

The material which fills these vents in Northern Ire-
land varies Jargely and consists of—

(1) Innumerable lumps as big as a man’s head, more
or Jess cemented together. These are neither the ordinary
plateau basalt nor a normal tuff, but are probably of ex-
plosive origin (e.g., the quarry between Portrush. and
Bushmills), .

(2) Material which resembles tuff much more than (1),
but even here large rounded fragments of basalt predominate
although they are cemented into a tuff-like material (e.g
underneath Dunluce Castle).

(3) Volcanic breccia, containing large angular or sub-
angular inelusions of basalt and sedimentary rocks, chalk in
particular (e.g., Carrick-a-Rede).

(4) Fine grained tuff, consisting of sinall fragments of
basalt in a white matrix (mostly powdered chalk) (e.g., Kin-
bane Head).

(5) Crushed sediments. Sedimentary material from
an underlying stratum (chalk) crushed and powdered by
voleanic force and thrown up a considerable distance with or
without any added volcanic material (e.¢g., White Rocks,
near Portrush).

(c) The ideal structure of a volcanic neck is seen at
the Hohentwiel (Pl. 1, Fig. 2), in the Hegau Mountains. It
is the best example of a “‘ neck ’’ which can be found. The
plug or vent of the volcano consists of hard phonolitic rock,

*Vide H. P. T, Rohleder. A Volcanic Vent in the White Rocks
Quarry, Portrush, N. Iveland. Zhe Lrish Naturalists’ Journal, Vol.
I, 1926, p. 98-100. ,

[Proe. B.N.E.C.
aa

standing out as a high mountain, whereas merely incon-
siderable masses of tuff are to be found on the left side of
the mountains, Showing a smoother and less marked outline.
Another typical neck of the same district is shown on
Pl. 1, Fig 8, e.g., the steep crag of the Hohenkrihen, built up
of phonolite, but without remnants of volcanic tuff or ashes.
Pl. I, Fig. 1, shows a “‘ tuff neck ’’ (the Tusi Berg near
Metzingen, in Swabia). he original funnel shape of the
vent has disappeared, and the hollow of former times now
stands out as a mountain, the softer material on the flanks
having been denuded away, i.e., the vent has become a neck..
As the mountain consists of volcanic tuff, the slopes are
smoother and give less marked outline than in the case of
compact igneous rocks. 7S
II, Thus two things are essential for a neck: (1) a
neck ’’ must be the former funnel of a volcano, and (2)
a‘ neck’? must be cut out of the neighbouring rocks as a
civcumdenuded remnant and thus be a dominating feature
in the physiography of a district. Thus every “ neck ”
must be a former “ vent,’’ but certainly not every ‘vent ”’
need be a “‘ neck.”’

It is, therefore, evident that the terms ‘‘ vent ’’ and
‘neck ’’ cannot be used to express the same geological
feature, but that each of these terms has its own special
Ineaning.

III. As regards the question whether there are any
real necks in Northern Ireland, it is of great importance to
have a Jook at their shapes.

Ballymoney Hill, near Holywood, called a‘ neck ’’ by
the Geological Survey of Ireland, is a small exposure of
basalt, not even large enough to be called a quarry. The
neighbourhood is absolutely flat, the place is only to be
found with the aid of the Survey map, and that after long
search. As this small outcrop appears in the Ordovician,
it is probably a part of a dyke.

(b) Colin Ward, above Whitewell, is certainly not an
outstanding feature in the neighbourhood of Belfast, and
although the rock is of a somewhat coarse grain, the term
“neck ** js not applicable. |

(c) Carnmoney Hill, up to now regarded ag a “‘ neck,”
is a flat mountain, outlines which are certainly not typical
of a “ neck.’’ The exposure of a coarse grained rock,
‘ patched *’ on to the south flank of Carnmoney Hill with
its well-known jointing resembling horizontal columnar

1928-29. |
235

structure could be explained: by anomalous cooling in. a pri-
mary hollow of the chalk.* But even if this were ‘a part
of a dyke or a vent, one is not justified in calling Carnmoney
Hill a ‘* neck,”’ as expressing it in this way Salle mean
that the mountain shape of Carnmoney Hill as a whole was
due to the greater hardness of the infilling of a former vent,
which is certainly not the case, as the hill itself is merely
iu remnant of a flow. ;

~(d) Carrick-a-Rede is doubtless a ‘‘ vent,’’ as shown
by the explosive material containing fragments of chalk.
But as it is merely a cliff section and not an outstanding
eircumdenuded remnant, it is a ‘‘ vent ’’ and not a ‘* neck.’

(e) Slemish Mountain certainly resembles the shape
of a ‘‘ neck,”’ as the dominating features of this hill are to
be seen from many miles away. But it is difficult to prove
its nature as a‘‘‘ vent,’’ and as long as this cannot be done
one is justified in regarding Slemish as.a circumdenuded
remnant of the lower (mostly coarse grained) basalt flows.

(f) The same is applicable to Tiveragh, near Cushen-
dl as in this district (the N.E. corner of Ulster) the basalt
has been mostly removed by denudation, and there is no
possible proof for a vent at Tiveragh.

(g} Scawt. Hill is a doubtful case. As tegards
the shape, it is only “‘ neck-like’’ from the east
side, whereas it shows a gradual slope towards the
inland.’ If the basalt really intersects the chalk, there is
still the possibility of Scawt Hill being a part of a large dyke.
In any case it is not a typical neck, but is merely a remnant
left. by the gradual process of denudation.

Summarising, -one has to state that in no case can the

Beck ¢ scare ‘of the so-called ‘‘ necks ’’ of Northern

Ireland be proved. The basalts welled up the fissures, now
dykes, as has been shown in the last decades in Iceland.

-When the meeting was declared open for discussion,
Profesyor Charlesworth remarked that Dr: Rohleder had dis-
creetly omitted any reference to the facts which, in the past,
have led all earlier workers, including Professors Cole and Hull
and Sir A. Geikie, to refer these masses to vents, and to- day,
represent insuperable objections to the thesis maintained
by Dr. Rohleder, that they form merely residual features
‘of post-basaltic erosion of the surrounding lava-flows. The

Si rT. hokleder ects Carnmoney Hill a voleanic neck? The
Irish Naturalists’ Journal, 1926 (Vol. I, pp. 159, 204),

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
24

localised distribution of the coarser types of igneous rock,
seen for example at Slemish and Tiveragh, the radially
arranged columns displayed at Carnmoney, and the absence
of Chalk beneath the so-called basalt relic of Tiveragh, can-
not be dismissed by Dr. Rohleder’s assertions, for proof he
furnishes none. To ascribe Tiveragh to such post-
basaltic erosion of flows is to misread the whole of the physio-
sraphic history of the north-east of Ireland since before
Cretaceous times. Until something in the nature of proof is
forthcoming we may continue tranquilly to adhere to the
orthodox view.

S. Turner (Junior), R. J. Welch and C. T. Ingold also
took part in the discussion.

THUMBNAIL SKETCHES OF LARNE: PREHISTORIC,
HISTORIC AND NON-HISTORIC.

The fourth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Old Museum on Tuesday, 5th February, 1929,
at 8 p.m., when Dr. S. W.Hill delivered a lecture on the
above subject. The President (Mr. D. J. Carpenter) occu-
pied the chair.

Dr. Hill dealt first with the Liassie period, and then
went on to describe the mammoth age, lantern slides of
mammoths’ and wild boars’ teeth, which had been found in
the Larne district, being shown, as well as a set of views
illustrating a fine collection of flint implements from the
raised beach at Larne.

lixplaining how the district got the name of Latharna,
Dr. Hill said tradition related that an old king of Ireland
had twenty-five sons and three daughters, and he divided
his kingdom amongst them, giving one son named Lathar
the. district extending from Larne to Glenarm, and that
district became known as Latharna,.

The lecturer afterwards spoke of the association of St.
Patrick with the neighbourhood, and told the old legend of
his sale in the slave market in Larne to a Ballymena farmer,
who for a number of years kept him herding sheep on Slemish
Mountain. There was, said Dr. Hill, probably some truth
in the old legend, as there was then a trade in slaves in
Ireland. He mentioned a number of churches that had
heen founded in the district by St. Patrick, and views of
existing churches built on those sites were shown.

The portion of the lecture dealing with the Norse inva-
sion was illustrated by an excellent set of views of weapons

1928-29. ]
a5

and ornaments found at Larne Harbour, and also the skull
of a Viking who was supposed to have been killed in a naval
battle at iarte Harbour in 1018.

Dr. Hill referred briefly to Dr. M’Henry, the bard of
Larne, and author of “* O'Halloran ’’ and ‘* The Hearts of
Steel,”’ and described also a noted local street character
named Jimmy Gilgallion.

Iixplaining the origin of the Larne coat of arms, the
lecturer said that a fully rigged barque belonging to a Mr.
Thomas Dixon, the grandfather of the present Sir Thomas
Dixon, Bart., was taken as a model. The motto, “‘ Falce
Marique Potens,’’ meant “‘ strong by the sickle and the
sea.”’

The lecture was spoken to by the President and Messrs.
J Skillen, J. Loughridge, J. A. 8. Stendall, G. C. Reilly,
AN. M‘I.°Cleland, and R. J. Welch.

PALASOLITHIC MAN IN SLIGO?

At the fifth ordinary mecting of the Winter Session.
held in the Old Museum on Tuesday, 19th February, 1929,
at 8 p.m., Professor J. K. Charlesworth, D.Sq.) M_LR.TA:
delivered a lecture on the above subject. The President
(Mr. D. J. Carpenter) was in the chair.

Professor Charlesworth recapitulated the evidence in
support of the view, now universally accepted, that the
whole of Ireland was completely buried beneath the ice-sheet
of the Glacial Period. This glaciation was succeeded by a
recession of the ice of unknown extent, which, after melting
back the ice edge to a position somewhere in the region ot
the Central Plain, was in turn followed by an advance to
a tine drawn from Wexford to the mouth of the Shannon.

During the period of retreat, just mentioned, some of
the Pleistocene animals, such as the mammoth, reindeer,
and hyena, inhabited the country ; their remains have been
found in u few caves in the extreme south, together with
the bones of Upper Paleolithic Man.

The existence of Paleolithic Man at Rosses Point,
Sligo, which has recently been affirmed, on the discovery
of pieces of limestone, claimed to be human artifacts, is
rather different from the southern Irish occurrences. The
Sligo finds, if substantiated, would require not only an inter-
glacial recession but a total removal of the ice from the
country. ‘This entire freeing of the country from ice is
rendered necessary by the fact that Rosses Point lies only

[Proc. B.N-E.G-
26

some 30 miles from the main ice-shed of Ireland. Though
such a complete disappearance is possible, something more
in the shape of animal and human remains or beds of peat
and vegetable matter is wanted to make it. probable. It
would) seem, therefore. inadvisable to .accept. such a
deglaciation of the country during glacial times until] more
convincing proot has been obtained.

An interesting discussion followed.

SOUTH. AFRICA. JTS .CAGI TO: THEE
NATURALIST.

- The sixth ordinary ineeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Old Museum on Tuesday, 5th March, 1929, when
Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A., eere a lecture on the above
subject. The President (Mr. D Di ea, Carpenter) presided.

The lecturer, introducing his subject, pointed out that
South Africa is a high-level, plateau-like country, forty per
cent. of it being 4,000 feet above sea level. . The country
rises rapidly from the coast tow ards the interior, very ‘little
more than the land in the immediate vicinity of the -coast
being less than 1,000 feet above sea level. This high, fairly
level plateau is at an elevation about half as high again
as the summit of Sheve Donard. The continent is prac-
tically without islands, and its rivers are borreats and. dust
beds in turn. HM

The huge magnitude of the country was dealt with, the
bad roads: and limited railways, the early hour of sunset
even in summer, and the immense distances from residential
tc suitable hunting grounds.

Appreciative mention was made of the amount of good
work done in Natural History in spite of the sparse European
population and the late date of colonisation. After touching
on antiquities and geology the lecturer said that South
Africa was supremely a country for the zoologist and
botanist.

A series of shdes beginning with the Stormy Petre] and
concluding with the Hornbill gave an idea of the variety. in
build, plumage, and habit of a few of the 1,000. species of
South African birds. The only familiar birds seen by the
lecturer were Swallows at Port Elizabeth and three House
Sparrows at Durban—the most English town in the Union !

1928-29. |
27
The audience was then shown some very interesting
pictures of frogs, from the Bull-frog (7 inches long), down
through the Arum frog (1 inch) to the Micro frog, no bigger
than a bluebottle fly.

A word on butterflies followed, then a more detailed
account of the egg-eating Snake with its wonderful apph-
ance for sawing the shell of a pigeon’s egg. ‘T'rap-door
Spiders, Glove-weaving and Trap-door Caterpillars were
described, and a tribute paid to Mr. Frank Cruden, the dis-
coverer of the Glove Moth. Mr. Megaw had the pleasure
of several rambles with Mr. Cruden.

Mention was then made of the beauty, variety and
unfamiliarity of the flora. Only three homeland plants were
seen—Ribwort Plantain, Chickweed and Lesser Duckw eed.
This last affords welcome shade to young fish.

Fourteen slides of typical flowers gave the audience an
idea of the wealth of colour and form of the extensive flora
of the Union. The South African is jealous of the magnifi-
cent flora of his country, and most of the wild flowers are
strictly protected. The lecturer concluded with a descrip-
tion of the beautifully appointed grounds and pond at the
Union Buildings, Pretoria, where the blue lotus lly is
bathed in continual sunshine.

A discussion followed, those taking part in it being the
President and Messrs. J. Skillen, A. Nan Cleland, R.-S.
Lepper and R. J. Welch.

LOCAL TEXT-BOOK ILLUSTRATIONS IN
GEOLOGY.

At-the seventh and conelud: ng ordinary meeting of the
Winter Session, held in the Old Mesum on Tuesday, 26th
March, 1929, Mr. R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.B.I.A., gave a
lecture on above subject. sida

Synopsis :—Aqueous Rocks—IZgneous Rocks—Stratified
rock sections, vertical, inclined, contorted, &¢.—Atmos-
pheric | denudation, joints—river — action—Pot-holes—
Glaciers, erraties, moraines, faults—Landslips—Marine
erosion, caves, marine pot-holes, sea stacks—block beaches,
&e., sandhills—Voleanic sheets and dykes, columnar basalt
and other tavas at, and other recent deposits.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.

28

ANNUAL MEETING.
Annual Meeting was held in the Museum, College
Square North, on Tuesday, 16th April, 1929, at 8 p.m., the
President (Mr. D. J. Carpenter) in the chair. The following
Reports were presented :—

The

ANNUAL REPORT.

The Committee has pleasure in submitting its Sixty-
sixth Annual Report as follows :—

During the year 46 Ordinary Members resigned and 7
died. The names of several members whose Dea aTCs
were unpaid for two years have been removed from the roll
in accordance with Rule TIT.

Members were
9 Honorary, 1
and 95 Junior, making

Ordinary and 84 Junior
The membership now consists of
Life, 548 Ordinary,

Forty-eight
elected.
Corresponding, 2
a total of 650.

Twelve meeting were held during the year,
the attendances were :—

at which

Robert Bell 10 .R. 8S. Lepper met oe
S. A. Bennett ... as QO Rev. ‘W.. K. Megamerigers 9
A: A, Campbell... . 12 A. BH. Musket} i Oa)
D. J. Carpenter op tO: C.- Re Nodder ie een)
KE. N. Carrothers 1. 6. Mrs. Nodder va bite Bl
Capt. Chase ne 2 6 James Orr Be 2 Aaah |
A. M'‘I. Cleland e278, Miss dion aie heed -O
W. M. Crawford ... 9 Miss Sayers o 8, LO
A. H. Davison ... 12. J. Skillen sie:
S. Freeland red Hee sOr ch tA aise Stondall™ 12
J. R. H. Greeves a 6 UR: 3 Welch i: a7,

Fie \ | Meetings were held :—

Conducted hy
The President.

leven Summer

Cave Hill (evening) ... 22nd May, 1928

Portmore ‘ 2nd June Sectional Secretaries.

Carngaver (4 day) .. 6th June ... Capt. C. D. Chase.

Monlough (evening) .. 19th June _ §. Freeland and J. A. Ss.
Stendall.

Bessbrook 30th June The President and W. A.
Green,

Dublin 12th to 14th July... R. J. Welch and A. W.
Stelfox.

Scarva (4 day) 21st July A. Albert Campbell and
Col. R. G. Berry.

Arboe and Toome 4th August Joseph Skillen,

Greencastie i
Craighuliar Quarries ...
Mountstewart (4 day)

ist September
8th September

15th September |.

R. J. Welch.

A. Mcl. Cleland,

A. E. Muskett and E. N.
Carrothers.

1928-29. |
29

On each oceasion large numbers attended, and the Club
was favoured with fine weather.

Bach of the Sections also held Field Meetings, which
will be separately reported upon.

On 11th September the Honorary Secretaries resigned,
and Mr. Joseph Skillen was appointed to act as Hon.
Secretary pro tem.

The Annual Conversazione was held in the Assembly
Hall. Fisherwick Place, on 16th October, and was largely
attended by members and their friends.

The Club Medal having been awarded to Mr. R. J.
Welch, M.Sc., M.R.1.A., the President, in handing it over,
paid a high and deserved tribute to Mr. Welch for his work
on behalf of Science.

Seven meetings were held during the Winter Session,
when the following Addresses were delivered :—

1928.
November 20... Presidential Address.
December 18... Fungi and Diseases of Plants.

A. #). Muskett, B.S¢., a.r.c.sc. (Lond.).
1929.
January 10 ... The So-called Volcanic Necks of

Northern Treland.

HPT. Romtuper, Ph.D.
February 5 .... Thumbnail Sketches of Larne: Pre-
historic, Historic, and Non- Historic.

Dre S. W. Hin; Larne.

February 19... Prehistoric Man in Shgo?
J. K. CHsarLtEswortn, D.SC., M.R.I.A.
March 5 ... South Africa: Its Call to the Naturalist.
Rev. W. BR. MEGAW, B.A.
March 26... Loeal Text-Book Dlustration in Geology.

RK. J. WELCH, M.SC.; M.R.I.A.

The attendance at these meetings was most encouraging,
and interesting discussions followed the delivery of the
addresses,

We desire to express our thanks to the following for
courtesies extended in connection with our Field Meet-
ings:—Mr.. M‘Williams, Monlough; Mrs. Williams and
Mrs. Richardson, Bessbrook; Miss Bareroft, Newry;
Mr. Brunker and Mr. Gorman, of the Dublin N.F. Club;
Mr, H, B, Thompson, Scarva; Mr, Christopher Beatty,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
30

J.P., Coalisland; Mr. H. L. Glasgow, Cookstown; and Lady
Londonderry. We also acknowledge our indebtedness to
the Press for giving publicity to our activities, and to the
local Railway Companies for facilitating our transport
arrangements.
D. J. Carpenter, President.
JOSEPH SKILLEN, Hon. Secretary.
RDN LID aS SESE pr CaN DNS Le EE Se a et aie RE TR
DECEASED MEMBERS.
A. Cousins.
RK. H. Gilliland.
J. ROX.
James Lowry.
A. MacCleary.
Stephenson M. Macoun.
W. G. Younge.

PEG Se Soe tS, De a a ie a iN a NS CTR SD SARIS

HON. LIBRARIAN’S REPORT.

With the transfer of the Club’s Library to the Public
Museum the Librarian’s work is restricted, so far as the
Club itself is concerned, to the receipt, registration, and
ucknowledgement of the Proceedings received from
Exchanging Societies. The usual list of such Societies will
be found at page 77.

It may be of interest to members to hear that, at the
request of the Curator, I have undertaken the work of
putting in order the Libr: ary at the New Museum. I have
inade a commencement of the work of preparing for bind-
ing the many bundles of Proceedings of Exchanging
Societies which formerly filled our bookeases. When bound
they will be rendered much more useful.

W. M. Crawrorpn, ‘Hon. Librarian.
REPORT OF HON. RECORDING SECRETARY,

The year 1928 will long be remembered in Northern
Ireland for its chilliness and abnormal rainfall. Our aver-
age annual precipitation is 82 inches, whereas 1928 gave a
reading of 41.09 inches, recorded at Armagh Obserrany.
August being the wettest month with 6.92 inches,

1928-29.)
31

Notwithstanding, recorded: phenological dates show no
great variation from other years, though flowers were some-
what backward and there was little ripening of soft fruits,
the blackberry crop failing entirely.

There is no use here giving phenological soul as such
already have appeared in print in The Irish Naturalists’
Journal, Vol. II, No. 7, and are available to all members.

Noteworthy bird notes for the year include the record-
ing of the White Wagtail, Motacilla a. alba I., on the
south shore of Lough Neagh, 30th April, 1928, by Mr. J. A.
Benington (I.N.J. “ag BD), and of a flock of Black-tatled
Godwits, Limosa l. limosa (L.) in the same district, also by
Mr. Benington CPN fe Lig SL)

Mr. Benington is to be congratulated on proving
beyond doubt that the Pintail, Anas a. acuta Iu., may be
claimed as an Irish breeding species. He found a nest in
County Armagh last year, and on sending an egg and
down feathers to the British Museum the species proved
to be Pintail. There are two previous records of Pintails
which were supposed to have bred in Treland, but this is
the first authentic instance. .

A Wigeon, Anas penelope L., was obtained on Lough
Erne on Ist August, 1928, a suspiciously late date for a
Winter migrant ie ae found in this country. (GLI ali lel
110.)

A Corncrake was observed in Ormeau Park, Belfast,
on 9th December, 1928, during snowy weather, thus prov-
ing once again that this bird does sometimes stay in [reland
during the winter months (I.N.J. II, 161).

On 14th Deeember a fine male Common: Bittern,
. Botaurus s. stellaris (I.), was caught alive at Ballvrea, near
Newtownards.

On March 7th, Mr. W. G.. Byron, of Castlerock, dis-
covered a Giant Squid washed up by the sea, which had a
total length of 5ft. 8in, the long arm (one was wanting)
being 2ft. 103in. The body girth was 22in. The animal
was forwarded to the British Museum authorities, who pro-
nounce it to be a species of the genus Sthenoteuthis, and
probably S. pteropus, recorded from Treland but twice pre-
viously—on the coast of Mayo and of Clare. Full details
when available will be given in The Irish Naturalists’
_Journal.*

*7,.N.J., Vol, II, p. 181, aha Nat

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
32

Districts in Co. Fermanagh were -visited last summer
by swarms of caterpillars of the Greasy Fritillary butterfly,
Melita aurinia L., which eaused much alarm but little
harm ; while another form of visitation took place at Comber,
where a shower of Sticklebacks was reported, due to a whirl-
wind.

The visit to Northern Ireland of the British Bryological
Society naturally added to the moss and hepatic lists. Of
Mosses 58 new county records are reported, including six
species and six varieties new to Ireland. There are 17 new
county records of Sphagna and 63 new county records of
Hepatic s, one being new to Ireland. These finds were made
in Northern Ircland and Counties Leitrim and Sligo, and
are fully reported by the Hon. Recording Secretary of the
Bibs. - (Mr oJ) Bt Dunean) in Loe . Teas

J. A. Sipney Stenpar., Hon. Recording Secretary.

REPORT OF BOTANICAL SECTION.

The number of members joining the Botanical Section
was forty-nine. Six excursions were held as follows
May 19th, Ballywalter; June 5th (evening), Colin Glen:
June 12th (evening), Col. F. H. Crawford’s Rock Garden ;
June 23rd, Conlig; July 7th, Larne and Magheramorne ;
September 22nd, C Shureh Island (Lough Beg). The last was
4 joint excursion with the Archeological Section. The
average attendance at excursions, ineluding visitors, was
about twelve.

Among the more interesting plants observed during the
excursions the followi ing may be noted :—

Ballywalter—Viera lathyroides (Spring Vetch), Ceras-
lium semidecandrum, Cherophyllum anthriscus, Scilla verna
(Vernal Squill).

Colin Glen—Equisetum trachyodon m its old station ;
Carer pendula.

Conlig—Gymnadenia conopsea (Fragrant Orchid),
abundant; Botryechium lunaria (Moonwort), about 12
specimens; Pyrola media.

Magheramorne-—-Only two specimens of Bee Orchid
could be found after a thorough search,

Larne—Lepidium sp. (alien), in railway sidings,

Church Island—Rhamnus cartharticus, Callitriche
autumnalis,

1928-29. ]
33

We are indebted to Capt. Chase for guiding us to several
interesting localities.
C. R. Nopprr, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF GROLOGICAL SHCTION.

The Section made four excursions during the Session
to the following places :—Ligoniel and Forth River, Cavehill
Quarry, Cloughwater and Ballycloughan, and Craighuliar
and Portrush.

At Ligoniel a careful inspection w as made of the recently
discovered dyke of *‘ White Trap ”’ or ‘* White Basalt,’’ an
illustrated account of which appeared in) The Irish
Naturalists’ Journal for July, 1928 (Vol. IT, p. 75).

On the Forth River the prineipal points noted were the
fine cliff of basalt and the excellent exposure of gypsum in
Triassie marls, both these to be observed on the left bank
of the river.

At the visit to Cavehill Quarry the= many points of
interest in this well-known exposure were noted and speei-
mens obtained.

The exeursion to Cloughwater and Ballyeloughan was
most successful, and the journey, being made by charabane,
was accomplished with the minimum of fatigue.

In addition to visiting the rhyolite quarries at Clough-
water and Ballycloughan, and bringing away very good
specimens, the nee “inspected the basalt quarry at Killy-
flagh and an interesting esker at Moatown.

When making the excursion to Craighuliar the mem-
bers were met at Portrush by Mr. W. A. Traill, Managing
Director of the Causeway Tramw ay Co. (the premier electric
tramway of the world), who accorapanied the party to a
quarry and introduced them to the genial manager, Mr.
M*Donald, who paid them every attention.

A.) MIs Cumann, | '
R. Brrr i Hon. Secretaries

REPORT OF ZOOLOGICAL,.SECTION.

During the past year a good deal of collecting was done
on the summer excursions, ‘especially on that to Portmore,
but the results have not vet been fully worked out.

An interesting phenomenon was brought to the notice
of the Secretary some time ago, which is worthy of record,

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
34

In the Sixtowns district of Co. Tyrone a willow tree growing
by the roadside became known locally as the ‘* honey-bush ”’
on account of the strong smell of honey which emanated from
it. A close search was made in the stem of the tree and
in the neighbouring bank for bee’s ** bikes ’’ or stores of
deserted honey but without avail. Further examination
showed that the scent was due to copious exudations of
‘ honey-dew ”’ from myriads of aphides on the tree.

J. Orr, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF ARCHMOLOGICAL SECTION.

During the past summer there were four excursions.
The first was to Glenarm by motor coach. On reaching
Glenarm a severe thunderstorm took place, but the party was
then ceujoying the hospitable shelter of the Antrim Arms
Hotel. No rain subsequently disturbed the comfort of the
afternoon, although many heavy thunder showers were
travelling around, ‘The site of the ancient Friary in the
parish churchyard was visited, as was the Barbican Tower,
with its collection of antiquities, and the gardens of Antrim
Castle. Mr. John Clarke and Mr. Wall, of the estate
office, are to be thanked for their assistance on this occasion.

The second visit was to Shane’s Castle by rail to Antrim
and then by the large and commodious motor boat now
cruising each summer on Lough Neagh. The party em-
barked on this boat at Massereene Park, and on returning
from their visit to the Castle had a delightful though short
water trip up the Sixmile River.

The third excursion was a very interesting one, being a
visit to Church Island, Lough Beg. Motor coach was taken
to Ballyscullion, Co. Derry, and by row boat over the flooded
meadows to the island. The Holy Well and ruined church
were examined with interest, and Capt. Chase found on the
island a rare shrub, the Purging Buckthorn. Our thanks

are due to Mr. Grant, of the O’Neill Arms Hotel for arrang-
ing the water transport.

The last excursion was held jointly with the Junior
Section, being a ramble through Old Belfast. Mrs. Nodder,
the Junior Section Secretary, had her charges there in large
numbers, and the Archeological Section was also freely repre-
sented. The ramble started at the Old Carrickfergus coach
road (now North Queen Street), visited the old Shankill
Graveyard (site of the ancient parish church), examined the
watch house used to circumvent the activities of the resurrec-

A
eee)

tionists, and the Bullaun Stone at the door of St. Matthew's
Church, used until lately as a pin well. The excursion fitly
terminated at the parish church, the new Cathedral of St.
Anne's.

No winter meetings were held during the Session. At
present there are 72 names on the roll of the Section.

JOSEPH SKrLLEN, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF JUNIOR SECTION.

The number of Junior members now on the list is 95.

Of this number 34 have been elected this year. Seven
3 eyes

members have been transferred to the Senior members’ list.

. . . . AG ¢ . = Me

Prior to the introduction in April, 1928, of the rule
requiring Junior members to pay a subscription the number
of members was 105.

The task of running the Section is made enjoyable by
the consistent enthusiasm of a number of Junior members
and by the extreme willingness of the most learned natural-
ists in the Club to help the Juniors.

The average attendance at summer excursions was
about eighteen, and at winter evening talks about twelve.
The thanks of the Junior Section are due to Mr. J. A. Ben-
ington, Miss Rea, Mr. Angus Maedonald, Mr. J. A. S.
Stendall, Dr. Adelaide Davin, Mr. E. N. Carrothers, the
Vice-President, the President, Mr. J. R. H. Greaves, Mr. J.
Skillen, Mr. R. J. Welch, Mr. Robert Bell, and Mr. A. A.
Campbell for leading the excursions. These were yaried
and interesting. Only two were spoiled by bad weather.

May 26—Gulls’ nesting place near Derrytrasma.

June §$—Seaweeds at Carnalea.

June 27—Antiquarian walk through Mallusk and
Roughfort..

July 7—Old Lambeg, and a talk on plant breeding at
the Linen Research Institute.

July 28, September 8, October 6—Survey excursions to
Colin Mountain top. There were also some other small
excursions attended by only three or four members for their
own collections.

August 11—General excursion to Carnalea as guests of
Mr. Lepper.

September 29—Antiquarian walk around Old Belfast,

{[Proc. B.N.F.C.
36

March 9—Excursion to pearl mussel beds, Holywood.

March 28—Excursion to a series of interesting geological
sites between Belfast and White Mountain, also Castle
Robin.

For talks given in the Old Museum through the winter
oe Section has to thank the President, the Vice-President,
Capt. Chase, Mr. W. M. Crawford, Mr. Reilly, Mr. Aneus
Macdonald, Mr. Welch, and Miss Nora F isher, all of whom
spared no trouble in giving the talks, always along with
demonstrations. The ‘subjects of the talks were Fossils,
a ee aR of Field Botany, Plant Mounting. Insect Mount-
3, Beetle Collecting, Fiints and Making “of Apparatus for
Callecting and Preparing Shells.

The Junior Section is grateful to Mr. KR. 8. Lepper,
‘Dr. Adelaide Davin, Mrs. Scott, of Roughfort, and Mr. and
Mrs. R. VY. Cleeland for their kind hospitality during the
season.

An interesting feature of the Junior Seetion is the
tendency of the individual members to specialise in one or

two branches of Natural History. Few, even of the
youngest, will bring home a mixed bag of specimens. |

um told by those who know that some of the more advanced
specialists among the Junior members have in their own
subjects a really sound foundation of knowledge, which they
owe largely to the painstaking teaching of our President.

A modest beginning in regional survey was attempted
in September and October on a limited area of Colin Moun-
tain dop.

Ten Junior members took each a section of the survey,

and undertook to get the specimens named and to compile
alist;

About fifteen other Junior members helped in the eol-
lecting and gave or described their finds to the one in charge
of that pi wicul: ar section, An excellent spirit of team
work showed itself, as some of the hardest workers were not
in the least discouraged when they found they gained no
personal glory by their finds. Another piece of team work is
being carried out by Miss Fisher, Mr. John M‘Williams
and Mr, Ranald Macdonald. These three are seriously
collecting land and sea water shells, and they made a joint
exhibition at the Conversazione. A small but growing

number of Juniors possess and use Stewart & Corry’s Flora
of N.E, Ireland.

1928-29. ]

Si

Some parents and friends of the Junior Section
have sometimes attended the excursions and talks. Their
presence has been most weleome and often of great
assistance,

The Jumor Committee functions well, and is outspoken
in the interests of Junior members. There have been four
meetings in the season, the attendances being as follows :—
The President, 3; Vice-President, 2; Angus Macdonald, 4;
Miss N. Fisher, 0; Miss Phyllis M‘Kee, 0; Miss N. Stendall,
4; Mr. Jack Blair, 4; Mrs. Nodder, 4.

Although there were entries of the highest merit for the
prizes offered for the year’s work there were only two or
three for each prize. In view of the large amount of work
done this is surprising, and suggests that Junior members
need to be encouraged to submit their work for competition
for prizes.

A large number of Junior members attended the Con-
versazione. he exhibits of the vear’s work seemed to be
of great general interest. A few exhibits gave evidence of
outstanding serious individual work.

Winirrep Nopprr, Hon. Secretary.

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1928-29. |
39

The following oftice-bearers were elected for the Session
1929-30 :—President, Miss W. J. Sayers; Vice-President.
Captain C. D. Chase; Honorary Secretary, J. Skillen;
Honorary Treasurer, A. H. Davison; Honorary Librarian,
W. M. Crawford; Honorary Recording Secretary, J. A. 5.
Stendall; Honorary Secretaries of Sections—Botanical.
C. R. Nodder; Geological, Robert Bell and A. M‘I.
Cleland ; Zoological, J. Orr; Archeological, J. Skillen and 8.
Freeland; Junior, Mrs. C. R. Nodder. Ordinary members
of Committee (to fill vacancies)—-(to retire 1931) R. V.
Cleeland ; (to retire 1932) D. J. Carpenter, BE. N. Carrothers
and C. BE. Kerr.

. CLUB MEDALLISTS.

1923—William Swanston, F.G.S. ei

1924——Nevin H. Foster, F.L.S.,.M.R.1.A.. M.B.0O.U.

1925—Nathaniel Carrothers.

1926—Robert Bell.

1927—-R. Lloyd Praeger, D.Sc., M.R.I.A.

1928—R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.1.A.

Mr. R. J. Welch, it can safely be said, is the best known
person among the Club’s hundreds of members, and further-
more is almost equally well known throughout the length
and breadth of Ireland and not unknown elsewhere.

Mr. Welch's interests have been, and still are, many.
Throughout his long and honourable life he has possessed
an insatiable appetite for work. The sciences of Zoology,
Botany and Geology have been as food to him, while
Archeology has been the dessert which has followed. As a
nature photographer he remains unsurpassed, and as a
lecturer he has won golden opinions.

His fund of knowledge has been gathered at first hand.
for in the field he has been and still is a most enthusiastic
and happy worker. There is no branch of Field Club work
which has not benefited by Mr. Welch’s activities. He has
been associated with many faunistic surveys, including that
carried out by the Royal Irish Academy on Clare Island.

He has paid particular attention to the study of
mollusca, especially the land and freshwater mollusca of
Treland, and has added many records.

His contributions to the literature of Science and
Archeology have enriched the pages of innumerable journals,

|Proc. BN EC
40

while his incomparable photographs have been used to illus-
trate many lmportant monographs, text-books, and reports.

In 1900 he was honoured by Her Majesty Queen
Vietoria in being appointed her Natural History and Hthno-
graphie Photographer in Ireland.

In 1928 he had the honour of. being President of the
Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, this
being the first time for an Irishman to occupy the office. He
has jicon a life member of the Royal Irish Academy since
1905, and in 1925 the Queen’s University of Belfast thought
fit to honour him with the degree of Master of Chence
(Honorts Causa).

Of our own Club he is a past President and Ifonorary
Secretary, and has been an active member of Committee for
many years.

Junior members have always had in Mr. Welch a warm
friend,

4!

PROCEEDINGS

AND ANNUAL REPORT

OR hme

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB.

for the Year “Ending 3st March,.. 1930

SIXTY: SEVENTH YEAR).

SERIES Il. PART II.

VOLUME IX. 1929-1930.

W.

EDITOR:

M. CRAWFORD), Firs, F-z.s.

4

Belfast Naturalists Field Club.

SIXTY-SEVENTH YEAR, 1929-30.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President:
Miss W. J. SAYERS, B.a.

Vice-President:
Capt. C. D. CHASE, M.c., M.A

Hon, Treasurer :
A. H. DAVISON, r.n.s.a.1., 32 Wellington Place, Belfast.

Hon. Librarian:
W. M. CRAWFORD, b.a., ¥.£.S., F.Z.8., Orissa, Marlborough
Park South, Belfast.
Hon. Recording Secretary:

J. A. 8S. STENDALL, m.2.1.4., .B.0.U., Deva, Haypark
Avenue, Belfast.

Hon, Secretary of Botanical Section:
C. R. NODDER, m.a., The Corner House, Lambeg.

Hon. Secretaries of Geological Section:
ROBERT BELL, 64 Newington Avenue, Beltast.
A. M‘I. CLELAND, 28 Green Road, Knock, Belfast.

Hon. Secretary of Zoological Section:
JAMES ORR, m.z.0.u., 17 Garfield Street, Belfast.

Hon. Secretaries of Archzological Section:
JOSEPH SKILLEN, 25 Stranmillis Gardens, Belfast.
S. FREELAND, The Museum, Stranmillis Road, Belfast.

Hon, Secretary of Junior Section:
Mrs. C. R. NODDER, The Corner House, Lambeg.

Ordinary Members of Committee:

r.R.S.A.9.

Retire 1930. Retire 1931. Retire 1932.
Miss W. M. Rea, m.sc. | A. Albert Campbell, D. J. Carpenter,
Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A., EB S.8.1. A.R.C.SC.L.
M.R.I.A. R. V. Cleeland. kK. N. Carrothers.
R. J. Welch, .sc., | R. S. Lepper, M.4., | CG. Ey Kerr na,

M.R.I.A. LL.M., F.R.HIST.SOC.

Hon. Secretary:
JOSEPH SWKILLEN, 25 Stranmillis Gardens, Belfast.

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45

PROCEEDINGS.

EE
SUMMER SESSION.
——— —--( \——————_——.

PURDYSBURN GLEN AND MEALOUGH.

Date --28th May, 1929 (‘Tuesday evening). Conductor—J. A. S.
Stendall, M.R.I.A., M.B.O.U. Number present, 68.

Permission to enter Purdysburn Glen, kindly granted
by Mr. James Harpur, was fully appreci inted by a large band
of members, among which the Junior element was largely
represented. Iintering by the main gate the members were
quickly exploring the woodlands, richly bedecked with early
flowers; passing to the open glade where all were soon at
work collecting. Some members chose the Burn itself
as their hunting ground, from which mollusks and other
dwellers therein were taken, to be identified and explained.
The botanists, although they did not find anything of
special note, had an interesting time and found much to
discuss.

The return was via Mealough, where the migrant ee
gave 2 grecting, passing on to “the Saintfield Road and. :
steady three miles tramp in the gathering gloom.

LARRIBAN CLIFFS AND BALLINTOY.

Date —8th June, 1929. Conductors—Rev. E. M. Gumley, B.D., and
R. J. Welch, M.R.T.A. > Number present, 40.

A large party of members left Belfast by the 9.15 train
for Portrush.

On arrival there, they got into motor charabanes, and,
joined by 7 or 8 other members and Mr. J. J. Phillips,
F.R.S.A., a former member of the Club now resident at
Portrush, were soon on their way to Dunluce Castle, the
first stopping place.

The repairs now being effected by the Ancient Monu-
ments Department of the Ministry of Finance were inspected,
Mr. Welch, conductor for this part of the tour, pointing out
the various interesting details that had been discovered dur-
ing the late excavations, viz., the laying bare of the original
lagging and other pavements of the various buildings and
courtyards on the ‘de

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
40

Leaving Dunluce, the party were soon running along
above Whitepark Bay, and were not long reaching Ballintoy
Harbour, where they were met by an old member of the
Club, Mr. W. A. Traill, managing director of the electric

railway. Mr. Traill led the party down to the harbour,
where he showed them two very large Ammonites on rocks
at Port Campy. Here the party scattered for lunch all

over the little swards under the cliffs, which, with some big
caves, gave the party shelter while a smart shower passed
over. At the inner end of one of the caves there is a
well supplying some fisher folk families close at hand. ‘This
was, of course, inspected and some nice specimens of the
Marine Fern (Asplenium marinum) were noticed high up in
the roof. |

After the shower cleared off Dr. J. Wilfrid Jackson,
M.Se., I°.G.S., of Manchester Museum, ex-President of the
Conchologieal Society, a visitor with the party, gave a lueid
description of some interesting geological features near the
harbour, including a large area of slickenside, a curious rock
surface, caused by large masses of rock in earth movements
sliding against each other with terrifie pressure, and heat
caused by the friction.

The party then split into three, the younger more
energetic members going off with the Rev. EH. M. Gumley,
B.D., the hon. secretary of the affiliated club, the Route
N.F.C. (who was the local conductor for the Ballintoy
section of the tour) to climb down the cliff path at Larriban
Bay to the stalaectite and fern caves.

Another party went under Mr. A. A. Campbell’s euid-
ance to see the ancient memorials of the Stewart and other
families at the church, while a third climbed down into
Boheeshane Bay with Mr. Welch to see marine shell crypts
and a fine example of a badger’s earth,

A party of 14 members of the affiliated Route Naturalists’
Meld Club had joined the parent club party at the school-
house on the way down; they had tea earlier and departed
lor Coleraine before the Belfast party.

The President of the Belfast club, Miss W. J. Sayers,
B.A., held the usual business meeting after tea, and wel-
comed Dr. J. W. Jackson. After four new junior
members had been elected, Mr. A. A. Campbell moved
and Mr, Robert Bell seconded, ‘‘ that the best thanks

1929-30. ]
47

of the party and the club generally be conveyed to the
Ministry of Finance for their care of our national monu-
ments and the careful way in which the Ministry’s Works
Department are carrying out necessary repairs for their
safety.’ Captain Fullerton was also thanked for services
rendered the party during their visit, and for his care of
that fine sanctuary of the old Irish fauna and flora, White-
park Bay, a fine hunting ground also for the pre- historian
and geologist.

MAGHERA AND DISTRICT.

Date—Saturday, 15th June, 1929. Conductors—Rev. Dr. Marshall and
A, A. Campbell. Number present, 36.

Members, in charge of Mr. A. Albert Campbell,
F.RS.AT., journeyed to Maghera, County Derry. Others
jomed the party from Belfast, Macosquin, Cookstown, and
Kilrea. The Rey. Dr. Marshall acted as conductor for the
day.

The ruins of St. Lurach’s Church and his grave in the

adjoining churchyard were first visited. The church is a
simple, oblong building, of which the east wall is almost
gone. The doorway was evidently constructed before the

days of arch building, as it has jambs sloping inwards from
bottom to top, surmounted by a single-stone lintel, orna-
mented with beautiful relief carving representing the
Crucifixion. The Saint’s grave is marked by « low head-
stone, which has a wheel-cross incised on it.

Proceeding to Tirnoney, about a mile north-west of the

town, a fine dolmen was visited. A kistvaen is attached
to it. On a hill close by could be seen an earthen ring
fort.

A short distance farther on are the ruins of the church
of Killelagh, apparently of about the same age as St.
Lurach’s. St. Keiran, whose name is preserved in the
neighbouring townland of Tullykeeran, was its patron saint.
On the way to it, at the side of a field, a bullaun stone was
noted, and lying against the boundary wall of the church
was a curious eae with two basin-shaped cavities, or
bullauns, hollow ed out of it and placed close together.

Killelagh Lough, where two botanists of the party, Mr.
Megaw and Captain Chase, found a rare little sedge (Carew
le Pewee ula), was passed on the way to the Sw ate house in
the townland of Tirkane. It is an oval-shaped mound built
against a steep rocky bank in a lonely glen. The entrance

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
48

is about two feet high and a foot and a half wide. — It has
an oblong chamber eight fect long, built with unhewn stones.
At the upper end is a hole in the roof, which can be coyered
by a stone. The procedure for a bath was as follows :—
‘Turf was piled inside and the fire kindled and allowed to
burn down. ‘The interior became like a baker’s oven. The
ashes were then swept out, the bather crept in, and a large
flat stone was placed against the door, After an interval
of about an hour the bather crept out again and plunged
into a pool of water some eighteen feet away. This treat-
ment, a precursor of the modern Turkish bath, was supposed
to cure rheumatism. The sweat-house vielded a fine z00-
locical specimen—the cave spider (Meta menardii), believed
to be the first record for County Londonderry; and the
botanists found in the glen the thistle, Carduus pratensis,
and the rare little orehid, Habenaria albida.

On the return to Maghera, a business meeting was
held, the President (Miss W, J. Sayers, B.A.) in the chair,
when a member was elected to the junior section, and a
vote of thanks-was accorded to Dr. Marshall for his assistance
as conductor.

BELVOIR PARK.

Date--Tuesday evening, 18th June, 1929. Conductors—Rev. W. Ni.
Mesaw and J. A. S. Stendall. Number present, 130.

A Jarge party of members and friends of the Club visited
3elvoir Park by permission of Mr. J. H. Burke Murphy,
J.P

Proceeding through Newtownbreda village to the main
entrance to the demesne, the conductors led the way along
the avenue to the mansion house, erected by the Hon. Arthur
Hill Trevor, afterwards Viscount Dungannon. The “‘big
oak,’’ from which, in 1885, Sir Robert Bateson took his title
of Lord Deramore, was pointed out. Afterwards the old
graveyard containing the site of the ancient Church of Breda
was visited, and beside the Dungannon vault Mr. A. A.
Campbell, at the request of the conductors, gave a short.
resume of the history of the Hill Trevor family, and men-
tioned that the first Lord Dungannon’s daughter, Anne,
after whom Annadale was named, married) Lord Morning-
ton, and was the mother of the great Duke of Wellington.
Part of the future Duke’s boyhood was spent at Annadale
Hell, where his mother resided in the early vears ‘of her
widowhood, Gog .

1929-30. |
49

Proceeding, the party traversed the old rock garden,
still showing traces of a former wealth of flowering shrubs
and Alpines, and again passing the mansion house arrived
at the large earthen burial mound. Mr. Campbell explained
that these sepulchral tumul, generally the graves of great
chiefs, were held in veneration, and were the recognised
places for religious and deliberative assemblies in primitive
times. Consequently they would become centres of popula-
tion, and for the convenience of this population the carly
Christian missionaries erected churches close by. This
accounted for the frequently close proximity of ancient
churches and sepulchral mounds—e.g., at Knock, Drumbeg,
Dundonald and Holywood. When Belvoir demesne was
formed in 1740 the old village settlement was removed and
the new town of Breda (Newtownbreda) came into exist-
ence.

Passing on from the mound, a path skirted by the giant
hog weed was followed, and the party made its way through
thickets to the old cart road leading to an exit from the
park.

The botanists found the following:—bitter Cress,
Cardamine amara; Sandwort Arenaria trinervis ; Bird’s-
nest Orchis, Neottia nidus-eavis; Tutsan, Hypericum
androsemum ; and Sedge, Carex riparia.

Of birds, the Grasshopper Warbler was heard.

Rain rather spoiled the enjoyment of the evening, but
the beauties of the great park even on the showery evening

were a revelation to many who had never previously been
mside the walls.

RAM’S ISLAND, LOUGH NEAGH.

Date-—Saturday, 29th June, 1929. Conductor-——-H. C. Lawlor.
Number present, 74.

Glorious weather favoured the fifth seasonal excursion,
when seventy-four members and friends, seven of whom
hailed from New Zealand, visited the site of the old Celtic
Monastery on Ram’s Island, Lough Neagh. The pier at
Langford Lodge had been placed at the disposal of the Club
by Colonel Pakenham. The Antrim Motor Boat Company's
launch conveyed the party in two relays to the island.
The conductor, Mr. H. C. Lawlor, M.A., explained what
was known of the history of the Monastery and the archi-
tectural features of the Round Tower, He tentatively

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
5°

identified Ram’s Island with ‘‘ Inis Darcarerenn of Loch
Echarch,’’ which finds mention several times in the Annals.
The present condition of the tower is very bad, and unless
skilfully repaired much of the western side may at any
time collapse.

The botanically and conchologically interested members
of the party found much to engage their attention, especially
on the long, narrow, low-lying northern end of the island.
Here the yellow iris was found in profusion, growing to a
height of 6 ft. 6 in., with meadow sweet almost as high.
The geologists had much to interest them in the old beach
which surrounds the island some ten feet above the present
water level. Here were to be found glacial erratics from
places far distant, the original locality of which was explained
by Mr. Welch. He also exhibited examples of the some-
what rare land shells which he had found here, such as
Zonitoides nitidus, Vertigo antivertigo, and the curious
Lough Neagh form of Limna_ stagnalis, palustris and
pereger. .

A delightful al fresco tea was provided at the cottage
by Mrs. Lawlor and Miss Heron, after which an informal!
meeting of the Club was called by the President, Miss W. J.
Sayers, B.A., when hearty votes of thanks were passed to
Colonel Pakenham for placing his boat quay at the disposal
of the Club and allowing the members the enjoyment of
wandering round his beautiful demesne, and to Lord O’Neill
‘for allowing the excursion to inspect Ram’s Island.

Belfast was reached at 9.15 p.m.

BUNDORAN AND DISTRICT.

Date—11th-15th July, 1929. Conductors—R. J. Welch, M.Sc.,
M.R.1.A., and Alex. H. Davison. Number present. 45.

The party left the G.N.R. terminus, Belfast, at 4.15
p.m. on Thursday, 11th July, and took up headquarters at
Hamilton’s Hotel, Bundoran. Friday morning was spent
among the rock pools at the West End where Mr. R. J.
Welch, M.Se., M.R.I.A., pointed out and described the
rich fauna and flora of these famous pools. After lunch the
party proceeded to Roughie Rocks and Aughrus Head where
the geologists obtained many fossils from the Carboniferous
rocks.

The walk was continued by the Fairy Bridges—interc st-
ing examples of coast erosion—to the Finner Strand, where

1929-30.]
51

the dunes were explored for flint implements. After dinner
Mr. R. J. Welch gave an interesting talk on the marine
specimens collected during the day.

On Saturday morning the party motored to the Falls
and Abbey of Assaroe. After examining these and the
monk’s cave close by a start was made for Brown Hall,
Ballintra, where the interesting underground river—The
Pullins—was explored. Lunch was partaken of in the woods,
after which the botanists and zoologists commenced an enjoy-
able search for specimens.

At Brown Hall the party were received by Captain and
Mrs. Hamilton and daughters who exhibited many antiques
and works of art, including a three-fingered Celtic bronze
bell found in a bog near Ballintra.

The return journey was made via Rossnowlagh, where
some time was spent on the Strand. A number of the
party proceeded to Kilbarron Castle, the ruined Castle of
the O’Cleerys, authors of “‘ The Annals of the Four
Masters.’’ After dinner the President, Miss W. J. Sayers,
B.A., described the botanical finds of the day.

On Sunday the party divided into sections; some re-
mained at Bundoran while others motored to various places
of interest in the district, including Drumcliff Round Tower
and Cross, Glencar, Shgo Abbey and Ben Bulbin, and
Rosses Point.

On Monday morning after breakfast a business meeting
was held at which votes of thanks were passed to Captain
and Mrs. Hamilton, the G.N.Rly. traffic department and the
proprietor and staff of the hotel. It was also made the
occasion of an interesting presentation of a memento of the
excursion to Mr. R. J. Welch, one of the conductors. The
party returned to Belfast by train leaving at 11.20.

STRANGFORD LOUGH (WEST SIDE).

Date-—20th July, 1929. Conductors—D. E. Lowry and J. Skillen.
Number present, 50.

This excursion had principally in view places of
archeological and historical interest along the west coast of
Strangford Lough from Comber to Ringhaddy. The mem-
bers proceeded to Comber by motor bus and were met by
some coming in private cars at the Gillespie’s Monument in
Comber-Square. The first point of call was the Ballygratfan
dolmen, and here a short description was given of dolmens
as sepulchral monuments,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
5 2

Castlespie Standing Stone was then visited, the probable
site of Bishop Innoc’s Church founded by St. Patrick, and
the name (Castle EKaspuic), the Castle of the Bishop, pre-
serves the tradition. Next, the route lay past Tullynakill
old church to see a “‘ squatted ’’ house, the site of an old
cockpit. Then, coasting by Ballydorn and Sketrick Castle,
the party came to Whiterock Hill, the top of which gave them
extensive views over the Lough and neighbourhood. Coming
down froin the hill, a visit to the old church and Elizabethan
Castle at Ringhaddy brought the excursion to an end, save
for the meeting for tea at Newtownards.

GALGORM DEMESNE AND PORTGLENONE.

Date—d3rd August, 1929. Conductor—J. Skillen.
Number present, 50.

On arriving at Galgorm Castle, permission to visit having
been kindly granted by the Right Hon. W. R. Young, the
party was met by a local member of the Club, Dr. D’ Evelyn,
J.P., and Mr. A. Raphael. Mrs. W. R. Young, J.P.,
extended a warm welcome and entertained the party to
tea. Before leaving Mr. R. 8S. Lepper expressed the
gratitude of the Club for Mr. and Mrs. Young’s kindness.
‘he old chapel was afterwards visited, as well as the Rath
and Colville’s Pool in the River Maine. On the way to
Portglenone a stop was made at Tullyhill to view the magni-
ficent scenery of the Bann Valley, and here Dr. Stewart,
of Portglenone, and Mr. D. G. Montgomery, of Lisrodden,
met the excursion to act as guides to the shores of the Bann.
At Portglenone Dr. Stewart’s magnificent collection of bronze
weapons, flint implements, coins, &c., were on view and
examined with great interest. Before starting to walk
to the Rough Islands on the County Derry side of the river
Mrs. Stewart and her family entertained the excursionists
to an al fresco lunch in their beautiful garden and in perfect
weather. The walk along the river bank to the Rough
Islands was an enjoyable one, and Dr. Stewart gave a talk
on the history and lore of the district. At New Ferry,
where there is an antiquated horse ferry worked with a
windlass and chain, the party crossed to visit the site
where flint artifacts were found under the diatomaceous
clay. The clay here is five feet deep, and under it
were found fire hearths and manufactured _ flints,

1929-50. 1]
sé

While at this place Mr. Gracey, of Kilrea, actually
found a wrought flint in situ. Tea was taken at Mr. Grant's
hotel in Toome, and afterwards a meeting was held, the
President (Miss W. J. Sayers, B.A.) in the chair, when a
vote of condolence was passed to the relatives of the late
Dr. S. W. Hill, J.P., of Larne—all the members standing—
and an announcement made that out of respect to his
memory the excursion to Glenarm arranged for 31st August
would be abandoned. The President also conveved the warm
thanks of the Club to Dr. Stewart, his wife and family, and
to Mr. D. G. Montgomery for helping to make what was a
red-letter day in the excursions of the Club.

DERRYADD AND LOUGH NEAGH SHORE.

Date—3lst August, 1929. Conductor—R. J. Welch.
‘Number present, 55.

This was a half-day excursion, the members leaving the
Old Museum at 2 p.m. by motor bus. Old Shankill grave-
yard, a pre-Reformation burying place, was visited on the
way. On arrival at the mouth of the Upper Bann, where
it flows into Lough Neagh at Charlestown, the party
scattered, some looking for plants. The best finds of these
botanists included the Frogbit (Hydrocharis morsus-ran2),
the Marsh Veronica (Veronica scutellata), the Nodding Bur
Marigold (Bidens cernua), and also fine masses of that typical
wet bog plant, the Sundew (Drosera rotundifolia). Mean-
while others of the party searched the shore for shells, but
the water of both river and lough was too high for this,
though some small pebbles of jasper were found in the
gravel. On the return journey, a halt was made in Lurgan
for tea, after which a short business meeting, presided over
by the President (Miss W. J. Sayers), was held, and a new
Junior Section member elected. Belfast was finally reached
about 8.45 p.m.

RAMBLE AROUND OLD BELFAST.

Date—Saturday, 7th September, 1929. Conductor—Joseph Skillen.
Number present, 80.

Members and friends met at the Municipal Museum, a
visit being made to the Belfast Room to examine the
Magowan collection of paintings and engravings, chiefly views
of the city as it was in the latter half of the 19th century.

[Proc. B.N.F.C
54

Way was then made to the Charitable Institution, where
the first organised attempt was made in Belfast to deal with
poverty, a society that in earlier days issued leences to
beggars to pursue their avocations.

Clifton Street Old Graveyard was next visited, where
many old Belfast worthies are buried. The party passed
through Carrick Hill, formerly the old coach road, Carrick-
fergus—Belfast—Dublin, proceeding via Millfield, so called
from the Manor mill that formerly stood there, and then
passing the site of the ancient Pound, and continuing by
Durham Street and College Square North, the site of the old
House of Correction was reached, now replaced by the Pres-
byterian War Memorial Hostel. Arriving at Donegall Square
South the conductor pointed out some remaining examples
of late Georgian or early Victorian domestic architecture, the
finest existing example being visited—the town house of
Earl Cairn’s father. Going by May Street and Joy Street,
names commemorating old Belfast families, High Street was
reached and a pause made at St. George’s Church to admire
the portico in front of the building. This portico was
originally intended for the Earl of Bristol and Bishop of
Derry’s new palace at Ballyscullion, Co. Derry, a palace
that was never completed owing to the death of the bishop.
Here are buried many whose names are associated with the
rise of Belfast, also the unfortunate Henry Joy M‘Cracken,
executed at the old Market House for participation in the
‘98 rebellion. After passing through Sugarhouse Entry,
where the Society of United Irishmen first met, the ramble
terminated at the new Cathedral of St. Anne’s, a fine
example of Celtic-Romanesque Architecture.

The weather was fine during this prolonged walk and
the conductor gave informal talks at the various places of
interest.

RED HALL, BALLYCARRY.

Date—5th October, 1929. Conductors—E. N. Carrothers and
A. E. Muskett. Number present, 50.

This excursion—the fungus foray for 1929—was con-
ducted to Red Hall, Ballycarry, where, through the kind-
ness of Mrs. K. M‘Clintock, the beautiful grounds were
opened to the Club. The party journeyed to Ballycarry by
train and then walked to the demesne, where an active search
was made for fungi of all kinds. A most enjoyable after-
noon was spent, although the number of species collected

1929-30. |
55

was small owing to the spell of dry weather which had pre-
ceded the excursion. Apart from this, however, some use-
ful finds were recorded, and the Ulster list of fungi was
again added to. A goodly number of junior members were
present and took an active interest in the work, some of the
best finds being due to their vigilance. Towards the close
of the afternoon rain fell heavily and the party left the
demesne to catch the 6.18 p.m. train to Belfast, but not
before a hearty vote of thanks had been passed to Mrs.
M‘Clintock for her kindness in allowing the Club to visit
Red Hall.

WINTER SESSION.

The uuthors of the Papers, of which abstracts are given,
are alone responsible for the views expressed therein.

CONVERSAZIONE.

The Winter Session opened with a Conversazione held in
the Assembly Hall, Fisherwick Place, on Tuesday, 29th
October, 1929, at which there was a very large attendance
of members and friends. Tea was served from 7 to 8 p.m.

The Exhibits included :—

Borany.—The President, dried Ferns; Captain- Chase,
some Belfast Aliens; Miss M. W. Rea, Marine Alge; Rev.
W. R. Megaw, some illustrated books on Mosses; Shaftes-
bury House School, a collection of Fruits; E. N. Carrothers,
Lolium Remotum from Co. Derry.

GroLocy.—A. M'‘I. Cleland, Fossils from Corallime
Rocks, Oxford, Flints from other rocks, Magheramorne
Quarry; Alex. H. Davison, Fossils illustrating the Zonal
Fauna, Upper Cretaceous; Robert Bell, Upper Cretaceous
Cephalopoda; Belfast Municipal Museum, varieties of
Quartz; W. A. Green, Native Amber, N.Z, specimen of
Pink Terrace, Wakawerawera, N.Z.

ZooLtocy.—W. M. Crawford, American Butterflies, Le«f
Butterflies; J. A. S. Stendall, circulation of blood in foot
of common Frog; James Orr, live Reptiles and Batrachians ;
Josias Cunningham, local Birds; R. J. Welch, land and
fresh water Shells.

ArcuazoLtocy.—A. M‘I. Cleland, Potsherds, Dundrum
Sandhills, Co. Down; Joseph Skillen and J. A. S. Stendall,

(Proc. B.N.F.C
56

Flint and Stone Artifacts found under deposit of
Diatomaceous (Bann) Clay five feet thiek, diagram of sec-
tion and photographs.

Eruxocrapny.—David EK. Lowry, Knives and rare
Weapons.

MisceLLaNkous,—C. R. Nodder, Vortex Rings, Polar-
ising Microscopes, Microscopic Exhibits ; A. MT. Cleland,
Demonstration with Bunsen Burner; Miss Maudsley,
Maundy Money; Miss Sayers, old Coins and Tokens; R. A.
Black, Photographs; C. R. Nodder, set of Stereoscopes with
photographs of Natural History interest; R. J: Welch, photo-
sraphs; W. A. Green, Pictures of Donegal and Connemara.

Jcnxtor Secrion.—The exhibits staged by the Junior
members included fossils, flint arrowheads, pressed flowers.
a freak plant (Dame’s violet), snake skins, shells and a
Nature diary, these being shown by the Misses Jean Cole.
Agnes Howatt, Lois M‘Keown, Elizabeth Megaw and
Beatrice Searle and Masters Martyn Cleeland, Vivien Green,
Ranald Macdonald and Ernest Langton May.

Other exhibits were (1) labelled tree twigs, shown by
the winner of the President’s prize, (2) slime fungi collected
on the occasion of the Fungus Foray excursion and (3) lists
of flora and fauna of Colin Mountain, with some specimens
collected and named by certain Junior Members.

At 9.10 the Business Meeting took place, when the
President, Miss W. J. Sayers, B.A., welcomed Dr.
M‘Loughlin, the President of the Derry Naturalists’ Field
Club, and expressed the Belfast Club’s satisfaction that
there were now three affiliated societies in Northern Ireland,
in Route, Limavady, and Derry. She congratulated the
exhibitors on the wonderful variety they had achieved and,
referring particularly to the Junior section, expressed the
Club's thanks to Mrs. Nodder for the success which had
attended her efforts in that direction.

She drew attention to the €10 pnze offered by the Club
for a piece of original written work on any matter in natural
science or local antiquities, and said that the Committee
would appreciate it if any member would send in a mono-
graph which would be worthy to form an appendix to the
Proceedings of the Society.

A lantern display followed, showing views taken at.
summer field meetings, including some 70 slides by
amateurs, and views of the pearl mussel beds at Marino.

A number of new members were elected.

1929-30.
Si

PRIZE-WINNERS.

The prizes awarded in connection with the summer
programme were distributed as follow :—Best collection of
natural history specimens for a prize presented by Mr. W.
M. Crawtord—E. Langton May. Second prize, presented
by Mr. S. Freeland—Martyn Cleeland. Prize presented by
Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland for best collection of fossils, Elizabeth
Cleeland. Prize presented by Mr. R. 8. Lepper for best
collection of antiquarian photographs—R. Noel Gregg. Prize
presented by the Vice-President, Captain Chase, for the best
collection of pressed flowers—Beatrice Searle. Two second
prizes presented by Mr. R. V. Cleeland and Mr. J. A. Sten-
dall were won by Vivien Green and Jean Cole. The Presi-
dent’s prize for identifying twigs was awarded to Kthne
Glendinning. The ee rg prizes offered to Junior
members were won by A. Connelly for the best living
exhibit of zoological Oa Niariorie Cleeland for the best
living exhibit of botanical interest; and Murphy Nodder for
the best surprise natural history exhibit.

FIELD WORK AS A HANDMAID TO HISTORY.

The first ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum, College Square North, on Tuesday,
19th November, 1929, at 8 p.m., when the presidential
address was delivered to a large audience by Miss W. J.
Sayers, B.A.

The address, illustrated by lantern slides, dealt with the
growing importance of archeology. In contrast to history,
it might be looked on by some as an uncharted and unchart-
able sea, and yet as a result of excavation much history had
had to be re-written. International sharing of national
discoveries helped to further some of the aims of the League
of Nations, but there was also the other side of the picture.
our work here being somewhat unintelligible until compared
with results all over the world. Miss Sayers quoted the
description of Ireland as the ‘* great prehistoric Museum of
Northern Europe,’ and urged her audience to make the
fullest use of their national heritage, which was a particu-
larly fertile field for the study of neolithic culture.

The construction of the Dolmen, of which there are 800
in Ireland and over 200 in Ulster, was lucidly described, as
well as stone circles, standing stones, cists, raths, crannoges
and sweat-houses.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
58

An interesting discussion followed in which Rh. J. Welch,
C. E. Kerr, H. C. Lawlor, A. M‘T. Cleland-and D. BE. Lowry
took part.

SIGURD THE CRUSADER.

The second ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum, College Square North, on Tuesday,
17th December, 1929, at 8 p.m., the President (Miss W. J.
Sayers) in the chair, when a lecture under the above title
was delivered by Mr. D. E. Lowry, J.P.

Sigurd, said Mr. Lowry, was the son of Magnus Bartod,
i celebrated King of Norway, who, according to tradition, was
killed in battle near Downpatrick. After his father’s death
Sigurd left Norway with his brother Hystein and 6,000 men,
sailed through the North Sea and down the English Channel
to England, where he was the guest of Henry I. After that
Sigurd sailed round France and Spain and into the
Mediterranean to join in the first Crusade.

Mr. Lowry retold in a most interesting manner Sigurd’s
fight with the Moors, his encounters with pirates, his
adventures in the Balearic Islands, and his arrival at Sicily,
from which the family of the D’Hautevilles had driven the
Saracens.

The lecturer dealt with the story of the Crusades, and
said that though religious at first in their inception they were
later marked by deeds of cruelty and greed. What might
have been a revival of Christendom eventually became a
filibustering expedition, with the leaders striving for the
mastery of a kingdom or a city, or seeking for plunder.

Sigurd returned to his native land, rich and celebrated
after an absence of six years.

Miss W. J. Sayers and Messrs. R. 8. Lepper, Jas. Lough-
ridge and Col. RK. G. Berry spoke to the lecture or asked
questions, and Mr. Lowry’s reply brought an enjoyable
evening to its termination.

THE A.B:C. OF BIRDS.

The third ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum, College Square North, on Tuesday,
7th January, 19380, at 8 p.m., the President (Miss W. J.
Sayers) in the chair. In the unavoidable absence through
ill-health of Mr. James J. Phillips, F.R.S.A.I., who was to
have given a lecture entitled ‘‘ Memories of Notable

1929-30. ]
59

Personalities, Saints and Scholars,’ J. A. S. Stendall
kindly filled the gap at short notice and gave an interesting
lecture on the “‘ A.B.C. of Birds.”’

The lecturer dealt with his subject in a simple manner,
treating in the first instance of bird structure, both external
and internal. He gave a lucid account of feather forma-
tion and followed with short accounts of migratory and
resident birds, their eggs and nesting habits. Protective
colouration received attention, as did the behaviour of old
birds in the nesting season and of their young. Continuing,
the Jecturer showed a large series of lantern slides depicting
birds in their haunts in various parts of Northern Ireland,
and gave interesting accounts of observations he had made
in the course of his many minor expeditions to secure bird
photographs.

At the conclusion several members voiced their apprecia-
tion and asked questions, which the lecturer fully answered.

SPORT WITH A CAMERA IN NATURELAND.

The fourth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum, College Square North, on Tuesday, 21st
January, 1930, at 8p.m. The President (Miss W. J. Sayers,
B.A.) occupied the chair and the lecturer was Mr. J. A.
Benington, B.Sc. The lecture was illustrated by beautiful
slides shown by Mr. A. R. Hogg from photographs taken
by Mr. Benington.

The story of how these photographs were obtained—
though Mr. Benington was very modest about the part he
himself played—was fascinating. Sometimes a whole day
was spent in trying to get a photograph of a single nest,
for Mr. Benington’s study is that of bird life, and prefer-
ably bird life which shuns the haunts of man. Birds un-
accustomed to human society were extremely wary, and
camouflage played a large part in Mr. Benington’s equip-
ment. He slips about Strangford Lough or Lough Neagh
in a little canoe, round which he arranges reeds in such a
way that the canoe is screened from observation, but more
frequently the canoe is stationary for hours and the watcher
from behind his screen keeps an eye on a duck’s nest. Even
then results, except from a more intimate knowledge of bird
life and nature, may be nil, for the warning ery of a heron,
from which all birds take their cue, is sufficient to scatter
the bird life in a few minutes.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
60

Mr. Benington mentioned that grebes, herons and other
birds, almost extinct a few years ago in Ulster waters, are
on the increase, and claimed that this was partly due to the
employment of watchers who prevent boys from collecting
eggs along the shore and wilfully destroying them. A
beautiful record of a blackbird’s song brought he lecture to
a close.

A vote of thanks to the lecturer was unanimously passed
on the motion of J. A. S. Stendall, seconded by D. Jd.
Carpenter.

THE FEBRUARY SKIES.

The fifth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum, College Square North, on Thursday,
6th February, 1930, at 8 p.m., the President (Miss W. J.
Sayers, B.A.) being in the chair. Mr. C. E. Kerr delivered
a lecture under the above title. |The lecture comprised a
description of, and commentary on, the constellations, stars,
planets, nebule, meteoric radiants, etc., which are visible
in a Clear sky in these latitudes at this time of the year. The
lecture was illustrated with lantern slides.

NATURALISM IN ROMAN ART.

The sixth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum, College Square North, on Tuesday,
18th February, 1930, at 8 p.m., the President (Miss W. J.
Sayers, B.A.) taking the chair. The lecturer was Mr. Tan
A. Richmond, M.A., of Queen’s University.

The lecturer drew attention to the close connexion
between the agricultural basis of Roman Society, the policy
of the Imperial Government and the artistic taste of the
first century A.D. He also discussed the significance of
the distribution of this type of Art, the reasons of its failure
to take root everywhere in the Roman World and the causes
of its ultimate decline.

Messrs. R. S. Lepper and A. M'I. Cleland voiced the
appreciation of the audience.

GRASSES.

The seventh ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum, College Square 1 North, on Thursday,
6th March, 19380, at 8 p.m., when Captain C. D. Clase
M.C., M.A., spoke on the above subject. The chair was
taken by the President (Miss W. J. Sayers, B.A.)..

1929-30. ] 6
I

The lecturer first referred to the number and uses of
grasses, pointing out that man is very dependent upon the
various species for hig sustenance. The parts of a grass
were then explained and illustrated by slides, which included
a number of owe common grasses and a few aliens which
had been gathered in the neighbourhood of Belfast. Amongst
these was Bromus britannicus, the grass recently described
as new to science by I. A. Williams, from Sydenham, Co.
Down.

Miss Sayers, J. A. S. Stendall, A. H. Davison, D. J.
Carpenter, C. R. Nodder and Joseph Skillen took part in
the discussion which followed.

THE CELTIC GODS.

The eighth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum, College Square North, on Tuesday,
18th March, 1980, at 8 p.m. Col. R. G. Berry, M.R.LA.,
was the lecturer and the President (Miss W. J. Savers.
B.A.) occupied the chair.

The lecturer remarked that, according to the Celtic
belief, the apple was the only food required in the other
world.

The apple at one time had a very considerable import-
ance as a sacred fruit. The ideas of the ancient Irish
regarding the locality of the other world seemed never to
have crystalised definitely. Access was usually heralded by
music and the approach of a damsel bearing an apple branch.
“It seems that most of the Irishmen never got beyond the
land of women, where they were content to remain.”

The lecturer referred to discoveries of ancient carvings
and figures at Lydney Park, Gloucestershire, and described
the druids’ altar. In pagan Ireland there was the worship
of kings, heroes, and river gods. Pagan burying-grounds
had names representing gardens, orchards, «ec.

The lecture was illustrated with lantern slides.

CAVE RESEARCHES IN ENGLAND.

The ninth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session took
place in the Old Museum on Tuesday, Ist April, 1930, at 8
p-m., the chair being taken by the President (Miss W. J.
Sayers, B.A.). The lecturer, Dr. J, W. Jackson, F.G:S.,
of Manchester Museum, said :—

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
62

During recent years there has been great activity in the
scientific exploration of the limestone caverns of Derbyshire,
North Staffordshire, Yorkshire, North: Wales, and other
places, the outcome of which has been a great increase in our
knowledge of early man. Valuable information hag also
been obtained relating to the animal and bird life in the
British Isles at a period long before there were any domestic
animals and at a time when very different climatic and
geographical conditions prevailed.

The chief Derbyshire caves which have received attention
are those at Creswell, on the borders of Derbyshire and
Nottinghamshire; Harborough Rocks, near Brassington ;
Cressbrook and Lathkill Dales; Castleton; and in the valleys
of the Dove and the Manifold.

The Creswell caves have been famous since the
‘seventies, when evidence was obtained that they had been
used as habitations by early man and at times as dens of
wild beasts. Further extensive diggings have been carried
out there by Mr. A. Leslie Armstrong, of Sheffield, and much
important information has been obtained concerning the
Pleistocene fauna of the district and the conditions under
which Paleolithic man lived. The caves known as Mother
Grundy’s Parlour and the Pin Hole have been the scene of
the recent activities.

The animals revealed by the past and present excavations
at Creswell form a most remarkable and interesting group.
They consist of several extinct species, including the hairy
mammoth, the woolly rhinoceros, the giant Irish deer, and
the great cave bear, and of others which have retired to far-
away regions, as the reindeer, Arctic fox, glutton or
wolverine, lemmings, lion, spotted hyena, brown bear, etc.
Many bird remains have also been found ‘and these include
bones and skulls of species no longer living in the neighbour-
hood. Among others the ptarmigan is conspicuous.

Many implements fashioned by man have been found in

the caves. Like the animal remains, these occurred at
various levels and belong to different stages of culture and

different periods of occupation. Those obtained from the
deeper layers are of a rough and primitive type made from
local pebbles of hard quartzite or ironstone. They belong
in the main to a stage of Palwolithic culture known as’ the
Mousterian, when the heavy-browed Neanderthal ‘man
inhabited much of Western Europe... .The implements

1929-30.] 6
3

obtained from the higher levels are of flint, which must have
been brought some distance by the cave dwellers. This
flint industry includes many types which are characteristic
of the Upper Paleolithic in France and elsewhere. The
implements comprise knife-like blades and points, scrapers,
and gravers of various forms, such as have been found in
Aurignacian and later deposits in British and continental
caves. They belong to a time when men more akin to our
own species were using the caves.

Among the many objects found by Mr. Armstrong in
recent years are two of surpassing interest and importance
from the upper cave-earth at the Pin Hole cave. One of
the objects is an engraved bevel lance-point made of mam-
moth ivory, very similar in character to a point from the cave
of La Madeleine in France. The other is the rib of a rein-
deer carved with the figure of a man who appears to be wear-
ing the head of some animal. It is thought to represent a
magician or “‘ witch-doctor ’’ of the Stone Age. In general
technique and character the figure resembles those found in
the caves of Hornos and Altamira on the continent, which
are Aurignacian in date. It is interesting to recall that the
first engraved bone to be met with in Britain was found in
one of the Creswell caves in the ‘seventies. This consists
of a fragment of a rib upon which is engraved the head and
neck of a horse. Objects such as those described above
serve to link very closely the flint users of the Creswell caves
with the Upper Paleolithic inhabitants of the caves of
France and elsewhere where engravings and carvings have
been found in some numbers.

In excavations made in front of Mother Grundy’s Par-
lour, Creswell, a few years ago, Mr. Armstrong found pygmy
flint gravers and objects of geometrical forms belonging to
the Azilio— Tardenoisian period (or Early Transition from
Paleolithic to Neolithic). These provide a possible link
between the cave cultures and the microlithic industries on
open-air sites on the Pennines and elsewhere. There seems
to be a suggestion here that the later Creswell cave-dwellers

migrated to the Pennine moorland sites long before the peat-
period.

Several other caves in Derbyshire, especially at Lang-
with, Lathkill Dale, Cressbrook Dale, and near Brassington,
have provided evidence of temporary occupation by
Paleolithic man.

Under the direction of the lecturer, the Yorkshire caves,
especially those in the neighbourhood of the famous Victoria

(Proc. B.N-F.C.
64

Cave, are now being explored in the hope of finding
indications of occupation by carly man. Many important
remains of extinct animals have been found, but no
implements of Palsolithie type have been met with so far.

Regarding North Wales, investigations by the lecturer
were proceeding in a cave at Gwaenysgor, near Prestatyn,
and the remains of reindeer, bison, woolly rhinoceros, and
hyena, have already been found. Their association with
glacial material seems to suggest that the cave was a
hyena-den at some time before the last of the great ice-
sheets swept over the area.

Many valuable and important finds have been made by
the Bristol University group of workers in the caves of
Burrington Coombe and the Wye Valley. A most interest-
ing example of a barbed harpoon of staghorn was discovered
in Aveline’s Hole, Burrington. Several discoveries have
been made in that famous showplace, Gough’s Cavern, in
Cheddar Gorge, Somersetshire, the most interesting being
two objects known on the Continent as ‘‘ batons-de-
commandement,’’ a class of implement supposed to have
been used as ceremonial wands of authority, sceptres, or
as arrow-shaft straighteners. One of these is of reindeer
antler bearing incised grooves and perforated at one end;
the other is somewhat similar but is of bone. These are
the only two of their kind found in Britain, but many are
known from the French caves of Upper Paleolithic date.

Renewed examination of the Irish eaves was now being
carried out and several important finds which have a bear-
ing upon the antiquity of man in Ireland have been made
in that at Kilereany, Co. Waterford.* A human skull of
presumed Late Paleolithic date was found in the latter cave
associated with extinct animal remains including reindeer,
giant Irish deer, and Aretic lemming. There was also the
skull of the Continental field vole—the first vole to be
recorded for Treland.

A vote of thanks to the lecturer was moved by D. J.
Carpenter, seconded by A. H. Davison, and, supported by
\. M‘T. Cleland, was passed by acclamation.

R. J. Weleh and J. A. S. Stendall also spoke.

The lecture was illustrated with lantern slides.

*Vide Irish Naturalists’ Journal, Vol, III, p. 118.

1929-30. |
65

ANNUAL MEETING,

The Annual General Meeting was held in the Museum,
College Square North, on Tuesday, 15th April, at 8 p.m.,
the President (Miss W. J. Sayers) in the chair.

The following Reports were presented :—

COMMITTEE’S REPORT FOR SESSION.
SIXTY-SEVENTH YEAR, 1929-30.

The following report is presented by the Committee for
your approval. We record with pleasure that for the first
time in the history of the Club a lady president guided its
activities.

During the year 48 Ordinary and 43 Junior Members
were elected and the Membership stands as follows :—7
Honorary, 4 Corresponding, 2 Life, 507 Ordinary and 109
Juniors, making a total of 629.

There are now three Field Clubs affiliated with us,
namely, the Route, the Limavady and the Londonderry
Naturalists’ Field Clubs.

In accordance with Rule III some names were struck
off the roll for non-payment of subscriptions. |

It is with deep regret that we have to record the death
of several of our Members—whose names are appended—and
particularly that of R. V. Cleeland, who was at the time of
his death a Member of Committee. He took a great interest
in the Juniors, and extended hospitality to this section on
several occasions.

During the year 12 meetings of Committee were held,
and the following were the attendances :—

WAI~W9 OO

Migs W.J. Sayers ... 12 R. 8. Lepper

Joseph Skillen pee pie James Orr

Robert Bell hl? alpha Miss Rea

A. M‘T. Cleland ae, Ul R. J. Welch

W. M. Crawford at gel D. J. Carpenter

A. H. Davison Alas 5. Freeland

Mrs. Nodder hy cot oT Chas. E. Kerr va

©. R. Nodder ees R. V. Cleeland Boy KG
JT. A. §. Stendall 4c gd Rev. W. R. Megaw ... 6
A. A. Campbell eo. Ee E. N. Carrothers ee

Capt. Chase 2m OSg

{Proe.

B.N.FIC:
66

There were eleven Field Excursions arranged for the
summer and all were held save one, that to Glenarm Glen,
via Cairneastle and the Headless Cross, on 31st August,
which was abandoned owing to the lamented death of Dr.

Saml. Hill, J.P., who was to have acted as local conductor.
The excursion to Derryadd and the Lough Shore was changed
to this date, as the date originally fixed was unsuitable, the
Tourist Trophy Race being on 17th August.

The Fungus Foray which was arranged for
September to Shane’s Castle was held at Redhall,
carry,
Castle.

28th
Bally-
as the date was unsuitable for admission to Shane’s

[t is worthy to record that on the occasion of the Port-
glenone excursion the party visited some primitive hearths
of the Neolithic period at the New Ferry, found under five
feet of diatomaceous clay where some artifacts were collected
in situ. It is hoped that in the future further investigations
by the Club will be made on this interesting site

The excursions were as follows :—

28th May, 1929 (evening), Purdysburn Glen
and Meaiough

8th June (whele day), Ballintoy

15th June (whole day), Maghera, Co. Derry

2eth June (evening), Belvoir Park

25th June (half day), Glenavy and Ram’s
Island
iith to 13th July, Buncoran and District _

20th July (half day),
(West Side) .

3rd August (whole day), Portglenone, via
Galgorm Demesne _...

ist August (half day), Derryadd and Lough
Shere

7th September (half day), Old Belfast

2€th September (half day), Red Hall,
carry (Fungus Foray)

Strangford Lough

EBally-

Reports from the sections will be submitted,

what excursions they held.

Conducted by

J. A. S, Stendall.
R. J. Welch.
Rev. Dr. Marshall and
A. A. Gampbeli.
J. A. S. Stendall and
Rev. W. RK. Megaw.

H. C. Lawior.

A. H. Davison and
R. J. Welch.
D. E. Lowry and
Joseph Skillen.

JCseph Skillen.
R. J. Welch.
Joseph Skillen.

A. E. Muskett and
E. N. Garrothers,

showing

The Annual Conversazione took place in the i ecaiapls

29th October,
general public,

suildings on
bers end the

and was well attended by Mem-

1929-30.] 6
7

The President addressed the meeting and gave an
interesting account of the activities of the Club, and slides
were shown illustrating the summer excursions. The prizes
won by the Juniors at the Conversazione were presented by
the President.

The Committee desire to return their best thanks to the
donors of the prizes, who were as follows :—

The President (Miss W. J. Sayers), two prizes, the
Vice-President (Capt. C...D. Chase), Miss Rea, and Messrs.
$S. Freeland, the late R. V. Cleeland, A. MT. Cleland,
W. M. Crawford, R. S/ Lepper,:J. A. S. Stendall, R. J.
Welch and The Irish Naturalists’ Journal.

Nine lectures were given during the winter, all being
illustrated with lantern slides, and the Committee are
pleased to report that in every case there were large and
interested audiences. All the lectures were followed by an
interesting discussion.

Mr. Jas. J. Phillips, F.R.S.A.I., was to have given a
lecture on Jan. 7th entitled ‘‘ Saints and Scholars,’’ but
ilmess prevented him fulfilling this engagement, so Mr. J

A. S$. Stendall kindly agreed to substitute a lecture on
‘ Birds ’’ instead.

We are indebted to the undernoted for thei kindness
to us during the summer excursions, and we offer them our
grateful thanks.

Right Hon. W. R. Young and Mrs. Young, J.P.,
Galgorm Castle.
Dr. J. B. Stewart and Mrs. Stewart. Portglenone.
David G. Montgomery, Lisrodden, Portglenone.
Rev. Dr. Marshall and Mrs. Marshall, Maghera.
James Harpur, Purdysburn.
J. H. Burke Murphy, Purdysburn.
Colonel Pakenham, Langford Lodge.
Mrs. M‘Clintock, Redhall, Ballyearry.
To the Press also we return our best thanks for reporting
our meetings.
W. J. Sayers, President
JOSEPH SKILLEN, Hon, Secretary,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
68

SE RON ET OE TD LT Se a a a TS
OBITUARY.

Miss E. Andrews.
Mrs. Elizabeth Blair.
J. C: Carson.

R. V. Cleeland.

Miss Mary Dutt.
Mrs. FA. Heron,
Dr. SW: Fl, iJ. Pe
James Maxton.

A, W. Metealfe.

J. H. Vineent.

rca a ET re ee DSC CSET RO RES EPP
HON, LIBRARIAN'S TREPORT:

The work is still mostly limited to the receipt and
registration of Proceedings received from Exchanging
Societies, and, during the year, parts 8—10 of Vol. VIII
of our own Procecdings were sent out in return,

The books are now arranged in the Municipal Museum
Library, where they will be more accessible to the meimbers
of the Field Club, and as I am now Honorary Librarian
there, I can still take a practical interest in what was
formerly the Field Club Library. Steps were taken, in a
number of cases, to get gaps filled up in our sets of the
Proceedings received from other Societies.

The usual list of Exchanges will be found at page 77.

W. M. Crawrorp, Hon. Librarian,

REPORT OF HON. RECORDING SECRETARY.

One can but agree with the adnurable weather report
for 1929 compiled by Rev. W. I. A. Ellison of Armagh
Observatory, and published in The Irish Naturalists’
Journal, Vol. III, page 15, that the past year was one of
extraordinary contrasts. The rainfall for the first seven
months was 7 inches short of normal, vet by 81st December
a total fall of 88.90 inches had been recorded; just one inch
above the average.

The temperature in the early part of the year was
lower than usual, but, strange to say, Mr. Ellison recorded
60° in March on eight occasions, and 67° on the 30th of
the month,

1929-30. |
09

April opened with cold winds, yet the bird migrants
wurrived well up to time, full details of which, as well as
other phenological data, will be found in I.N.J., Vol. IT,
Nos. | and 2.

Noteworthy bird records for the year include the nest-
ing of the TFulmar Petrel, Fulmarus g. glacialis (L.) on
the cliffs of the County Antrim mainland, near Ballyeastle.
Mr. J. A. Benington observed a nesting colony there in
July. Ever since the Fulmar selected Rathlin Island as

breeding station in 1922 a watch has been kept for the
species to occupy mainland cliff sites, and now that it has
done so it is only reasonable to anticipate an extension of
its breeding range in suitable places all along the Antrim
coast.

Miss Agatha R. Crawford observed a pair of Choughs,
Pyrrhocorax. pyrrhocorax (.).feeding three young, at Fair
Head, Co. Antrim, on 29th June, indicating that this species
does nest on the mainland.

A female Turtle Dove, Streptopelia t. turtur (i.) was
picked up dead at Donaghadee on 17th June.

One of the most remarkable observations made during
the year was that of Captain the Hon. Charles Mulholland,
of Bally walter Park, who ringed a 8 days’ old Corncrake
at Downpatrick on 20th July, 1929, which was shot 20
miles N.W. of Tours, France, on 15th September following.

Captain C. D. Chase has recorded a grass new to Ire-
land, in Bromus britannicus Williams, from near Sydenham
Railway Station, Co. Down (I.N.J., Vol. TIT, p. 21).

In the realm of Bryology, Rev. W. R. Megaw records
Grimmia retracta Stirton, for Co, Fermanagh as being the
first Irish record, and also lists ten new vice- County records,
full details of which will be found in I.N.J., Vol. IT, p. 186).

Now that The Irish Naturalists’ Journal is available to
all members it would be superfluous for me to submit a
fuller report of records, but those IT have given will serve
to recall the activities of our own members who have worked
quietly and unostentatiously, as is befitting the true
naturalist.

I commend to your notice the publication I have so
frequently referred to which is now the official organ to this .
and other Trish Scientific Societies.

J. A. Sipney STENDALL, Hon. Recording Secretary.

(Proc. B.N.E.C.
HO

REPORT OF BOTANICAL SECTION.

Forty-nine members joined the Botanical Section for

the season 1929-30. Six excursions were held, the average
attendance, including visitors, being sixteen. The follow-

ine districts were visited :—
Downpatrick, May 25th (half-day).
The Flush, June 4th (Tuesday evening).
Bellevue Rock Gardens, June 11th (Tuesday evening).
Loch Naroon, June 22nd (half-day).
Carn Hill, August 10th (half-day).
Glendarragh, August 24th (half- has

Among the more interesting plants seen during the year
were the following ta

Galium Cruciata (Rath at Downpatrick), Hrinus alpinus
(Wall of Downpatrick Jail), Daphne laureola (Roadside near
Inch Abbey—C. D. C.), Botrychium lunaria (near Ligoniel),
Pyrola media and Taraxacum palustre (The Flush), Vac-
cinium vitis-idea, Rubus saxatilis, Habenaria albida, Carex
limosa, Epilobium angustifolium, Viburnum opulus, Pyrola
minor and Pinguicula lusitanica (near Loch Naroon),
Lachnea umbrorum (fide A. BE. Muskett, Carn Hill), a rare

fungus, and Carex pendula (Glendarragh).

At Bellevue Rock Gardens we were fortunate in being
conducted by Mr. Graham, who was formerly in charge of
these gardens. But for his intimate knowledge of the plants
we should have missed many interesting features. Well
over a hundred different species were examined, and: mem-
bers were particularly interested in the large blue poppies
(Meconopsis Baileyi, M. Wallichii and M. “Prattii, and in
the rare Ramondia pyrenaica, which was in flower. We
are glad to have this opportunity of recording our indebted-
ness to Mr. Aldworth for his hospitality at Glendarragh.”

C. R. Nopprr, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

The Section made two excursions during the Session to
the following places :—Squire’s Hill Quarries, and Cloghfin
Port, Islandmagee.

In the Squire's Hill” quarries the usual well known
features of these quarries were duly Hig but little of
fresh interest was observed.

1929-30. ]
71

The great attraction of the rocks at Cloghfin Port is the
remarkable sequence of rocks to be seen at low water—
triassic; rhetic; liassic; greensand; chloritic chalk; chalk ;
basalt; and boulder drift; all these are well exposed here.

There is also at Cloghfin Port a very interesting exposure
of “‘ red chalk,’’ or red marl, with a capping of a stratum
of fine grained and shaly sandstone to which a good deal
of attention was paid. It is to be seen just above high-
water mark. |

It occurs in normal chalk, not far removed from the
uppermost strata of the chloritic chalk so well developed
here, and is capped by a deposit of many additional feet of
normal chalk. The exposure is very irregular in outline,
does not extend for more than 100 yards, and appears to
embrace at least two strata separated by only a few inches
one from the other.

The section is very clearly indicated, the marl being
seen capped by a stratum of very persistent reddish sand-
stone, fine grained and very hard. Both marl and
sandstone are flaky and can be easily split into sheets.

Marl and sandstone are both calcareous, readily re-acted
upon by acid. But a microscopic slice shows that the marl
cannot by any means be regarded as a true chalk, as its
foraminifera are very sparsely scattered about the mass of
the marl, with much foreign matter. In the sandstone it
is very difficult to detect any foraminifera at all.

The marl contains flints and lumps of chalk, the edges
of the latter bemg quite sharp and angular. Neither flint
nor chalk could be observed in the sandstone.

This deposit was probably formed from deposition from
running water in some crevice or crack in the chalk after
the latter had been raised above sea level. This seems to
be indicated by the presence of the flints and pieces of rough
fragmentary chalk.

A. M‘I. CLeLanp, . ale
R. Bett, a Hon. Secretaries.

REPORT OF ZOOLOGICAL SECTION.

Two excursions were held during the Summer Session.
The first had as its objective Gun’s Island, off Ballyhornan,
Co. Down, and was held, in conjunction with the
Archwological and Junior Sections, on 25th May. © Unfor-
tunately the sea was too rough to permit of crossing to the

|Proc. B.N.F.C.
72

island and the party spent the afternoon shore collecting in
Ballyhornan and Benderg Bays, the famous Jackdaw wal-
leries in the cliffs of the latter bay being visited.

The second excursion was held on the 22nd June, when
a party of 26 proceeded by bus to White Rocks, Killinchy,
where they embarked in a motor boat for a cruise on Strang-
ford Lough. A visit was paid to one of the many islands, the
breeding plac e of great numbers of Terns, Ringed Plovers,

Red-breasted Mergansers, and other species of birds, whose
eggs and nesting habits were observed with interest,
especially by a number of Juniors who accompanied the
party.

Re-embarking, a course was steered through the whirl-
pools and boiling ‘eddies of the Narrows to Rock Angus, but
here the fates were unpropitious and it was found impossible
to land. Some dredging was done during the return journey
to Kallinchy. Thanks are due to Messrs. McMinn Brothers,
Ballygowan, for their kindness in providing the motor boat
for the afternoon,

JAMES Orr, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF ARCHBHOLOGICAL SECTION.

This Bee had one excursion during the past summer,
This was to Ardglass, by train. On arrival there, the old
church at Aaiole was visited, and one of the joint secretaries
(Jos. Skillen) related what was known of its history and
traditions. After a pleasant walk around the bay Jordan’s
Castle was next visited and it was interesting to note that
since it was taken over as an ancient monument all the
contents—consisting of a valuable selection of antiquities—
have been catalogued.

JOSEPH SKILLEN, Hon. Secretary.
REPORT OF JUNIOR SECTION.

nae number of junior members on the lst in April,
1929, was 95. During the year five members have resigned,
cn have been ransionred to Senior membership, and 48
new ones have been elected. Thirty-three names have been
removed from the lst owing to two years’ non-appearance
af excursions and non-pay ment of subscriptions. There are
now 109 on the list.

The average attendance at summer excursions was
about twenty.

1929-30.
73

At the two evening lectures, intended primarily for
junior members, and the one “‘ talk ”’ the attendance was
fifteen.

The thanks of the Section are due to the senior members

the Club who acted as conductors to the excursions, and
to Ma. Lavery of Coulson’s Hand Woven Damask Factory,
Messrs. Thomson of Ravarnett Seutch Mills, Mi. Lowson
and the Managing Staff of York Street Flax Spinning
Company, Canon Taylor and Mr. Joseph ae of Lisburn
for giving unstinted information and access to the places of
interest with which they are associated. Also to Messrs.
MeMinn who took us in their motor launch on Strangford
Lough, and to Mr. and Mrs. R. V. Cleeland and Mr. and
Mrs. A. H. Davison, Mr. and Mrs. David Hanna and Mr.
Swanston for hospitality.

The Section wishes to thank Mr. A. H. Davison who,
on ‘April 10, gave a talk on the strata that are to be seen
at Cloghfin Port, the whole talk centering round tables laid
out w ith specimens of the finds characteristic of each horizon
and illustrated with coloured diagrams.

The following is a list of the excursions and lectures
An unusual and interesting excursion was that arranged for
us by the Secretary of the Zoological Section, to an island
in Strangford Lough. It had to be limited to twelve
juniors.

A number of the excursions, it will be noticed, have
been planned to give an insight into the story of linen
making—from the retting dams to the finished goods.

iixcursions :—Helen’s Bay, Colin Mountain (5 times),
Ballyhornan Bay, Belvoir Park, Strangford Lough, Cloghfin
Port, Portstewart, Old Belfast, Fungus Foray, Ravarnett
Scutch Mills, Coulson’s Hand Woven Damask Works and
York Street Flax Spinning Co.

Lecture on Bird Photography by J. A. Benington.

A small library of natural history reference books has
been formed and is in the charge of Ranald Macdonald.

The entries for prizes for the year’s work were satis-
factorily numerous. They were considered by the judges
to be of great merit—particularly Beatrice Searle’s collection
of seventy wild flowers, all local, collected this year, named
and mounted.

Again this year a number of good collections of various
kinds were made, but were not submitted for competition.

[Proc. B.N.E.C.
74

At the Conversazione there was a very satisfactory show

of genuine individual work. Two junior members showed

valuable finds made during the year—Agatha Crawford had

Seta and bred out two insects, one new to Ireland and the

other a variety’ not previously seen in Ireland. Lois

M‘Keown showed a very perfect arrowhead. she found on
Cave Hill. |

This vear’s work on Colin Mountain added a few

plants, fungi and mosses to last year’s lists. Rev. W. hk.
Megaw found that one of the mosses sent to him this vear
was a new one for the County Antrim lst.

WintFRED NoppEer, Hon. Secretary.

«=

SS oe —_——

75

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|Proc. B.N.F.C.
76

The following office-bearers were clected for the Session
1930-31 :—President, Captain C. D. Chase; Vice-President,
°C. KE. Kerr; Honorary Secretary, J. Skillen; Honorary
Treasurer, A. H. Davison; Honorary Librarian, W. M.
Crawford ; Honorary Recording Seeretary, J. A. S. Stendall;
lLonorary Secretaries—Botanical, C. R. Nodder and Rev.
W. R. Megaw; Geological, A. M‘I. Cleland and Robert Bell;
Zoological, R. J. Weleh and Nora Fisher; Archveological,
J. Skillen; Junior Division, Mrs. C. R. Nodder; peter
Members of Committee (retire 1981), A. A. Campbell, G. C.
Reilly and R. S. Lepper; (retire 1982), D. J. Carpenter, K.
N. Carrothers and J. R. H. Greeves; (retire 1983), Miss
W. J. Sayers, Professor Charlesworth and James Orr.

Alterations, eimbodying recommendations made by the
Special Committee appointed to consider the future of the
Junior Section (now to be called Junior Division), were
duly passed and are now incorporated in the rules.

CLUB MEDALLISTS.

1928. Wilham Swanston, F.G.S.
1924. Nevin Harkness Foster, F.L.5
1925. Nathaniel Carrothers.

1926. Robert Bell.

L927. R: Lloyd Praeger, D.Sc., MORA-A:
1928. KR. J. Welch, M-Se., M.RLLA.
1929.
1930.

Pea el eel oy.

No award.

1929-30. 1
77

LIST OF ENCHANGING SOCIETIES.

1928-29. 1929-30.
— — Belfast—Committee of Public Museum and
Art Gallery.
e te Committee of Public Libraries.
— — Natural History and _ Philosophical

Society.
i — Presbyterian Historical Society of
Treland.

—- — Birmingham—Natural History and Philo-
sophical Society.

| | Bournemouth—Natural Science Society.

| | Brighton and Hove—Natural History and
Philosophical Society.

| 1 Bristol—Naturalists’ Society.

| — Cardiff—Naturalists’ Society.

| — Chester—Society of Natural Science, [Litera-
ture and Art.

| 1 Dublin—Royal Irish Academy.

I | Royal Society of Antiquaries, Ireland.

o — Royal Zoological Soc iety of Ireland.
ss — Dumfriesshire and Gallow: ay—Natural History
and Antiquarian Society.
— -—— Dundalk—County Louth Archeological
Journal.
— Kastbourne—Natural History, Photographic
and Literary Society.
| — Wdinburgh—Geological Society.
| | Essex—Field Club. _
| 1 Krankfort—Senckenbergische Bibliothek
| | (rlasgow—Royal Philosophical Society.
| — Halifax, Nova Se stitute of Science.
~- | Hetifordahire—Nemaret History Society and
Field Club.
| | Isle of Wight—Natural History Society.
| Ieeds—Philosophical and Literary Society.
— lLeyden—Rijks Ethnographisch Museum.

I | Javerpool—Geological Society.
| = Naturalists’ Field Club.
| — J.ondon—British Association.
a — British Museum.
| 1 Geologists’ Association.

] Linnean Society.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.

1928-29. 1929-30.

—_—

—

Manchester—Geological Association.
Microscopical Society.

Marlborough College—Natural History
Society.

Mexico—-Instituto Geologico.

Newcastle-upon-Tyne—Natural History Society
of Northumberland, Durham and
Neweastle-upon-Tyne.

Norfolk and Norwich—Naturalists’ Society.

North Staffordshire—Field Club.

Norwich—Prehistoric Society of Kast Anglia.

Oxford—Ashmolean Natural History Society.

Perthshire—Society of Natural Science.

Stavanger—Staats Museum.

Toronto—Royal Canadian Institute.

Torquay—Natural History Society.

U.S.A.

Boston, Mass.—Society of Natural History.
Chicago—Field Museum of Natural History.
John Crerar Library and Academy

of Sciences.

Cincinnati—Lloyd Library.

Madison, Wis.—Wisconsin Academy of
Sciences, Arts and Letters.

Milwaukee, Wis.—Public Museum.

New York, N.Y.—Academy of Sciences.

Philadelphia-—Academy of Natural Sciences.

Portland, Maine—Society of Natural History.

Rochester, N.Y.—Academy of Science.

St. Louis, Mo.—Missouri Botanical Garden.

San Diego, Cal.—Society of Natural History.

San Francisco, Cal.—California Academy of

Sciences.

Staten Island, N.Y.—Institute of Arts and
Sciences.

Tuft’s College, Mass.—-Katon Memorial
Library.

Washington—U.S. Geological Survey.
Government Printing Works,
National Museum,

1929-30. 1
ie

RULES

OF THE

ease Naturalises’ Field Club:

As amended at Annual Meeting held 15th April. 1930.

I

That the Society be called ‘‘THE BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB.”

If.

That the object of this Society be the practical study of Natural
Science and Archaeology in Ireland.

IIT.

That the Club shall consist of Ordinary, Junior, Life, Correspond-
ing, and Honorary Members. Not more than twenty-five Ordinary
Members shall be elected half-yearly. Ordinary Members shall be
proposed and seconded by two existing Members on a Nomination
Form to be obtained from the Honorary Secretaries. These proposals
shall come before the Committee of the Club, who shall vote ‘by ballot
for or against acceptance. The names of the accepted candidates
shall be submitted for election half-yearly—at the Annual Meeting in
April and the Annual Conversazione in October.

Ordinary Members shall pay annually a subscription of Six
Shillings, and shall on election pay an Entrance Fee of Five Shillings.
Members who are twelve months in arrear in their subscriptions shall
not receive any further circulars or other printed matter, and those
who are two years in arrear shall cease to be members of the Club.

That the composition fee for Life Membership be Four Guineas.

Junior Members, who must be between the ages of ten and
twenty-one years, shall form a Division of the Club, and may be
elected at any meeting of the Club. Each member between the ages
of ten and eighteen years shall be required to pay an Annual Sub-
scription of One Shilling, and between the ages of eighteen and
twenty-one years an Annual Subscription of Two Shillings and
Sixpence.

On attaining their majority they shall become Ordinary Members
without having to be elected or having to pay an Entrance Fee, but
shall pay the Annual Membership Subscription of Six Shillings.

Junior Members shall receive printed matter of General Meetings
of the Club at the discretion of the Honorary Secretary of the Junior
Division, who shall be required to have obtained the consent of the
lecturer or conductor of any Meeting before arranging for notices of
such meeting to be sent to Junior Members. Junior Members shall
not be entitled to receive Proceedings and Annual Reports of the Club.
Junior Members shall not have power to vote, except within the
Committee of the Junior Division. The Junior Division shall have
a Committee composed of eight Members of the Club, five of whom
may be Junior Members.’ The Chairman and Honorary Secretary
of the Junior Division shall be annually appointed by the General

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
80

Committee, The Junior Division Committee shall report at each
meeting of the General Committee through its own Honorary Secre-
tary. The expenses of the Junior Division shall be a charge on
general funds, and shall be regulated by the General Committee.
Subseriptions shall be paid to the Honorary Treasurer of the Club.

IV.

That the Honorary and Corresponding Members shall consist of
persons of eminence in Natural Science, or who shall have done some
special service to the Club; that such Members may be nominated by
any Member of the Club. and on being approved by the Committee,
may be elected at any subsequent Meeting of the Club by a majority
of the votes of the Members present. That not more than two
Honorary Members be elected in any one vear. That Corresponding
Members be expected to communicate a paper once within every two
years.

WV,

That the Officers of the Club be annually elected and consist of a
President, Vice-President. Treasurer, Librarian, one or two Secre-
taries, and a Recording Secretary, together with the Secretaries of the
various Sections of the Club and Honorary Secretary of the Junior

Division. That the office of President or that of Vice-
President shall not be held by the same person for two
vears in succession. That the President. Vice-President, General

Secretaries, and Treasurer be ex-officio members of Sub-Committees.

VI.

That the General Committee shall consist of the above-named
officers with nine ordinary members of Committee, and shall hold at
least eight meetings during the year; five persons to form a quorum.

That three ordinary members of Committee shall retire annually
in order of seniority, those retiring being ineligible for re-election for
one year. ‘The retiring President. if not elected to a Section Secretary-
ship, shall be one of the three new ordinary members added to the
Committee each year. Should any ordinary member of Committee fail to
attend at least three of the Committee meetings held during the year his
or her place may be considered vacant and other memher elected to
fill the position. No ordinary member of Committee shall hold the
post of Secretary in any of the Sections. That in the event of a
vacancy occurring in the General Committee a new member may be
co-opted to fill such vacancy for the remainder of the year.

That nominations for ordinary members of Committee shall be
sent in writing to the Secretaries on or before the 21st day of March
in each year. That the privilege of nominating members of Commit-
tee shall-be held by all Ordinary and Life Members of the Club.
That the names of those members so nominated shall be pwhlished on
the circular convening the Annual Meeting, at which the Ordinary
Members of Committee shall be elected by ballot. That should the
necessity arise the retiring members of Committee shall be balloted
for.

\ AIC

The Committee may from year to year appoint Sectional Secre-
taries and Committees, as may be considered desirable. to further
original investigations in any one or more departments of the Club’s
work. Members desiring to join any Section shall pay an additional
subscription of One Shilling to the Secretary of the Section (such

1929-30. ]
SI

subscription to be used for the benefit of the Section). No financial
responsibility to be incurred by any Sectional Secretary, Sectional
Committee, or any Officer of the Club without the previous approval
of the Club’s Committee.

VIll.

That the members of the Club shall hold at least Six Field Meet-
ings during the year, in the most interesting localities, for investigat-
ing the Natural History and Archaeology of Ireland. That the place
of meeting be fixed by the Committee, and that five days’ notice of
each Excursion be communicated to Members by the Secretaries.
That each of the Sectional Secretaries shall be made responsible for
the running of one Regular Excursion, the programme to provide
study in the subject appertaining to the Section, and that any addi-
tional Special Excursions shall be arranged by the Secretaries of the
Sections concerned.

IX.

That regular Monthly Meetings be held during the Winter Session
from November till April, inclusive, for the purpose of reading
Papers; such Papers as far as possible to be original, and to treat of
the ‘Natural History and Archaeology of the district. That the Papers
to be read be secured by a Standing Orgamising Committee, consisting
of the Hon. Secs. of the Club, together with the Sectional Secretaries
and a Chairman, That between the Regular Monthly Meetings of
the Club Special Meetings open to all Members of the Club may be
held, at which Papers of specialised interest would be discussed. That
the Sectional Secretaries shall each be responsible for the providing
of a programme for one Regular and one Special Meeting, one Re-
gular and one Special Meeting to be arranged by the Hon. Secs. Any
extra Meetings shall be arranged by the Organising Committee, if
desired. That the programme for the Winter Session shall be com-
pleted by the date of its First Meeting and issued to all Members.
That each notification announcing a Regular Meeting or Excursion
shall also serve to motify Members of the next Special Meeting or
Excursion.

X.

That the Committee shall, if they find it advisable, offer for com-
petition Prizes for the best collection of scientific objects of the
district; and the Committee may order the purchase of maps, or other
scientific apparatus, and may carry on geological and archaeological
searches or excavations, if deemed advisable, provided that the entire
amount expended under this rule does not exceed the sum of £10 in
any one year.

That the General Committee may offer from time to time such
prize or prizes as they may deem desirable for competition among
Schools in or near Belfast.

XI.

That the Annual Meeting be held during the month of April,
when the Report of the Committee for the past year, and the
Treasurer’s Financial Statement shall be presented, the Committee
and Officers elected, Bye-laws made and altered, and any proposed
alterations in the general laws, of which a fortnight’s notice shall
have been given, in writing, to the Secretary or Secretaries, considered
and decided upon. The Secretaries to give the Members due notice
of each intended alteration,

(Proc. B.N.F.C
82

XII.

Members of other Irish Iield Clubs, residing temporarily or per-
manently in or near Belfast, may be enrolled as Members of the Club
without election or entrance fee on production of a voucher of mem-
bership of another Club, and without subscription for the current
year, on production of a receipt showing that such subscription has
been paid to another Club. Failing the production of such receipt,
the usual subscription for the current year to be paid to the Treasurer
on enrolment. The names of Members so admitted to the Club to be
published with the notice of meeting following the date of their en-
rolment.

XII.

That, on the written requisition of twenty-five members, delivered
to the Secretaries, an Extraordinary General Meeting may be called,
to consider and decide upon the subject mentioned in such written
requisition.

XIV.

That the Committee may be empowered to exchange publications
and reports, and to extend the privilege of attending the Meetings and
Excursions of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club to Members of
kindred societies, on similar privileges being accorded to its Members
by such other societies.

RULES FOR THE CONDUCTING OF EXCURSIONS.

I. The excursion to be open to all Members, each one to have the
privilege of introducing two friends. The time for commencing as
many as possible of the Half-day Summer Excursions to be not prior
to 2 p.m.

Il. A Chairman to be elected as at ordinary meetings.

Ill. One of the Secretaries to act as Conductor, or, in the
absence of both, a Member to be elected for that purpose.

IV. No change to be made in the programme, or extra expense
incurred, except by the consent of the majority of the Members
present.

V. No fees, gratuities, or other expenses to be paid except
through the Conductor.

VI. Every Member or Visitor to have the accommodation as-
signed by the Conductor. Where accommodation is limited, considera-
tion will be given to priority of application.

VII. Accommodation cannot be promised unless tickets are
obtained before the time mentioned in the special circular.

VIII. Those who attend an excursion without previous notice
will be liable to extra charge, if extra cost is incurred thereby.

IX. ‘No intoxicating liquors to be provided at the expense of
the Club,

1929-30. ]

83

LIST OF MEMBERS

For the year ending 3lst March, 1930.

Any change in the Address of Members should be at once notified

to the Honorary Secretary.

The Dates prefixed to Members’ names signify date of Election.

1893.
1926.

1914.

1866.
1902.

1926.
1880.

1926.
1923.
1929.
1929.

1903.
1893.

1923.
1927.
1921.
1915.
1917.
1922.
1929.
1923.
1911.
1912.
1922.

O-
HONORARY MEMBERS.

Bell, Robert, 64 Newington Avenue.

3ennett, S .A., B.A., B.Sc., 184 Waterloo Road. Burslem, Stoke»
on-Trent.

Charlesworth, Professor John K., D.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S., Queen’s
University, Belfast.

Swanston, W., F.G.S., Farm Hill, Dunmurry.

Scharff, Robert IPS, 1B 8.c; eh D 4 HLS, VE Rov, ies Avie
15; Sandycove ‘Avenue West, Dun Laoghaire, Go. Dublin.

Osborne, T. E., F.R.S.A.1., 4 College Square North.

Welch, R. J., M.Sc., M.RB.1.A., 49 Lonsdale Street.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Foster, Rev. Canon George, B.D., Strangford.
The Honor: iry Secretary ei tne Route Natur alists’ Field Club.
9 5 » Limavady n
33 », Derry a iS

LIFE MEMBERS.

Stelfox, A. W., A.R.I.B.A., M.R.I.A., 14 Clareville Road,
Rathgar, Dublin.
Wilson, Alex. G., J.P., M.R.I.A.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

Acheson, F. W., 37 Osborne Park.

Adair, W. R., Breezemount, Donaghadee.

Adams, John, Auburn, Cranmore Park.

Aird, Hugh, 10 King Street.

Alderdice, R. Sinclaire, F.C.1.B., 9 Wellington Place.
Alexander, K. M., 30 Kelvin Pas ade.

Alexander, W. J.. 9 Skegoniel Avenue,

Anderson, Hugh, Knocknagoney, Martinez Avenue.
Anderson, Miss S. M., 4 Church View, Holywood.
Andrews, Miss E. L. “Tula, Comber.

Andrews, J. D., Uraghmore, Comber,

{[Proc. B.N.F.C.
84

Andrews, Dr. Marion B., D.P.H., Orsett, Derryvolgie Avenue.
Andrews, Michael C., M. RelA. do.

Annesley, Frazer M., ‘Cathmore, Portadown.

Awvcher, Miss Eva, 43 Central Avenue, Marlborough Park.
Armour, W. af 5 Crescent Gardens.

Armstrong, J. B.Sc., Students’ Union, Queen’s University.

Bailey, C. S., Methodist College.

Baird, Sir H. H., K.B.E., D.L., Park Lodge, Antrim Road.

Baker, Geo. Edgar, Lismacue, Belmont Road.

Barbour, 8. C., B.A., Riverdale, 112 King’s Road, Knock.

Bateman, J. V., Altona, 214 Upper } Newtownards Road.

Beattie, Robert, Horse Shoe Road, Ballysillan,.

Beattie, Mrs. do. ‘do.

Beatty, C., J.P., Ledlie Villa, Coalisland.

Beck, Miss Louise, M.Se., Low Wood, Shore Road.

Bell, N. G., The Hut, Whitehouse.

Bell, D. M., Bloomfield, Bryansford, Co. Down.

Bell, David <e High Street, Carrickfergus.

Bell, E. George, Solitude, Lurgan.

Bell, Miss M., 66 Bryansford ‘Road, Bangor.

Bennett, Mrs. Eva, 9 Ashfield Drive, Glandore Avenue,

Berkeley, Joseph, EP. Nursery Vale, Comber.

Berringer, Joseph, 36 North Street.

Berry, *Col Ri Ged J., M.R.1.A:, F-R.S-A.1L., Ardaluin, New-
castle, Co. Down.

Bird, Miss, 5 Courtland Avenue. ‘Norbury, London, S.W.16.

Black, Miss Josephine, 15 College Gardens.

Black, Robert A., Landscape Terrace, Crumlin Road.

Black, A. Hamilton, 5-11 Callender Street.

Black, Thomas, 27 Agnes Street.

Blackwood, Miss Sarah, 6 Colleye Green.

Blair, John T., 33 Ophir Gardens.

Blair, Mrs. J.. 557 Oldpark Road.

Blair, John H., Gleneste, Dunmurry.

Bowman, Miss Jeannie, 25 Mountview Street.

Bowman, Robert R., 2 Oshorne Drive, Bangor.

Boyd, Miss K. St. Clair, Chatsworth, 12 Malone Road

Boyd, J. St. Clair, do.

Royd. James, Raleigh House, Queen Street.

Loyd. Richard R., 2 Alliance Avenue.

Boyd, Miss EK. 8., Springfield Lodge, Guernsey.

Boyd, W. C.. J.P., Thornhill, Farnkam Road, Bangor.

Boyle, Miss Elizabeth, 18 Florenceville Avenue, Ormeau Road

Bradley, Miss L. T., Haypark House, Knock.

Brown, James R., M.A., B.Se., 32 Mz iy ville Park.

Brown. Miss Ella K., Shore Road, ‘Newtownards.

Brown, Miss Sarah, Craiglea, Holywood.

Brown, W. P., LL.B... Beresford House, Coleraine.

Brown, Thomas, J.P., 102 Donegall Street.

Buchanan, Miss Nora K., Laurel Villas, 1 Winston Gardens.

Bulla, A. Crennell, Rydal, Lisburn Road.

Bunting, Miss M. C., B.A., Riverdale, 112 King’s Road, Knock

Burns, Miss E., 13 Ponsonby Avenue.

Burns, Wm. G., 116 Walmer Street, Ormeau Road.

Burrowes, W. B., F.R.S.A.1., Ballynafeigh House,

Byrne, Mrs, Mary, 24 College Square ‘North,

1929-30. |
85

1927. Cairns, Hugh, B.Sc., Mountcairn, Comber.

1909. Campbell, John, Albert Brickworks, Carrickfergus.

1917. Campbell, James, Jennymount Mill.

1921. Campbell, A. Albert. #.R.S.A.1., Drumnaferrie, Rosetta Park

1921. Campbell, Mrs. A. Albert, Drumnaferrie, Rosetta Park.

1929. Campbell, Langford, 51-53 Corporation Street.

1921. Campbell, Mrs., 20 Wellington Park Avenue,

1927. Campbell, Miss H., Methodist College.

1891. Capper, J. Malcolm, 14 Linenhall Street.

1923. Carpenter, D. J., A.R.C.Sc.L., Belfast Royal Academy.

1925. Carlile, Miss Maria B., 198 Ravenhill Road,

1904. Carmody, The Very Rev. W. P., M.A., Downpatrick.

1923. Carrothers, E. N., L. 'M. & S. Railway, York Road.

1914. Carter, Charles S., 25 Donegall Street.

1922. Cassidy, Wm., Greenmount, Dunmunry.

1926. Charley, K. J., J.P., Seymour Hill, Dunmurry.

1919. Chase, Capt. C. D., M.C., M.A., Campbell College, Belmont.

1926. Chase, Miss. Bessie, 226 Stranmillis Road.

1928. Chambré, Mrs. V., Hawthorn Hill, WKilleavy, Co. Armagh.

1920. Chandler, W. P., 1 Ailsa Terrace, Strandtown.

1920. Chandler, Mrs. do.

1901. Cheyne, H. H., Roseneath, Bangor.

1922. Christy, Wm., 8 Edenderry Gardens, Tennent Street.

1920. Churchill, Miss, 54 Hamilton Road, Bangor.

1922. Clarke, George W., M.B.E., 39 Adelaide Park.

1928. Cleeland, Mrs. Mabel, 15 Eglantine Gardens.

1894. Cleland, Alex. M‘I., 28 Green Road, Knock.

1894. Cleland, Mrs. Annie, 28 Green Road, Knock.

1890. Cleland, James A., Brooklyn, Holywood.

1917. Close, R. M., M.R.I.A., 13 Donegall Square North.

1925. Coates, Geo. D., Fruit Hill, Andersonstown.

1922. Cole, Francis J.. Ardmara, Greenisland.

1928. Collins, Miss Nora, 42 Fitzwilliam Street.

1925. Colton, John M., Lisbawn, Hawthornden Road.

1925. Common. Robert H., Tynemouth, Larne Harbour.

1922. Corry, Hon. Cecil, Castle Coole, Enniskillen.

1924. Cosgrave, John, F.L.A.A., Alliance Avenue.

1925. Cosgrave, Mrs. Magee, 49 Alliance Avenue.

1923. Cowden, William, 46 Cliftonpark Avenue.

1906. Cowie, James, 83 Osborne Park.

1921. Cowie, Henry, L. M. & S. Railway Co. (N.C.C.) Terminus,
York Road.

1928. Craig, Miss Isa, Willowpark House, Whiteabbey.

1921. ae ae M., B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Orissa, Marlborough

ark, S.

1921. Crawford, Lieut.-Col. F. H., C.B.E., Cloreen. Malone Road.

1922. Cromie, A. G., Seeburg, Castle Avenue.

1922. Cromie, Miss Maud, do.

1922. Crothers, Miss, 7 Easton Crescent, Cliftonville Road.

1913. Cunningham, Miss M. E., F.R.S.A.1., Glencairn.

1884. Cunningham, Rt. Hon. Samuel, Fernhill.

1915. Cunningham, Josias, R.N.V.R., M.B.O.U., Fernhill.

1924. Cupples, Miss Diana, 124 Malone Avenue.

1921. Cuthbert, Rev. A., M.A., Rocklands Manse, Carrickfergus.

1924. Dallas, Miss, 2 Bloomfieid Gardens.
1923. Davin, Miss Adelaide G., D.Sc., Glenmore Lodge, Lambeg.

1921.
1928.
1925.
1921.

118.
1925.
1891.
1925.
1925.
1921.
1922.
1921.
1921.
1922.
1922.
1928.
1908.
1928.
1929.
(1927.
1927.
1921.

1921.
1928.
1925.
1923.
1908.
1924.
1925.

1927.
1927.

1924.
1928.
1924.
1926.
1927.
1897.
1927.
1929.
1906.
1928.
1928.
1928.
1903.
1923.
1929.
1924.
1924.
1929.

1892.
1927,
1917.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
86

Davison, A. H., F¥.A.1., 32 Wellington Place.

Davison, Mrs. Mina, 1 Salisbury Villas, Salisbury Avenue,

Dawson, Col. W. R., M.L., M.R.I.A., 18 Brock Street, Bath.

Deane, Arthur, M.R.I.A., F.R.S.E., Art Gallery and Museum,
Belfast.

Deans, T. M., LL.D., Academy House, Rosetta.

Deans, Samuel A., L.D.S., 141 Ormeau Road.

D’Evelyn, A. M., M.D., Ballymena.

Dickey, John, 71 Malone Avenue.

Dickey, Dr. Wm., 86 Antrim Road.

Dinsmore, J. A. S., 28 & 30 Castle Place.

Dobbin, Miss, 60 University Street.

Doggart, Henry, 29 Sicily Park.

Donaldson, Dixon, Dunoon, Islandmagee, Co. Antrim.

Douglas, John, Helen’s Bay.

Downer, W. H. N., Chrome Hill, Lambeg.

Duff, Hugh, J.P., Coagh, Co. Tyrone.

Duncan, W., 54 Textile Buildings, Donegall Square North.

Dunlop, Miss May L., 142 University Street.

Dunlop, Miss ‘Norah, 34 Landsdowne Road.

Dunne, Herbert Elsmere, 62 Victoria Road, Gt, Crosby, Lancs.

Dunne, Mrs. Edith Mary do.

Dunwoody, W. J., 10 Marine Parade, Holywood.

Earls, Professor J., B.A., 31 Ravenhill Park.

Eason, H. J., F.R.A.L, 144 Agincourt Avenue.

Edgar, Miss Elizabeth, 30 Cyprus Avenue.

Elhott, Miss Annie, B.A., Ardroe, Bloomfield,

Elliott, E. J., J.P., 4 Bain’s Place.

Elliott, Miss Isabel, Belfast. Shorthand Inst., Royal Avenue.

Erskine, Miss ‘Nessie, c/o Educational Authorities, Perth, W.
Australia.

Erskine, Miss Jeannie, 42 Botanic Avenue.

Ewing, John, Saxonia, Strandtown,

Fallon, Mrs., 25 St. James’ Park.

Ferguson, Miss Elizabeth, 8 Ashdene Drive, Glandore Avenue.
Ferguson, Mrs. G. W., Carnamenagh, Antrim Road.

Kernan, Charles, py ea, Cliftonpark Avenue.

Field, Robert ae 791 Lisburn Road.

Finlay, Miss A. M., Saree Abbott’s Langley, Herts.

Iisher, Ernest, Inisglas, Greenisland.

Iisher, Miss Nora, do.

Finlay, Arch. H., A.C.G.1., A.I.E.E., Willesden, Holywood.
Fleming, W. M‘K., 20 Knutsford Drive.

Forbes, Thos., 18 Wellington Park Avenue.

Forbes, Mrs. T., do.

Foster, Mrs. N. H. , Hillsborough.

Foster, A. R., B. As Principal, Royal Academy, Cliftonville.
Foster, Rev. R. APR. A., D:C.M., Craigmore, Aghalee, Lurgan.
Frame, Miss H., 15 Skegoniel Avenue.

Frame, Miss M. do.

French, Henry, 18 Twickenham Street.

Gamble, Miss, Lorne, Crai gavad.,
Gardner, Miss TH eR), al’ Wel lington Park.
Gibson, ‘Mrs., Bonnington, Landsierns Road.

1925-30. |

1921.
1923.

87

Gibson, Samuel, J.P., Summer Hill, Dunmurry.
Gilchrist, David, 24 Ravenhill Park.

Gilliland, W. T., B.Sc., 7 Wellington Place.
Glasgow, Henry in Cookstown, Co. Tyrone.
Glendinning, Miss M. E., 26 Sans Souci Park.
Glendinning, R. G., Jun., Lennoxvale.

Gore, W., F.R.S.A.L., Municipal College of Technolog
Gracey, Walter, Kilrea, Co. Derry.

Graham, Thomas, lvy Bank, Salisbury Drive.
Graham, Miss M. E., 241 Sundridge Terrace, Mountpottinger.
Graham, Mrs. Sarah, 138 Dunluce Avenue.

Graham, Miss Joanna, Clondara, Martinez Avenue.
Green, Mrs. Isaac, Hawthornden, Knock.
Greenham, Miss J. C., 44 Orient Gardens.

Green, W. A., F.R.S.A.I., Dunmore, Antrim.
Green, H. P., Limehurst, Holland Park, Knock.
Greer, Thomas, J.P., Milton, Sandholes, Dungannon.
Greeves, J. Theodore, 'Nendrum, Knockdene Park.
Greeves, J. R. H., BSc., Coolnashee, Crawfordsburn.
Greeves, OV; Colin House, Dunmurry.

Greeves, W. Leopold, 11 Ormeau Avenue.

Gregg, Rev. W. J., B.A., 8 Wheatfield Gardens.
Gregg, Mrs. Deborah, do.

Gribbon, John, 38 Lavinia Street, Ormeau Road.
Griffith, Henry A. C., Belleville, Cliftonville Road.
Griffith, Miss Grace re Belleville, Cliftonville Road.
Griffith, Miss K. E., Belleville, Cliftonville Road.
Grimshaw, Reginald W., 13 Rossmore Avenue,
Grossenbacher » Miss Hanny, 1 Salisbury Villas, Salisbury Ave.

Haffern, Wm., 23 St. Ives Gardens, Stranmillis Road.
Hale, Thomas, 5 Mervue Street.

Hall, Miss Janie M., Moyrusk, Moira.

Hamilton, Miss, Melrose, Ardlee Avenue, Holywood.
Hamilton, T, 8., Presbyterian Church House.

Hamill, Miss Nana, 42 Sans Souci Park.

Hanna, Mrs. S. M., 5 Salisbury Villas, Salisbury Avenue.
Harbinson, Wm., Highbury, North Road.

Harbinson, Miss Margaret, Doonvarna, Landsdowne Road.
Harris, J. B., 12 Ravenhill Gardens.

Hayward, H. Richard, Hopefield House, Antrim Road.
Heenan, Miss J., lla Stranmillis Road.

Henderson, J. A. D., 11 Norfolk Drive.

Herdman, Miss E. W., Fountainville, University Road.
Heron, F. Adens, D. ie F.R.S.A.L, ‘Maryfield, Holywood.
Heron, Miss, Teagheen, "Evelyn Gardens, Antrim Road.
Hewton, J., M.P. 8.1., 315 Ormeau Road.

Hobson, Mrs., Aitennach, Crawfordsburn, Co. Down.
Hodgson, Lionel C., M.A., 59 Wellington Park.
Hodgson, Mrs., do.

Hoffman, F., Leamington, 7 Old Cavehill Road.

Hogg, A. R., 10 Thorndale Avenue.

Hogg, D. J., 16 Kansas Avenue.

Holland, Miss, Highbury, Cadogan Park.

Holland, Frank i, Fairyhill, Osborne Gardens.

Holmes, Miss Margaret, Denholme, Diamond Gardens, Finaghy.
Horscroft, George, Botanic Gardens Park.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
88

Houston, James Dick, Northern Bank House, Wilrea, Co. Derry.
Houston, H. S., Slievmara, Jordanstown, Co. Antrim.
Howard, 8. R., 53 Donegall Place.

Hughes, Joseph, 28 Peel Street.

Hunter, Dr. J. A., Kirkinner, Balmoral Avenue.

Hunter, Dr. B. H., 20 Haypark Avenue.

Hyslop, Jas. L., 91 Eglintine Avenue,

Irwin, Wilson, Rossnall, Helen’s Bay.
lten, Mrs., 18 South Parade.

Jackson, James, Winona, Princes Gardens, Larne,

Jackson, M., Maze, Hillsborough.

Jenkins, W. A., 6 Elmwood Terrace.

Jennings, Victor G., Wellcroft. Sandown Road, Knock.

Johnson, Rev. W. F'., M.A., V.U.8., M.R.LA., Roxboro Ter:
race, Rostrevor.

Johnston, F, W., The Lodge, Spa, Ballynahinch.

Johnston, HE. ©., F.R.S. ALL. Lyncote, Helen’s. Bay.

Johnsion, Miss Jean, Nottavin, Donegall Park.

Johnston, Miss M. B., clo.

Johnston, Mrs.. 50 Sharman Road.

Johnston, Mrs. R. W., B.A., 505 Falls Road.

Johnston, T. J., 19 Ashley Gardens.

Keenan, Miss Mary, 75 Dublin Road.

Keiller, W., 11 Chichester Street.

Keith, S. S ., 180 Crumlin Road.

Kennedy, R. 'N., J.P., Avonmore Lodge, Balmoral.

Kerr, Charles, E., B.A., Mount Carmel, 134 Upper Newtown-
ards Road.

Kerr, Mrs. C. E., Mount Carmel, 134 Upper Newtownards
Road,

Kerr, David 8., 1 College Square E.

Kevin, Miss Kathleen, B.A., 8 University Street.

Kevin, Miss M. do.

Kidd, Rev. G. I*., 19 Bootle Street.

Kitchen, Gilbert Ingram, 64 Roseleigh Street.

Knox, Harry, 60 Henderson Avenue.

Knox, Miss Lily, 41 Cliftonville Road.

Kyle, R. A., 17 Wellington Park,

Lamont, Miss H., 58 Eia Street, Antrim Road.

Lauder, William, Public Library, Donegall Road,

Lavery, W. #H., 27 Eglantine Avenue.

Lavery, Miss M, Beatrice, do.

Law, Wm., 52 Hopefield Avenue.

Lawlor, H. C., M.A., M.R.1.A., 14 Windsor Avenue.

Lawlor, Mrs. H. C5 do,

Lepper, R. 8., M.A., LL.M., F.R.His.S., F.R.S8.A.]
Crawfordsburn.

Leetch, Miss Elizabeth, Cullybackey, Co. Antrim.

Lewars, David B., 17 Dundela Gardens.

Leyden. Miss Margaret M., Belgrave, Bloomfield.

Liggett, Miss Margaret M., 109 "The Mount.

Lindsay, Mrs., 3 Lower Crescent.

Logan, James, M.A.,; F.R.G.S., Greystone, Ravenhill Park.

., Elsinore,

1929-30. |
89

1921. Loughridge, James, 52 Elmwood Avenue.
1918. Lowry, Miss, Hazelwood, Bloomfield.
1910. Lowry, Miss L., dori” ¥

1893. Lowry, D. E., J.P., Oakley, Strandtown.
1908. Lowry, James, Llewelly n Avenue, Lisburn.

1926. Macdonald, David, Castle Road, Comber.

1915. Maconachie, Rev. D. H., B.A., B.D., The Manse, Holywood,

1915. Maconachie, Mrs., The Manse, Holywood,

1905. Macoun, Mrs. 8. M., Clanrojla, Windsor Park.

1922. Magill, Hugh, 217 Cavehill Road.

1927. Magill, Mrs. Edith, 9 Wilmont Terrace, Lisburn Road.

1926. Maguinness, Miss Kathleen, 40 Cabin Hill Gardeus.

1920. Magowan, A., 2 Kaston Crescent.

1924. Major, Miss Anna M., Ulai, Holywood.

1921. Major, Miss Olga, Ulai, Holywood.

1905. Malcolm, Miss Susan, Downshire Road, Holywood.

1921. Malcolm, Bowman, M.I.C.E., M.I.Mech.E., Inver, Ashley Park.

1901. Malcomson, Herbert T., M.B.0.U., 32 Arthur Street.

1880. Marsh, Mrs, Glenlvon, Holywood.

1922. Marshall, Rev. R. L., M.A., LU.D., Maghera, Co. Derry.

1922. Marshall, Miss M. E., 82 Ardenlee Avenue.

1924. Martin, Miss Josephine C., 12 Glandove Avenue.

1929. Martin, George E., 62 University Street:

1923. Martin, Mrs. Kathleen R., 17 College Gardens.

1924. Martyn, Douglas, 30 Orient Gardens.

1929. Matchett, Miss Clara, 21 Windsor Road.

1916. Masterson, Miss, 93 WwW ellesley Avenue.

1915. Mawdsley, Miss, 28 Green Road, Knock.

1908. Maxwell, Henry, Dunalbine, Deramore Park.

1923. Maxwell, Joseph, J.P., Fierna, Osborne Park.

1923. Maxwell, Miss F. E., do.

1925. Maxwell, Miss Isabella, 10 Luxor Gardens.

1927. Maxwell, W. C., A.R.I-B.A., 29 Donegall Street.

1903. Mayne, H. Horner, 24 Elmwood Avenue.

1917. Megaw, Rev. W. R., B.A., The Manse, Rosetta.

1920. Megaw, Pe Ee Dunavon, Knockdene Park.

1923. Mercer, Prof. 'P. S., “‘ Hanging Leaves,”’ Carrickfergus,

1923. Mercer, Mrs. S., do.

1906. Millar, Thomas fin 306 Antrim Road.

1929. Millar, S. W., 33 Bloomfield Gardens.

1907. Milligan, Miss Bessie, 22 Ravenhill Gardens.

1921. Milligan, Dr. C. J., Dispensary House, Ligoniel.

1921. Milligan, Miss J., 74 Cromwell Road.

1923. Mills, Frederick ‘A. C., 3 Woodland Avenue.

1922. Moffatt, James A., 2 Chelmsfor ‘d Place, Larne Harbour.

1898. Montgomery, HB. on F.R.S.A.1., 40 Rosemary Street.

1913. Montgomery, Miss E. 'S., 26 College Green.

1928. Mooney, Miss Helena, 19 St. James’ Road.

1923. Moore, Kenneth M., The Finaghy.

1916. Moore, Frank, J.P., Ph.D., F. "E. IST,
Park North.

1923. Morton, Miss, 252 Antrim Road.

1928. Murdoch, Wm. J., 152 Salisbury Avenue.

1922. Murray, B., 628 Ravenhill Road.

1928. Murray, Miss Ada, Eglish, Cliftonville Circus.

1923. Muskett, A. E., A "R.C.Se. (Lond.), 232 Stranmillis Road.

Home-Lyn, Marlborough

1923:
1927.
1929.
1925.

1923.
1909.
1915.
1922.
1921.
OG?
1884.
1922.
1924.
1929.
1926.
1922.

1923.
1917.
1924.
TOUS:
1926.
1921.
1923.
ISR
1O2T.
1914.
1929.
1923.
1923.
1906.
1922.
1922.
1921.
1922.
1912.
1917.
1901.
1924.

1921.
1926.
1921.
1921.
1927.
1923.
1923.

1926.
1927.
1898.
1923.
1923.

1929.
1926.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
go

M‘Aleese, Miss Margaret T., 157 Mulholland Terrace, Falls Rd.
M‘Aleese, John, Longland, Whitehouse.

M‘Alister, W G., Mount. View, Dromore, Co, Down.
M‘Bratney, Miss Margaret, Endsleigh Gardens, Bloomfield.
M‘Bride, A., Rockmount, Templepatvick.

M‘Bride, Miss W., 118 Albertbridge Road.

M‘Cance, James, 502 Antrim Road.

M‘Carthy, Mrs., Freshford, Knock.

M‘Carthy, Miss, 46 Stranmillis Road.

M‘Carthy, W. J., Ashley, Alexandra Park, Holywood.
M‘Caw, ete Glenfield, Donegall Park.

M‘ Cleery, lela dalees Oakhill, Dunmurry.

M‘Clure, Miss Lily, Thirlmere, 50 Ravenhill Park.

M‘Connell, Rev. S. G., B.A., Dromara, Co. Down.

M ‘Court, Miss M. oe "15 Castleton Gardens.

M‘Crum, Wm., Milford, Co, Armagh.

MacCulloch, Miss Charlotte M., Ballyarton, Kallaloo, London-
derry.

M‘Cutcheon, Miss J. T., B.A., Rineen, Annadale.

M‘Devitt, H., 115 High Street, Holywood.

M‘Donnell, Miss Kathleen P., 110 Cullingtree Road.

M‘Dowell, Miss E., The Lodge, Trwin Drive.

M‘Gregor, Miss Sarah, 12 Eglantine Avenue.

M‘Gladery, R., The Brickworks, Springfield Road.

M‘Giffin, Miss, Riverside, Holywood.

M‘Ilroy, R. J., 32 Pandora Street.

M‘Tlwaine, J. E., M.D., 3 Chlorine Gardens.

M‘Kay, Miss E. W., B.Sc., Ardbana Terrace, Coleraine.

M‘Kee, Capt. James, D.S.O., 35 Cyprus Park, Bloomfield.

M‘Kenzie, Alexander, 60 North Parade.

M‘Kibbin, Fredk., IA. oe 9 Donegall meine South.

M‘Kinney, Miss M. A. , Sentry. Hill, Carnmoney.

M‘Kisack, Miss M. K., " ‘Mount Pleasant,

M‘Knight. Wm, J., 220 Springfield Road.

M‘Laine, Lachlan, Rathaline, Annadale Avenue.

M‘Master, Miss, B.A., Ashbourne, Strandtown.

M‘Meekin, re A. M., Sunnyside, Carnmoney, Co. Antrim.

M‘Meekin, A., J.P., Cogry House, Doagh.

MacRae, Kenneth, 829 Lisburn Road.

M‘Vea, Miss Florence V., The Crag, Whitehead.

‘Neill, F. F., 124 Haypark Avenue.

Neill, Miss M., Rhanbury Park, Carrickfergus.
Niblock, J. B. 208 Cliftonville Road.

Niblock, Mrs., do.

Nixon, Miss M. J., 16 Florenceville Avenue.

‘Nodder, Charles R., M.A., The Corner House, Lambeg.
‘Nodder, Mrs. Winifred, do.

O’Kane, John, 127 Mulholland Terrace, Falls Road.
O’Neill, Miss C. May, B.Sc., Riddel Hall.

Orr, James, 17 Garfield Street.

Orr, R. J., 4th Avenue, Baylands, Bangor.

Owens, Miss Minnie Y., 29 Indiana Avenue.

Patrick, J., 28 Eglantine Avenue.
Pollock, Rt. Hon. H. M., D.L., 11 College Gardens.

1929-30. ]

1923.
1923.
1903.

1922.
1883.

1922.
1924.
1929.
1921.

1929.

1907.
1916.
1923.
1919.
1925.

1926.
1929.
1922.
1923.
1923.
1922.
1923.
1921.
1928.
1921.
1929.
1926.
1926.

1929.
1922.
1924.
1929.
1909.
1927.
1927.

1927.
1913.
NGL.
1920.
1924.
1924.
1929.
1924.

1911.
1926.
1926.
1925.

gl

Pollock, James A., Notting Hill.
Polley, W. T., 131 University Street.

Pooler, Rev. Chas. K., D.D.; M.R.LA.,) Dilitt,

Whitehouse.
Porte, G. W. C., 1-Howard Street.

Praeger, R, Li., D.Se., BeA., B.E., M.RDAS,

Square, Dublin.
Pringle, Alex., 1 Clarence Street W.
Purce, James, "33 Ravenhill Park.
Purdy, Chas. E., Oakleigh, Newtownbreda.
Pyper, James, B. A., 30 Cranmore Avenue.

Quan, W. H., 19 Landscape Terrace.

Carnbin,

19 Iitzwilliam

Rea, Miss M. W., M.Sc., Salem House, Sydenham.

Rea, Miss L. C., do.
Reilly, George ioe C.E., 18 Salsbury Gardens.
Reilly, Geo. C., M.I.Mech. E., do.

Rhynehart, Toki G., F.R.C. Se I., D.I.C. (Lond.), Ministry of

Agriculture, Wellington Place.

Richardson, 54 D5 Woodhouse, Bessbrook, Co.

Richmond, lan ‘A. M.A., Queen’s University.
Ritchie, John, Cullintra, Comber.

Ritchie, Miss, 3 Charnwood Avenue.

Ritchie, Miss Helen, do.

Robb, ‘Norman, 65 Ulsterville Avenue.

Robb, S. A., 128 Cliftonpark Avenue.
Robinson, Miss L., 16 Kingsmere Avenue.

Armagh,

Robinson, Wm. H., 687 Upper Newtownards Road.

Robson, Mrs., 81 Wellington Park.
Roe, T. G., Delgany, Croft Road, Holywood.
Rogan, Thomas, 143 Springfield Road.

Rohleder, Dr, Herbert P.. T., Rhodesian Congo Border Conces:
sion, Ltd., Nehanga, via Ndola, Northern Rhodesia.

Ross, Miss Rita, 40 Landsdowne Road.

Ruddell, Miss B., Horse Park, Magheragall, Lisburn.

Rundle, Harris, Sefton, Knockdene Park,
Russell, Miss Elaine, Dunmore, Antrim Road.
Russell, ‘Nelson, Strathmore, Lisburn.

Rutherford, ED. MB Ch. B., Woodlawn, Knock.

Rutledge, Miss iy 9 Donegall Square Kast.

Sreenan, Patrick, Main Street. Greencastle.
Savage, W. E. J., 8 Lincoln Avenue.

Sayers, Miss W. J., B.A., Bartragh, Knock.
Sayers, Miss J. B., Bartragh, Knock.
Sayers, Miss M., 61 Clonlee Drive.

Scott, Miss, Ministry of Agriculture, Wellington Place.

Searle, G. O., Research Institute, Lambeg.

Seaton, lan William, Plant Breeding Division,

Agriculture.

Ministry of

Sefton, Thomas W., Aubyn’s, Deramore Drive.

Shaw, G. W., Ulster ee York Street.
Shaw, ‘Miss Esme, 11 Shore Street, Holywood.
Shaw, Miss Minnie E., 20 Harcourt Street.
Shearer, Thomas, 3 St. Jude’s Avenue,

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
g2

Shewell, Major, 1 Liscard Terrace, Ormeau Road.

Shewell, Mrs., do.

Shiels, Rev. J. F., P.P., Ballygowan.

Shiels, Edward, Summer Hill, Bangor.

Shortt, James, Wilmont, Lisburn,

Sinclair, Robert, 48 Waring Street.

Skillen, Joseph, 25 Stranmillis Gardens.

Small, ’ Professor J., D.Se., Queen’s University.

Small, James M., Ballymenoch Park, Mayino.

Smiley, Miss, 19 Salisbury Avenue.

Smith, John M.A., LL.B., Donard, Cregagh, Belfast.

Spencer, A. G., Campbell College.

Standfield, Miss Henrietta, 31 Virginia Street.

Steen, Rev. David, B.A. The Manse, fslandmagee.

Stelfox, Mrs. A. W., B.Sc., A.R.C.Sc.1., 14 Clareville Road,
Rathgar, Dublin.

Stendall, J. A. S., M.R.LA., M.B.0.U., Municipal Museum

Stendall, Mrs. J. A. S., Deva, Haypark Avenue.

Stephens, Captain J. Kyle, TP: 13 Donegall Square North.

Stephens, Samuel, 13 Donegall Square North.

Steven, George, 3 Kinnaird “Terrace, Antrim Road,

Stewart, W. J., 105 Baker Street, London, W.1.

Stewart, Albert K., 10 North Parade.

Stewart, Rev. David, B.A., Inglemede, 31 Ardenlee Avenue,

Storey, I. Fred., Maormar, Cultra.

Swan, H. S., Ardelan, Buncrana, Co. Donegal.

Sweeney, Wm., 183 Cliftonville Road.

Tate, Robert E., 17 Clifton Drive.

Taylor, Frank, St. John’s, Marino.

Taylor, P. A., 7 Deleware Street, Ravenhill Road.

Tedley, Miss, Rosetta School.

Thompson, John D., 110-111 Scottish Provident Buildings,
Donegall Square W.

Thomson, Ernest W., Tullymore School, Broughshane.

Thompson, Miss W., 4 Glenbrook Terrace, Shore Road.

Traill, W. A., M.A., F.R.S.A.L, Benvista, Portstewart.

Turner, S., jun., 12 ‘Camberwell Terrace, Antrim Road.

Turner, Edmund, A.R.C.8Se.I., 3 Sandhill Gardens, Neill’s Hill.

Turtle, W., Haydock, Lumeah, Malone Road.

Turtle, Miss Mary, 13 Farnham Road, Bangor.

Tweedie, Henry S., 106 Balmoral Avenue.

Tw eedie, Miss Sophia i, eae do.

Wall, John J., Glenarm, Co. Antrim.

Ward, A. H., 5 Tennyson Avenue, Bangor.
Warnock, Miss, 11 India Street.

Watchorn, Miss Mary E., 581 Oldpark Road.
Watson, Frank W., 10 Cranmore Gardens.
Watson, Mrs. F. W., B.Sc., do.

W. atters, Miss Ella, “Holywood.

Webb, Miss E. (M., Rath House, Shandon Park.
Wegg, George R., “Glynn Villas, Larne.

Weir, "Miss K, , Bangor Collegiate School, Bangor.
Weston, Wilfred W., 12 Donegall Square South.
Weyms, David, The Moorings, “Dunmurry.

1929-30.] ,

93

Wheeler, ‘Norman F., 1 Fitzwilliam Street.

White, Miss Jeanne M., 18 Carleton Street, Portadown.

Whitehouse, Rev. Sydney P., All Soul’s Church, Elmwood Ay.

Whyte, Mrs. Elizabeth F., 10 Orient Gardens.

Whyte, Miss Eileen A., do.

Wight, Robert J., 9 Stranmillis Street.

Wightman, James A., 52 Hanover Street, Portadown.

Wilkinson, Miss D. H., 23 Ashley Avenue.

Wilkinson, Wilfred Frederic Samuel, Northern Banking Co.,
Armagh.

Williamson, James, J.P., Sandown Park, Knock.

Willis, Miss A., 3 Avonmore, Balmoral.

Wilson, George, 7 Bedford Street.

Wilson, Prof. Gregg, O.B.E., M.A., D.Sc., M.R.T.A., Transy,
Beechlands, Malone Road.

Wilson, Mrs., Transy, Beechlands, Malone Road.

Wilson, Miss Anna, 28 College Park Avenue.

Wilson, Miss Edith, do.

Wilson, W. E., 31 North Street.

Wilson, Miss Agnes, 127 Crumlin Road.

Wilson, Miss Tessie, do.

Woodburn, Rev. J. B., D.D., 9 Harberton Avenue,

Workman, W. H., F.Z.S., M.B.0.U., Lismore, Windsor Ave.

Young, Mrrs., R. C., Millmount, Randalstown Co. Antrim.

JUNIOR MEMBERS.

Bell, James, High Street, Carrickfergus.
Black, Thomas, 27 Agnes Street.
Blair, Jack Coulter, 33 Ophir Gardens.

Calwell, David, 202 Oldpark Road.

Cole, Jean, 109 University Gardens.

Condy, Archie, 29 College Gardens.

Conelly, A. E., 49 Delhi Street.

Cormack, Margaret, 37 Castlereagh Place.
Cormick, Alistair, 18 Kelvin Parade.

Cleeland, Marjorie, 13 Eglantine Gardens.
Cleeland, Martyn, do,

Crawford, Agatha R., Easthope, Bawnmore Road.

Davidson, Richard H., 183 Alexandra Park Avenue.
Davidson, Una, Laurington, Antrim Road.

Davison, Thomas, 30 Lothair Avenue.

Peane, Campbell D., Threave, ‘Newtownbreda.

Deans, Joan, 141 Ormeau Road.
Deans, Phyllis, do.

Eason, Iris, 144 Agincourt Avenue.

Faris, Kathleen, Rosebank, Marbborough Park.
Forbes, Betty, 51 Marlborough Park Central,
Porbes, Margot, do,

Forsythe, Doris, 8 Maryville Park,

1929,
1929.
1930.
1926.
1929.
1924.
1929.
1924.
1929.
1927.
1928.
1928.
1928.

1929.
1929.
1929.
1929.
1929.
1929.
1929.
1929.
1928.

1930.
1929.
1926.
1924.
1924.
1924.
1929.
1928.

1929.
1928.
1924.
1926.
1925.
1929.
1928.

1925.
1925.
1927.
1929.
1928.
1927.
1925.
1925.
1927.
1927.

1927.
1929.
1927.
1929.
1929.

[Proc.

94

Gaffikin, Phillippa, 7 Eileen Gardens.
Gillespie, Brian, 2 Duncairn Avenue.
Gilmer, Aileen, Ulster Bank House, Connswater.
Glendinning, Alice, | Lennoxvale.
Glendinning, Barbara, 26 Sans Souci Park.
Glendinning, Ethné, 1 Lennoxvale.
Glendinning, Irancesca, do.
Glendinning, Joan, 26 Sans Souci Park.
Yendinning, Priscilla, 1 Lennoxvale.
Green, Vivian (Miss) , 41 Kingsmere Avenue.
Gregg, R. Noél, 8 Wheatfield Gardens.
Griffith, Pamela P., 34 Cliftonville Road.
Griffith, Robina C., do.

Haire, Hugh, 288 Upper ‘Newtownards Road.
Handforth, Kenneth, 59 Cherryvalley Park.
Hanna, William Swanston, Farm Hill, Dunmurry.
Harding, James, 4 Indiana Avenue.

Harrison, Maureen, 9 Deramore Park.

Heron, Faith, 11 Richmond Park.

Hill, Harold, 7 Cranmore Park.

Holland, Susan, Fairy Hill, Osborne Gardens,
Howatt, Agnes, 42 Cherryvalley Gardens.

Kernaghan, Sam, 46 Salisbury Avenue.
Kernohan, James, 87 Ravenhill Road.
Kerr, Charles, Mount Carmel, Bloomfield.

Kerr, Mary, do.
Kerr, Michael, do.
Kerr, Therésa, do.

Knowles, Gladys, Cloreen, Oldpark Road.
Kyle, Margaret, 60 Fitzroy Avenue.

Lee, Elsie 8., 2 Rossmore Avenue.

Lepper, Frank, Marlborough College, Wilts.
Loewenthal, Joan, Lennoxvale.

Loewenthal, Peggy, do.

Loughridge, William, 173 Cliftonville Road.
Lowson, Audrey, 4 Wilmont Terrace.

Lyttle, Annie, 439 Springfield Road.

Macdonald, Angus, 94 Antrim Road.
Macdonald, Ranald, do.

May, Ernest Langton, Wesley College, Dublin.
Maxwell, Katharine, 7 Sandown Park.
M‘Kinley, Muriel, Saintfield Road, Lisburn.
Megaw. Rigaaean Brekagh, Malone Road.
M‘Kee, Phyllis, 27 Deramore Avenue.
M‘Keown, Lois, Marlands, Dunmurry.

Murray, H. ‘Nichol, 3 St. Jude’s Avenue.

M‘Williams, John, 119 Cavehill Road.

Nagle, Dermot, 4 Riverview Street, Stranmillis.
Napier, John, 38 Wellington Park.

Napier, Joseph, do.

Nicholson, ‘Eileen, 12 Nevis Avenue, Strandtown.
Nodder, Charles D., Lambeg, Lisburn,

B.N.F.C.

1929-30.]

95

Orr, Bessie, 33 Ardenlee Road.
Orr, Brian, do.

Patrick, Jean, 12 The Glen, Limestone Road.
Peden, W. J., 27 Ashgrove Park.

Porter, Bessie, 26 Clara Park.

Pratt, E, M. (Miss), Denmoy, Ballylesson.

Quan, John, 12 Landscape Terrace. —
Quinn, Thomas, Birches Cottage, Downshire Road

Reilly, Alexander, 9 Marsden Gardens.
Reilly, Grier, 16 Salisbury Gardens.

Searle, Beatrice, Rusheen, Glenburn Park.
Searle, David, do.

Shaw, Jack, 42 Eglinton Street.

Shaw, Jack, 42 Eglinton Street.

Shipp, Joan, 4 Breda Park, Saintfield.

Shott, Gladys, Merton, Knockbreda Road.
Smith, Margaret, 4 Knockdene Park.

Smith, Marjorie, The Limes, St. James’s Park.
Smith, William, 6 The Glen, Limestone Road.
Stendall, Nora, 105 Haypark Avenue.

Steven, Alistair, 60 Ulsterville Avenue.

Steven, Isobel, do.
Steven, Nancy, do.
Steven, Robert, do.
Stevenson, EK. F. (Miss), 9 Knockbreda Park.

Stoneley, Michael, 58 Ulsterville Avenue,
Sweeney, Peggy, 183 Cliftonville Road.

Teuton, Thomas, 19 Ravenhill Park Gardens.
Thompson, James, 5 Derryvolgie Avenue.
Thompson, Molly, Dorrington, Newtownbreda.

Wade, Betty, Felsted, Marlborough Park South.
Wilson, May, 50 Mountpottinger Road.
Wright, Eileen, Inveresk, Connsbrook Avenue.

', Holywood.

tstye

Reduced Prices of Proceedings.

i In accordance with resolution passed at General Meeting held on
h April, 1911, the following reductions have been made in the prices
Proceedings, &e., to Members of the Club. When the stock has

mn sufficiently reduced prices will be raised again.

eedings, without Appendices, Series II., Vol. I. (1873-74ttio 1879-80) to 2/6 per vol.
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THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLUB CAN BE HAD FROM THE LIBRARIAN)

Highth Annual Report—1870-71, containing Appendix iL. List of Irish Liassic
Foraminifera—Wright ; and List oe uF aes a the ib eae of
Antrim and Down—Stewart ... 2/69)

Ninth Annual Report—1871-72 on se see ad as =:

Tenth do. 1872-73 4

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Mignone of North of Ireland—Wright, 2 ) Plates ade a ‘
. 1

in

» series II., Vol. I., Part II. 1874-75 _ 24. oe
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Mollusca of Boulder Clay of North-East of Ireland—Stewart.. 2

Series II., Vol. II., Part I., 1880-81, containing Appendix VI., List of

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, series IJ., Vol. III., Part IV., 1890-91

” 5 or V., 1891-92
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of eo TLAwex ae

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1X. and x 1924-25, 1925-26 and 1926-27 (in one)

ee ae

PROCEEDINGS

AND

ANNUAL REPORTS _

MG S E 1B) M
13 DEC 32

NATURAL
HISTORY. |

PARTS
SERIES If. Hil, FV.
VOL. IX. 1930-31
1031-32.

FOR CONTENTS SEE INSIDE COVER.

PRINTED FOR MEMBERS ONLY.
PRICE OF EXTRA COPIES TO MEMBERS 32/-.

CONTENTS.

SS ee ee

List of Officers, 1950-31

Excursions :—Bessbrook and Sint: antec: Rorpckethis ana
the Sallagh Braes, Marino, Downhill and Magilligan,
‘Comber Estuary, Chester and district, Cookstown district,
Dunluce and White Rocks Caves, Portaferry and Ards
Peninsula, Magheramorne, Montalto ae ven

Conversazione

Papers :—

“Some Random Thoughts on ea ign and Science’
Captain C. D. Chase, M.C., M.A
‘Life and the Universe ’ RR. Licya Pater D. Se.,
BIBS WR Aesth ou
‘“ The bpisin of the Irish Radite and Flora * Spedioasal
J. Kaye Charlesworth, D.Se., M.R.I.A., F.G.S.
‘The Ogham Inscriptions ’’-—M. A, O'Bsien, M.A., Ph.D.
“* Folk-Lore ’’—E. J. M‘Kean, K.C.
“Pleistocene Cave Animals and their Present Relatives ”?
—Dr. J. Wilfrid Jackson, F.G.S.
Talks and Slides
Annual Meeting

Club Medallists...
Report of Delegate to Conference of Corresponding Societies

of the British Association

List of Officers, 1931-32

Excursions :—Benevenagh, Cave Hill, Templepatrick and
Donegore, Greencastle (Co. Tyrone), Dublin, Sligo and
district, Collin Glen, Armagh City and district, ee
Mountstewart, Ballycastle and Bonamarghy

Conversazione
Papers :—

“(The Sun and the Naturalist ’’--C. E. Kerr, B.A.

‘The Bronze-Copper Transition Period ’ ps, s. selivsr99:
M.A., FR.8.A.1. a,

A Sketch of the Geology oe North- West Pyranse _
J. J. Hartley

‘The Grouping of Plants in entlsas Nad WwW. ip
Sayers, B.A. i

“Common British B acbies meaty J C. Reilly, M. 1M. E.
‘The Meaning of Bird Song ”’—J. A. Benington, B.Sc. ...

‘The Life of Paleolithic Man ’’—Dr. J. Wilfrid Jackson,
F.G.S. nes a

Annual Meeting

Club Medallists

List of Exchanging Aecishies

List of Members elected during year 1930 -
List. of Members elected during year 1931 ...

PAGE

101
110
112
113

114
115
115

116

.. 114, 118

119
131

131

187

139
150

153
154
“155

156
157
158

159
161
174
175
178
179

PROCEEDINGS
AND ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB

For the Year Ending 31st March, 1931
(SIXTY-EIGHTH YEAR).

SERIES 1.
VOLUME IX.

PART IIL.
1930-31.

Ry

9)

‘3
aioe

EDITOR:
W: M. CRAWFORD), F.z:s., F.z.s:

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

SIXTY-EIGHTH YEAR, 1930-31.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President:
Capt. C. D. CHASE, .c., m.a.
Vice-President:
CHARLES E. KERR, B.a.
Hon. Treasurer:
A. H. DAVISON, F.r.s.A.1., 32 Wellington Place, Belfast.
Hon. Librarian:

W. M. CRAWFORD, B.aA., F.5.S., F.Z.S., Orissa, Marlborough Park
South, Belfast.

Hon. Recording Secretary:

J. A. 8S. STENDALL, M.R.1.4., M.B.0.u., Deva, Haypark Avenue,
Belfast.

Hon. Secs. of Botanical Section:
C. R. NODDER, m.4«.
tev. W. R. MEGAW, B.aA., M.R.I.A.
Hon, Secs. Geological Section:
A. M‘I. CLELAND.

ROBERT BELL.
Hon. Secs. Zoological Section:

Rk. J. WELCH, M.sc., M.R.1.A.
Miss NORA FISHER.

Hon. Secretaries Archzological Section:
Miss M. GAFFIKIN,.
JOSEPH SKILLEN.

Hon. Secretary Junior Division:
MRS. NODDER.
Ordinary Members of Committee:

Retire 1931. Retire 1932.
A. ALBERT CAMPBELL, F.r.s.a.1. D. J. CARPENTER, a.n.c.sc.L.
G. C. REILLY, M.1.M.&. E. N. CARROTHERS.
Pease) UMPPER,- M.A., L.1.M., J. R. H. GREEVES, sB.sc.

F.R.HIST.SOC.
Retire 1933.

Miss W. J. SAYERS, B.a.
PROFESSOR CHARLESWORTH.
JAMES ORR, m.B.0.v.

Honorary Secretary:
JOSEPH SKILLEN, 25 Stranmillis Gardens,

f BRITISH t
: MUSEUM

135 DEC 32

NATURAL
HISTORY.

{ol

PROCEEDINGS.

O——_ —_
SUMMER SESSION.
O
BESSBROOK AND DISTRICT.
Date—24th May, 1930. Conductor—D. J. Carpenter. Number
present, 52.

Starting from College Square soon after 9 a.m. the
party went to Newry, where Miss Barcroft and Mr. John
S. W. Richardson took on the duties of conductorship.

After seeing the Clontygora Dolmen the members
visited the Pillar Stone of Kilnasaggart in the Moyry Pass.
Its inscriptions in Ogham and Latin say it- was erected by
one Ernian. A short walk brought the party to Moyry
Castle, built in 1601 by Lord Mountjoy to defend the pass,
then known as the ‘‘ Gate of Ulster.’’ After lunching
here the Motte and Bailey of Rosskeag was viewed, and in
this neighbourhood Nepeta glechoma (ground ivy), Lamium
album (white dead nettle), and Cotyledon wmbilicus
(pennywort or navelwort) were found in abundance, as well
as the less common Chelidonium majus (great celandine),
Veronica hederefolia (ivy-leaved speedwell), and Asplenium
adiantum-nigrum (black spleenwort).

The next stop was made at the Lislea granite quarry,
where fine specimens of the junction of a diorite dyke with
the granite were obtaimed. Leaving Lislea and passing
Camlough Lake and village, the party arrived at Bessbrook,
Where they were the guests of Mrs. Williams, The
Woodhouse.

After tea ten new junior members were elected; and,
on the proposal of Mr. Carpenter, seconded by Mr. Lepper,
a vote of thanks was passed to Mrs. Williams, Miss Barcroft,
Mr. John 8. W. Richardson, and the ladies who presided at
the tables. <A visit to the beautiful rock garden at The
Woodhouse and to Derramore Old House concluded the sight-
seeing. One of the features of the fine sunny day was the
beautiful scenery of the granite country. The views, made
magnificent by the massiveness of Slieve Gullion, the sharp
conical outline of Sturgan and the curious rugged ridges of
Dromintee, were greatly admired.

[Proc. B.N..C.
102

NENDRUM.

Date—7th June, 1930. Conductors—Mrs. C. R. Nodder and Major
C. Blakiston Houston, M.P. Number present, 80.

The club held a half-day excursion to the ruins of
Nendrum monastery on Mahee Island, Strangford Lough.
Travelling in two “buses and several private cars, the party
numbered about eighty.

Major Blakiston-Houston gave a general discourse on
the known and the conjectured history of the ruins and
conducted the party over the sites.

Tea was provided at the Nendrum Teahouse.

Junior members who attended the excursion were
provided with sketch maps of the ruins with explanatory
and historical notes.

KNOCKDHU AND THE SALLAGH BRAKES.

Date—l4th June, 1930. Conductor—C. KR. Nodder. Number
present, 24.

The party went by motor coach to Carncastle, leaving
the Old Museum at 9-30 a.m. and taking the inland road
to Larne. At Carncastle half an hour was spent in various
ways; some members visited the old Churchyard, others
chatted to the villagers and others botanised, finding the
Ceterach fern on old walls. A further short distance in the
motor coach brought us to Stewart’s farm, at the foot of
Knockdhu. There we were joined by a large party (about
40) of the Route Naturalists’ Field Club, under the guidance
of the Rev. E. M. Gumley.

The seven-chambered souterrain was then visited and
lunch was taken.

The main party, led by Robert Bell, now proceeded
southward, below the cliffs. Five or six different zeolites
were found in the cavities in the basalt. A smatier party
climbed the slopes of Knockdhu and found the Mountain
Avens (Dryas octopetala) blooming freely in its well-known
station. This party walked over the moor to Loch Dhu and
then descended the cliffs and looked, without success, for
Pyrola secunda. ' Arenaria verna was found in full flower on
the basaltic rocks.

All met again near the south end of the Braes and picked
up the motor-coach near Killyglen School. After taking tea
at Murray’s Café, Ballygally, a visit was made to Ballygally
Castle. Our thanks are due to Mrs. Moore, the present
cccupier, for showing us over the castle, now in excellent
condition.

1930-31.)
103

The botanists found many interesting plants in the
garden, including a yew tree said to be three or four
hundred years old.

MARINO.
Date—Tuesday evening, 17th June, 1930. Conductor—R. J. Welch,
M.Sc., M.R.I.A. Number present, about 45.

A large number turned up for this excursion, which was
a joint one of both Senior and Junior Members. The main
feature of the visit was to see the large areas of mussel-beds
between tides, many of them very old and much distorted.
The acid impure water at the head of the estuary has much
eroded the bulk of the old shells, and small pearls are
common in them. Some good specimens were found, though
the majority were rather dark-coloured and not perfect in
shape. A few other shells occur in the beds, mainly
Cardium edule and Tapes pullastra and myriads of dead
shells of Spisula subtruncata, evidently washed out of the
estuarine clay deposits, as no living specimens have been
taken in N.E. Ireland for over 380 years past. The
Carboniferous and Permian outcrops on the shore nearby
were also visited, and a number of specimens of the boring
mollusk Pholas dug out. On the way back to tea at
Holywood the ancient Church was visited and the fine cross-
sculptured slab built into the south wall inspected.

DOWNHILL AND MAGILLIGAN.

Date—28th June, 1930. Conductors—S. D-. Glassey and

Joseph Skillen. Number present, 44.

The party travelled by the 9-15 train, and on arrival at
Bellarena paid a visit to the ruins of the Church of
Tamlaght-Ard. This church had been erected on part of
the foundation of the monastery founded by St.
Colombeille in the 6th century A.D. A section of the
original foundation remains exposed. Members were shown
the grave of rock hewn stones where St. Aidan, Bishop of
Lindisfarne, is said to have been buried. St. Cadan or St.
Catan is also said to have been buried here.

Members were interested in the simpler grave of Denis
Hampson, the once famous blind harper of Magilligan,
whose harp is preserved as an heirloom in the Bruce family.
St. Aidan’s Well, on the roadside opposite the church, was
also pointed out.

Leaving St. Aidan’s the party proceeded to Duncrun
Mill, the site of an abbey founded by St. Patrick. A stone,

(Proc. B.N.F.G.
104

which formerly stood in the ruins, is now erected in the
fence, facing what was the ancient burial ground. A cross
in relief is carved on the stone showing two bars distinctly.
It is said that there were three bars originally.

A flintworker’s settlement and factory site was
visited. Portion of a granite erratic was noted; the original
block weighed about two tons.

Returning to Mr. O’Doherty’s house an unusual type
of spinning wheel was exhibited. The ladies of the party
displayed a keen interest in it.

From Duncrun the party travelled by the high road to
Benone.

A pleasant walk brought them to the foot of Magilligan
ridge, from which point a good view of the ‘“Merrick Stone”’
was obtained.

About twenty members undertook the strenuous walk
to the top of the ‘‘Castle Rock’’ at Craig. Those who made
the journey were recompensed for their ardous climb by the
wonderful panoramic view of the Donegal, Derry, and Antrim
coast line, from Innishowen to Fair Head.

From Benone the journey was continued to Downhill
Hotel for tea.

After tea, Mr. Glassey related the legend attached to
the ‘‘Bacan na bo,’’ rock (Tether stone of the cow), and
referred to the number of place names in County Derry
deriving their origin from the cult of the cow in the bronze
age period.

The return to Belfast was made by the 7-9 train.

COMBER ESTUARY.
Date—Ist July, 1930 (Tuesday evening). Conductor—The President
and J. Ritchie. Number present, 27.

This was an evening excursion, members going by train
to Comber and walking some seven or eight miles to the
estuary and rath and back to Comber station. Geranium
striatum was seen in its old station and by the mud flats
Aster tripolium and Limonium humile were in flower.

CHESTER AND DISTRICT.
Date—l2th to 15th July, 1930. Conductor—J. A. 8S. Stendall,
M.R.I.A. Number present, 40.

This year’s long excursion went far afield. Chester and
district was the objective and a very full four days were
spent under the leadership of J. A. 8. Stendall. Over 40
members and friends travelled and on arriving in Chester on
12th July little time was lost in getting to work. In thre

1930-31. |
105

morning a visit was made to the ‘Town Hall where a Civic
reception was given, Alderman C. P. Cockrill acting for the
Mayor who, everyone regretted to hear, was indisposed.
Accompanying the Alderman was Emeritus Professor Robert
Newstead, F.R.S. (President, Chester Society of Natural
Science), and the Deputy Town Clerk. The welcome was
more than cordial and was ably responded to by R. 5.
Lepper, M.A., and Colonel R. G. Berry, M.R.L.A.
Following, an inspection was made of the ancient city regalia
and charters. After lunch the Cathedral was visited and
thoroughly explored under the able guidance of Minor Cazon
Fisher, who, it transpired, has family connections with
Belfast. Tea, and then the city walls, guided by Professor
Newstead, Major Bennett Bamford and Mr. W. J. Williams,
M.A. Roman work was pointed out and a_ recently
discovered base of a corner tower thoroughly examined. This
latter had been excavated under Professor Newstead’s super-
vision and is to be preserved. Members passed by the
various Medieval towers, the castle, and continued by St.
John’s Church, of early foundation. After dinner the
Grosvenor Museum was visited, where Professor Newstead
delivered an admirable lecture entitled: ‘The Ancient
Fortress of Deva.’’ A very long day, but enjoyable withal.
Sunday morning was free, but in the afternoon the
majority of the party went by motor through Delemere
Forest and on to Bunbury Church, which was _ ably
described by Mr, Frank Simpson, F.S.A., and Mr. Wm.
Cullimore, M.A., who acted as leaders for the day. From
Bunbury tracks were made for Beeston Castle, of Norman
date, perched on a solitary hill rising some 400 feet above
the Cheshire Plain. Tea was taken here, and a thorough
inspection of the noble ruins afterwards made. The famous
well (366 feet deep and only 7 feet or so across) was
examined, lighted paper torches being cast. down and
watched until bottom was reached—a dreadful drop !
Monday was the big day; by motor, first to Hawarden,
where the Right Rev. Wentworth Shields received the
visitors in St. Deiniol’s Library and showed the treasures
therein contained. Subsequently alongside the old castle
and under the shelter of a dripping beech Mr. Bell Jones,
F.S.A., gave a most interesting account of Hawarden
throughout the ages. The journey continued to Rhydymwyn,
where Dr. Wilfrid Jackson, I'.G.S. (of Manchester
University Museum), joined the company. ‘The Leete
Valley was entered and soon rain gave way to sunshine,
much to everyone’s relief. Dr. Jackson lucidly described

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
106

the geological features of the district, and biologists enjoyed
themselves amid the wild life displayed on all sides. Lunch
was taken at the Loggerheads, after which the way went by
Caergwrle Castle to Wrexham, where the parish church
was inspected. Onward to Aldford, and Eaton Park was
entered, tea being taken at Iron Bridge. Afterwards the
good ship ‘‘Ormonde II.” conveyed the party down the
beautiful river Dee, Chester being reached at scheduled
time.

To Mr. W. W. Siddall (Hon. Treas., C.S.N.8.) hearty
thanks were accorded for the very able way in which he had
conducted throughout the day.

At night civic representatives, officers of the local
scientific and archeological societies, including Archdeacon
and Mrs. Paige Cox, Mr. David L. Miln, Hon. Sec.,
C.S.N.S., Mr. Alfred Newstead, Curator, C.S.N.S., and all
local leaders were entertained to dinner, speeches of goodwill
and comradeship being the order of the evening.

The last day was spent in a tour of the Wirral Peninsula,
including Sunlight Soap Works and the Lady Lever Art
Gallery, the latter under the guidance of the Curator, Mr.
Sydney Davison. The submerged forest of Meols, was
visited, followed by Hoylake, West Kirby, Parkgate (all
having Trish associations) and on to Chester where tea was
taken within an ancient crypt. Mr. Frank Simpson was
leader for the day. So ended a memorable excursion, only
briefly described of necessity.

It is only right to add that grateful thanks were
expressed to the officers and members of the Chester societies
for their valuable assistance throughout the excursion, and
especially to Mr. David L. Miln, Mr. W. W. Siddall and
Mr. W. J. New (Assistant Secretary, C.S.N.S.), whose
labours in preparing preliminary details were highly
appreciated.

COOKSTOWN DISTRICT.

Date—9th August, 1930. Conductors—Miss W. J. Sayers, B.A.,

Thomas Greer, J.P. and H. L. Glasgow. Number present, 37.

Members and friends met at the Old Museum and
travelled by motor coach and private cars via Antrim and
Cookstown to Loughry demesne. Here, by kind permission
of Miss Laing, the Old Manor House, now the Ulster Dairy
School, was inspected, Mr. Glasgow taking the opportunity
of reading an interesting account by Mr. Shan F. Bullock
of the Lindesays of Loughry Manor and the friendship of
Robert Lindesay and Dean Swift. The former is the

1930-31. |
107

“eminent lawyer’’ referred to in Sir Walter Scott’s Life of
Swift, where mention is also made of Swift’s summerhouse
at Loughry, which he used as a study, and in which he is
said to have written one of his works. This arbour was
visited by the Club, many of whom took photos of the neat
little summerhouse on the high bank above the river. From
here the archeologists walked to the Giant’s Grave, a little-
known but fine dolmen with a large capstone at a low
elevation. Before entering Desertcreat Rectory grounds,
the local conductors pointed out Donaghrisk graveyard, the
site of a church founded by St. Patrick. After an ‘‘al fresco”’
lunch the party made their way to Tullyhogue Fort, from
which there is an extensive and most beautiful view. After
the outer and inner rings of the rath had been explored,
Mr. Glasgow gave a full and interesting account of the
history of the fort, showing how the Kings of Tirowen came
here to be crowned until, in 1602, Lord Mountjoy broke the
coronation stone. Reference was made to the greatness of
Tullyhogue when it became the capital of Tirowen after the
sack of the Grianan of Ailech by the O’Briens and their
allies, and the suggestion was thrown out that the Kingdom
of Tullyhogue had been co-extensive with the old rural
deanery of Tullyhogue, i.e., that part of the Diocese of
Armagh which lies in Co. Down and Co. Tyrone. Passing
through the village of Desertcreat and the site of the famous
battle where in 1281 the O’Neills, with the help of the
English, repulsed the O’Donnells of Tirconail and the
O’Briens, the party entered Desertcreat churchyard. Here
Rev. W. E. R. Scott, M.A., pointed out the grave of Patrick
O’Donnelly, Bishop of Dromore, and his brother. Turlough,
Bishop of Derry in the troubled times of the Penal Laws,
and inside the church the curious bilingual inscription on the
gravestone of Alexander Saunderson, who died in 1683.
From Desertcreat the Club drove to Milton, where Mr. and
Mrs. Greer most hospitably entertained them to tea and
gave them an opportunity of viewing Mr. Greer’s splendid
collection of Irish lepidoptera. After tea, at a short meeting
of the Club, a hearty vote of thanks was proposed by Rh.
S. Lepper to Mr. and Mrs. Greer, Miss Laing, Mr. Glasgow
and Rev. W. E. R. Scott, to which Mr. Greer and Mr.
Glasgow briefly replied. From Milton Mr. Greer conducted
the botanists to the floating island of Ardpatrick, where the
Bog Myrtle grows to the height of 6 or 8 feet and Equisetum
variegatum and Cladium mariscus were to be seen in
abundance. Cardamine amara, Fagus heterophylla and

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
108

Liriodendron tulipifera had also been seen, the first-named
by the Ballinderry river, the others in the Rectory grounds.
The return journey was made through Stewartstown
and by the south of Lough Neagh, so that the lake was
completely encircled by the party during the day.

DUNLUCE AND WHITE ROCKS CAVES.

Date—Saturday, 23rd August, 1930. Conductors—E. N. Carrothers
and R. J. Welch, M.R.I.A. Number present, —

The members travelled to Portrush by the 1-15 train
and took the electric tram for Dunluce. The main object
of the excursion was to see the great improvements made
in this new “‘ National Monument,’’ by the Ancient Monu-
ments Committee, Northern Ireland, and the many interest-
ing features which the repair work had revealed. After this
inspection, which included some of the recently uncovered
original pavements, R. S. Lepper gave a short talk on the
history of the Castle down the centuries. After leaving the
rock portion of the Castle, the extensive buildings on the
mainland were examined. ‘Tea was partaken of in the
‘“ Dunluce House ”’ tourist tea-house, and the journey home
brought the day’s run to an end.

PORTAFERRY AND ARDS PENINSULA.

Date—6th September, 1930. Conductor—C. E. Kerr. Number
present, 45.

The party started at 2 p.m. and proceeded by motor-
omnibus to Greyabbey, where a halt was made to inspect
the ruined Abbey and Cistercian monastery. From there
the members went to Ballywalter, taking the coast road
through Ballyhalbert, where they saw the gallan or standing
stone and a fine tumulus. Kirkistone Castle, built in the
reign of James I., was then reached and, through the
courtesy of the custodian, the interesting keep and well-
preserved Bawn or fortified courtyard were inspected.

After passing Cloghy Bay, with its fine strand, a halt
was made at the old church and graveyard of Ardmacaisse,
now called Slanes. Thence the road round the southern
extremity of the peninsula to Portaferry was followed, the
stone-circle and earthwork called Tara Fort being seen on
the way.

1930-31.]
10Q

Tea was enjoyed at the Nugent Arms Hotel and was
followed by a business meeting, after which the ruimed
gable of the old church of Templecranney was inspected and
the long journey home commenced, a visit being paid en
route to the Abbacy, the old remains of which were seen
by the courtesy of Mr. Frank Savage, of Ardquin.

MAGHERAMORNE.

Date—20th September, 1930. Conductor—Professor J. K.
Charlesworth. Number present, 65.

The special object of this excursion was to study on the
spot the questions that led to a discussion (vide Irish
Naturalists’ Journal, Vol. III., pp. 74-82 and 101-105)
regarding the origin of some ‘‘Flour of flint’’ found there by
A. M‘I. Cleland. The conductor and Mr. Cleland were both
listened to with great interest by the large assemblage of
members present.

The journey to and from Magheramorne was made by
train.

MONTALTO.

Date—27th September, 1930. Conductors—EK. N. Carrothers and A.
EK. Muskett. Number present, 60.

Through the kindness of the Countess of Clanwilliam
the Club visited Montalto on Saturday afternoon. This
visit took the form of a fungus foray, and during the
afternoon the grounds and woods were thoroughly explored
for any growth which might, by hook or by crook, be called
a fungus. From this point of view the efforts of the
searchers were amply rewarded, and among the collection
which was made four or five species were found which had
not previously been recorded for Ireland.

The pleasure of the afternoon was greatly added to by
Lady Clanwilliam’s kindness in inviting the party to tea,
and at six o’clock, when the train left Ballynahinch for
Belfast, a unanimous vote of thanks was accorded to her
Ladyship and the staff at Montalto for affording the
members of the Club such an ideal afternoon both from the
point of view of work and pleasure.

{Proc. B.N.F.C.
TIO

WINTER SESSION.

The authors of the Papers, of which abstracts are given,
are alone responsible for the views expressed therein,

CONVERSAZIONE.

The Winter Session began with a Conversazione held in
the Assembly Hall, Fisherwick Place, on Tuesday, 21st
October, 1930, at which there was a very large attendance
of members and friends. ‘T’ea was served from 7 to 8 p.m.

The Exhibits included :—

Botany.—The President, some regional British floras
and European plants; J. R. H. Greeves, Australian wild
flowers; FE. N. Carrothers Alliwm oleracewm and Ornithopus
perfusillus from Co. Down; Miss M. W. Rea, Marine Algae
and Slime Fungus; Miss W. J. Sayers, methods of seed
dispersal; C. R. Nodder, living specimens of Composites and
Conifers; W. G. Burns, specimens of commercial timber;
Ministry of Agriculture, Q.U.B., diseases of plants; Mrs.
Nodder, winter table decorations, using local plants.

Grotoacy.—A. H. Davison, zonal Liassic fossils and
minerals from Diamond Rocks; A. M‘I. Cleland,
disintegrated basalts, Tripoli rock, and rocks from
Magheramorne; Department of Geology, Q.U.B., specimens
illustrating mode of occurrence of fossils.

Zootocy.—J. A. S. Stendall and J. Orr, seaside birds;
Jos. Cunningham, birds; Dr. R. H. Hunter, mammalian
skulls to show functional changes in tooth form, microscopic
demonstrations and photographs; Rev. Canon Foster, moths
including Convolvulus and Death’s Head from Co. Down;
Dr. H. P. T. Rohleder, Python and Puff Adder skins from
Central Africa; D. J. Carpenter, some common Galls;
Department’ of Zoology, Q.U.B,, mussels from Belfast
Lough and Harbour; Miss Nora Fisher, Irish species of
chiton and living Planorbis corneus from Cushendall; W. M.
Crawford, Swiss butterflies and two Convolvulus Hawk
Moths from Belfast and one Death’s Head from Portrush ;
R. J. Welch, living freshwater Mollusca; Professor Gregg
Wilson, microscopic exhibit.

ArcumoLocy.—Robert Bell, rude early flint imple-
ments; Dr. Alan Parke and A. Pringle, objects from sandhill
sites near Gweebara river, Co. Donegal; Walter Gracey, flint
axes from Bann Valley; R. J. Welch, types of flint

1930-31.]
Itl

implements from Ballycastle; Dr. J. B. Stewart, bronze
weapons, tools, flint artifacts, etc.; Mrs. Nodder, Gleave
from Hillsborough.

MiscELLANEOusS.—S. W. Millar, properties of liquid air;
Miss Ethne Glendinning, old German music box; Miss
Peggy Loewenthal, Irish and other shell necklaces.

Juntor Dtiviston.—Labelled Tree Twigs—Shown by
winner of Miss Sayers’ Prize; Pressed Flowers, Beatrice
Searle, William Smith, Vivian Greene; Collection of Fruits,
Vivian Greene; Antiquarian Photographs, with Notes, R.
Noél Gregg; Antiquarian Sketches, with Notes, Samuel
Kernaghan; Sea Shells and Crabs’ Backs, Kathleen
Maxwell; Minerals, Ranald MacDonald; North of Ireland
Land and Freshwater Shells, John M‘Williams; Seashore
Shells, Sam Kernaghan; Water-Colour Drawings of Flowers,
Ethne Glendinning, Lois M‘Keown; Stuffed Alligators and
an Alhgator’s Egg, from British Guiana, Agatha R.
Crawford; Nature Diaries, Jean Cole, Agatha R. Crawford,
Felicity Bolton; Collection Social Wasps, including all six
Irish Species, Agatha R. Crawford; Minerals and Fossils,
Robert and Alistair Stephen; Worked Flint Flake, from
raised beach at Holywood, Robert Stephen; Stick Insects
and Eggs, Matilda and Elizabeth Shaw; 1930 Collection of
Birds’ Eggs, Campbell Douglas Deane; Botanical Exhibit,
Nora Stendall; Geological Exhibit, shown by William
Swanston Hanna, loaned from collection of William
Swanston, F.G.S.; Collection of Coins, Robert Stephen;
Skin of Garter Snake, from Canada, Felicity Bolton; 1930
Collection of Grasses, Jack Blair; Mementoes of the
Season’s Junior Excursions, Mrs. Nodder; Seaweeds, Peggy
Tweedie; an attempt to show, diagrammatically, the
development of life from earliest forms, Alan E. Conelly.

Captain C. D. Chase presided at the business meeting
held at 9-10 p.m. He congratulated the Club on the fine
exhibition and appealed for subscriptions to the fund for the
restoration of Bonamarghy, a Franciscan monastery at
Ballycastle. <A gift was then handed to Mrs. Nodder as a
mark of appreciation of her work on behalf of the Junior
Division of the Club. 24 new members were elected.

The Chairman then distributed the prizes for the
summer work and also those won at that exhibition. The
awards were as follows :—Water-colour drawings of flowers
—1, Lois M‘Keown; 2, Ethne Glendinning. Best collection
of pressed flowers—1, Wm. Smith; 2, Jean Cole; 3, Vivian

{Proc. B.N.F.C.
112

Green. Identification of twigs—1, Alice Glendinning; 2,
Jean Cole and Katherine Maxwell. Collection of British
marine shells—Katherine Maxwell. Best collection of
seaweeds—Peggy Tweedie. Best collection of minerals and
fossils—Robert and Alistair Stephen (jointly). Best essay on
Natural History Department, Belfast Museum, Felicity
Bolton. Photographs or sketches of Irish Antiquities—1l,
Noél Gregg; 2, Sam Kernaghan. Collection of Natural
History specimens—T’. C. Teuton. Best living Botanical
exhibit—1, Nora Stendall; 2, Beatrice Searle. Best living
Zoological exhibit—l, Michael Clarke; 2, Tony Searle.
Best surprise exhibit—Winners: Beatrice Searle, Marjorie
Cleland and Murphy Nodder.

SOME RANDOM THOUGHTS ON PHILOSOPHY
AND SCIENCE. «

The first ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Old Museum on Tuesday, 11th November, 1930,
at 8 p.m., when the Presidential Address was delivered by
Captain C. D. Chase, M.C., M.A.

The President began by stating that he was going to
address his remarks in the first instance to the Junior
members of the Club. This was meant as a compliment
to Mrs. Nodder on the admirable work she had been doing
for the past few years as secretary of the junior section.

After a few words on the merits of hobbies for young
and old, the President touched on the broad differences
between the philosophical and_ scientific outlooks, and
suggested it would perhaps be well for young people to try
and acquire the best of both outlooks. Ultimate reality, a
phrase so often on the lps both of philosophers and
scientists, probably lies not in the material but in the
spiritual sphere. Time and space, or our conceptions of
time and space, are limited, and however much science may
extend the boundaries of both, the problem, viewed
materially, remains insoluble.

In that other great problem of the origin and nature
of life, science is found to have no answer, although it can
throw much light on some phases of the development of life.

Evolution, which took the scientific world by storm last
century, is being examined anew and in many respects is
found wanting.

On the conclusion of the lecture, J. A. S. Stendall
expressed the thanks of the meeting to the President, and
Miss Nora Stendall voiced the appreciation of the members
of the Junior Division,

1930-31.]
113

LIFE AND THE UNIVERSE.

The second ordinary meeting of the Session was held
in the Old Museum, on Tuesday, 25th November, 1930,
when Dr. R. Lloyd Praeger delivered a lecture under the
above title, the chair being taken by the President (Captain
C, D. Chase).

Probably the most interesting part of his address was a
mental excursion into the possible future of the earth. The
sun, he said, was now very old. Its life was far advanced,
and its end was near as compared with the length of time
since its beginning. But with millions of years still to go
this approaching end did not enter into human problems, in
which a mere thousand years was an age.

The earth, said Dr. Praeger, would probably continue
habitable for a period perhaps three thousand times as long
as that which had elapsed since life first appeared upon it—
three million times as long as man’s present sojourn on this
planet.

“Slowly the sun’s heat will diminish,’’ he said.
‘Slowly the earth will draw further away from the sun, the
source of all life, but so gradually that, by human standards,
no change will be observed. What changes will even a
fraction of that immense period bring forth in the teeming
mysterious life of our earth? If the past foreshadows the
future all things will change again and again.”’

No organisms, and least of all the highest, had persisted
for even a considerable part of the three hundred million
years of the habitable earth. In tens of thousands of
different forms, species, and families had appeared, only to
disappear again. At present the vegetable and animal
worlds were dominated respectively by flowering plants and
man. Would these also give way in their turn to something
higher, he asked, and move towards some far-off, divine
event to which the whole creation moved, or would life,
even as it had ascended ever since the earth became
habitable, eventually descend as the sun’s heat diminished,
and cease at length among lowly organisms such as those
with which it began. Science, he declared, could not
answer.

Alluding briefly to the possibility of animal life on the
other planets, he said the earth was probably the only speck
of matter in the universe on which there existed what they
called life,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
rhs

It was, perhaps, 300,000 years ago that man appeared
on the earth, one of the latest comers of all. Only during
the last 100th part of his sojourn here had he reached the
stage of endeavouring to understand the mysteries with
which he is surrounded. It was only during the last ten
generations that he had been able, through the invention of
the telescope and spectroscope, to probe deeper into these
mysteries.

There was a very large attendance and those voicing
their appreciation of the lecture or asking questions were : —
R. J. Welch, J. A. S. Stendall, Rev..W. R. Megaw, and A.
H. Davison.

THE SEASON’S LANTERN SLIDES.

A special meeting of the Club was held in the Old
Museum, on Tuesday evening, 2nd December, 1930, at 8
p-m., when the slides relating to the past season’s
excursions, and which could not be shown on the occasion of
the conversazione, were thrown on the sereen. The
description of each set of slides was given by the conductor
of the particular excursion shown. This made a most
interesting meeting and the attendance was large and
appreciative.

THE ORIGIN OF THE IRISH FAUNA AND FLORA.*

The third ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Old Museum, on Tuesday evening, 16%th
December, 1930, the President (Captain C. D. Chase) in the
chair, when Professor J. Kaye Charlesworth, D.Sc.,
M.R.I.A., F.G.S., gave a most interesting lecture on the
above subject to a very full house.

The substance of the lecture was as follows:—We
possess no knowledge of the animal and vegetable life of
Treland immediately before the onset of the Glacial Period,
when an ice-sheet of great thickness completely covered the
country and annihilated all pre-existing life within its
confines. Since life, except in its most lowly forms, was
impossible upon the surface of the ice-sheet, and completely
impossible beneath the. ice-sheet itself, survival of the pre-
glacial life could only take place beyond the present shores,
on an ice-free strip, if any such existed.

* Those wishing a fuller ‘exposition of this subject should see
Professor Charlesworth’s paper in the Proceedings of the Royal Irish
Academy, Vol, XXXTX, Section B, pages 358-390,

1930-31.]
IT5

The level of the sea around the Irish coasts during the
Glacial Period was about 50 fathoms lower than it now is.
The closeness of the depth-line of 50. fathoms to the present
coast and the great extension of the ice-sheet beyond the
coast render such survival off the west coast impossible; off
the southern coast just possible. The climate of such an
ice-free strip off the south of Ireland was so severe that only
Arctic forms could survive.

A considerable fauna and flora entered Ireland during
the following inter-glacial period over a land connection with
Britain, and a portion doubtless survived during the
ensuing period of glaciation when the edge of the ice lay
along a line joining Wexford with the mouth of the Shannon.

The greater part of the fauna and flora, however,
immigrated after the final recession of the ice, when a plain
watered and drained by a mighty river, with wide lake-like
expanses united Britain and Ireland. The immigration was
practically brought to an end when submergence, aided by
marine erosion and tidal seour, effected the present
separation.

The lecture was listened to with close attention and
elicited questions from J. A. S. Stendall, A. M‘I. Cleland,
L.. C. Hodgson, A. H. Davison, Rev. W. R. Megaw, James
Jackson, Joseph Skillen, and T. J. Johnston, the lecturer
giving a reply to each one.

THE OGHAM INSCRIPTIONS.

The fourth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Old Museum on Thursday, 12th February, 1981,
when Mr. M. A. O’Brien, M.A., Ph.D., lectured on the
above subject. The lecture was illustrated by lantern
slides.

[ No abstract received. |

FOLK-LORE.

The fifth ordinary meeting of the session was held in the
Old Museum, on Tuesday, 17th February, 1931. The
President (Captain C. D. Chase) was in the chair and the
lecturer was Mr. EK. J. M‘Kean, K.C.

Folk-lore, the speaker said, was a very wide subject,
covering all the past activities of men and the survivals of
forgotten and exploded beliefs in obscure customs, which
had survived in contemporary usages, found among the more
backward individuals of the community. He then

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
116

discussed the legends of Dunluce, Shane’s Castle, and the
famous Ulster mansions. There was the story of James
Haddock, of Malone, one that had been investigated by
Jeremy Taylor when Bishop of Down. The ‘‘Beresford’’
or ‘‘Tyrone’’ story was supposed to have taken place near
Dromore, a secretaire which was said to have come into
the story being still in existence. Many other ghost and
banshee stories were told by the speaker, who concluded
that though many customs and beliefs were disappearing,
there was still plenty of material to be collected.

On the motion of R. J. Welch, seconded by J. Skillen,
a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. M‘Kean was passed.

PLEISTOCENE CAVE ANIMALS AND THEIR
PRESENT RELATIVES.

At the sixth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session,
held in the Old Museum, on Tuesday evening, 24th March,
1931, a lecture under the above title was delivered by Dr. J.
Wilfrid Jackson, F.G.S., of Manchester, the President
(Captain C. D. Chase) being in the chair.

Dr. Jackson remarked that had there been Natural
History Societies or Field Clubs in the old Stone Age, when
Western Europe was experiencing glacial conditions, the
members would have been able to study a most interesting
and extraordinary fauna, and one very different from the
present. The ‘‘English’’ societies of those far-away days,
especially those in the South, would have had a varied group
of animals and birds at their disposal, though, perhaps, not
quite so rich in species as on the Continent. On the other
hand, the naturalists of Ireland and Scotland would not
have been so fortunate, owing to the limited number of
forms.

Continuing, Dr. Jackson said that the only evidence
pointing to the possible existence of man in Ireland about
the end of the paleolithic period was that obtained at
Kilgreany Cave, County Waterford, in 1928, when a human
skull and other bones were found embedded in stalagmite and
associated with remains of reindeer, giant Irish deer, Arctic
lemming, etc.*

Among the animals dealt with by the lecturer were the
hippopotamus, hyena, lion, mammoth, woolly rhinoceros,

* v. Irish Naturalists’ Journal. Vol. III, p. 118, Kilgreany Cave,
Co. Waterford, by A. W. Stelfox,. M.R.T.A,

1930-31.)
riy

reindeer, and various small rodents, including lemmings and
pika, or tailless hare. The geological history, past distribu-
tion, and present habitat of their relatives were described,
and some reference made to the former occurrence of some of
those animals in Ireland during the Ice Age.

The mammoth seemed to have lived in all parts of
Ireland, as its remains are recorded from Antrim, Cavan,
Galway, Waterford, and Cork. In the famous Castlepook
Cave in the latter county its bones and teeth, said the
lecturer, were found in great abundance, associated with
those of the reindeer, and, more interesting still, the hyena.
The latter was discovered there in 1904, and up to the
present had not been met with elsewhere in Ireland. Other
important and interesting discoveries in the Castlepook Cave
were the remains of the Scandinavian and Arctic lemmings.
Bones and jaws of the arctic form had also been found in
the Kesh Caves, County eres and in the Edenvale Caves,
County Clare.

After passing in review the various species represented
by remains from cave deposits, the lecturer went on to say
that, though direct evidence was lacking, it might
reasonably be assumed that the warm fauna comprising the
hippopotamus and others, which was abundant in Southern
England in early pleistocene times, also reached Ireland,
but was destroyed or driven out again at the period of
maximum glaciation. The advent of this fauna into
England was clearly at a period when Britain was intimately
connected with the Continent; but could they be sure that
Ireland was similarly connected with England at this stage ?
It might be that Ireland was cut off by sea when the
hippopotamus and its associates, together with early
paleolithic man, inhabited Southern Britain and _ the
Continent. Strangely enough the hippopotamus had never
been detected in Scotland, its northern limit being
Yorkshire.

It was pointed out by Dr. Jackson that Ireland
resembled Scotland in a most remarkable way from the fact
that its first pleistocene fauna appeared to have been a
glacial one, of which the mammoth was a prominent
member. This cold or mammoth fauna appeared in full
force in Southern England in the Mousterian stage of man’s
cultural development, and evidence seemed to point to the
fact that this was contemporaneous with a glaciation of
wide extent. It wag considered that at this stage only the
Southern part of England was ice-free, and that the whole
of Ireland was covered by the ice-sheet. On the disappear-

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
118

ance of the ice or during some stages of its retreat it was
assumed that certain of the species belonging to this fauna
spread northwards and westwards, and there was evidence
that the mammoth, together with the reindeer, giant Irish
deer, hyena, lemmings, é&c., reached Ireland. The
mammoth and reindeer also spread into Southern Scotland
along with the woolly rhinoceros (not found in Ireland) and
others, but the hyena did not appear to have reached that
country. The lion, associated with this fauna in Southern
England, did not seem to have extended into Ireland or
Scotland.

Concluding, Dr. Jackson said that from studies made by
inany workers it was evident that renewed glacial conditions
towards the end of the old Stone Age played some part in
the ultimate extinction of many of the old forms, including
the mammoth; but many other species seemed to have
spread from the Continent to Great Britain before the land
connection was severed. A number of these reached
Ireland before the final separation of that country by the
formation of the Irish Sea.

The Right Hon. Samuel Cunningham proposed a vote
of thanks to the lecturer, and Colonel Fred Crawford
seconded. R. J. Welch and J. A. S. Stendall also spoke to
the paper.

Dr. Jackson, replying, said he hoped that before long it
would be possible to make investigations into the cave fauna
of the North of Ireland, which might have the result of
bringing forward the remains of extinct animals, and thus
throw a great deal of light on the conditions of life in this
country in past ages.

TALKS AND SLIDES.

A special feature during this winter season was the
holding of extra meetings for talks in connection with the
different branches of the Club’s activities, the talks being
largely intended for juniors and beginners in the various
subjects and were all illustrated by lantern slides. The
particulars of these talks were as follows :—

6th January, 1931—Geology, by A. M‘I. Cleland.

8rd February—Fossils, by D. J. Carpenter.

3rd March—Bird Ancestry and Modern Forms, by
J. A. S. Stendall.

31st Marech—Talks, with lantern slides, by A...A.

Campbell, Joseph Skillen, Mrs. Nodder, C. R. Nodder, A.
M‘T. Cleland, R. J. Welch, and A. R. Hogg.
14th April—Botany, by C. R. Nodder.

1930-31.)
119

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual Meeting was held in the Museum, College
Square North, on Tuesday, 21st April, 1931, at 8 p-m., the
Vice-President (Mr. C. E. Kerr) in the chair. The following
Reports were presented :—

ANNUAL REPORT.

The Committee have pleasure in presenting the Sixty-
eighth Annual Report and in testifying to the continued
prosperity of the Club.

The membership stands as follows:—5 Honorary
Members, 4 Corresponding, 2 Life, 500 Ordinary, 143
Juniors, a grand total of 654.

During the past year 47 members were elected, 18
resigned, 9 died, 27 were struck off the roll in accordance with
Rule III. for non-payment of subscription.

The Field Clubs affiliated with us are, asin last report—
Route, Limavady, and Londonderry.

We deeply regret to record the deaths of a number of
our members, more especially T. Edens Osborne, who was
our Honorary Treasurer for some years; Hamilton
M'Cleery, J.P., who many years ago gave frequent
lectures during the winter session and microscopic
demonstrations at the annual conversaziones. He was one
of the oldest members, being elected in 1884, thus remaining
a member for forty-seven years; and 8. Freeland, whose
early death we much regret.

On 24th November last a Survey Committee was
formed to note and catalogue the antiquities within our
district, A. Albert Campbell being elected Chairman of this
committee and Miss M. Gaffikin the Hon. Secretary. On
the same date Miss Gaffikin was appointed Joint Hon.
Secretary of the Archeological Section. This survey was
long overdue and the information that the committee will
accumulate and file for future use will be original work of
great value.

Dr. Praeger, a former Secretary and President, was
elected this year to the high office of President of the Royal
Trish Academy.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
120

During the year eleven meetings of committee were
held, and the following were the attendances :—

W..oM. Crawford. 2. gh Robert Bell steely
J. A. 9. Spendall as, aalal G. C. Reilly pas LT
Joseph Skillen pode stil R. J. Welch if
A. M'‘I. Cleland iar A) D. J. Carpenter 6
A. H. Davison ss eeteclill) C. KE. Kerr ee al
C. R. Nodder sae abit hk. S. Lepper BEN aG
Jas. Orr ayas tev. W. R. Megaw ... 6
Mrs. Nodder 6S }. R.A. Greevesssiae 5
Captain Chase i ? Ki. N. Carrothers 4
A. Albert Campbell . 7 Prof. Charlesworth ... 4
Miss Nora Fisher 7 Miss M. Gaffikin (co-

Miss Sayers a opted on 24th Nov.) 4
The Lectures given during the Winter Session were as
under, and the attendance was good as usual. They were
mostly illustrated by lantern slides, the lantern being
manipulated by A. R. Hogg in his usual efficient way.
1930.
November 11—Presidential Address :
“Some Random Thoughts on Philosophy
and Science.’’
ce 25—“‘Lite and The Universe.’’
R. Lu. PRAEGER. D.SC., B.E., M.R.1.Ac
December 16—The Origin of the Irish Fauna and Flora.
Professor J. KAayE CHARLESWORTH, D.SC., M.R.I.A., F.G.S.

1931.
January 6—Talk on Geology.
A. M‘I. CLELAND.
Talk on Fossils.
D. J. CARPENTER, A.R:C.SC. (L.)
12—The Ogham Inscriptions.
M. A..O’BRIEN, M.A., PH.D.
pe I7—Folk-iore.
ied. Me KMAN, Boace
March 38—Talk on Bird Ancestry and Modern Forms.
J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.I.A.
94-—Pleistocene Cave Animals and their Present
Relatives.
J. WILFRID JACKSON, D.SC., F.G.S.
(Manchester Museum).
31—Talks, with Lantern Slides.
Various Members of the Club.
April 14—Talk on Botany.
C. R. NoppgEr, M.A.

February 3

oe dit

There were twelve excursions held during the year as
follows :—

24th May, 1930, Bessbrook and District.
7th June, Nendrum (half day).

14th June, Sallagh Braes.

17th June, Marino (evening).

28th June, Downhill and Magilligan,

1st July, Comber Estuary (evening).

11th to 15th July, Chester.

sth August, Loughrey and Tullyhogue.

23rd August, The Whiterocks and Dunluce (half day).
6th September, Portaferry (half day).

20th September, Magheramorne (half day).
27th September, Fungus Foray to Montalto.

We desire to return our warmest thanks to the
following for kindness shown during the summer
excursions, especially to Countess Clanwilliam — for
admission to Montalto demesne, and Mrs. Williams, The
Woodhouse, Bessbrook, who entertained the members of
the Bessbrook excursion to tea; also Miss Bareroft and Mr.
John S. W. Richardson of Bessbrook; Mr. O’Doherty,
Magilligan; Prof. Robert Newstead, F.R.S., Mr. David
Miln, F.L.8., Mr. W. W. Siddall, Bishop Wentworth
Sheals, Mr Sydney Davidson, Mr. Frank Simpson, F.S.A.,
all of Chester; Mr. Dodds, Portaferry; and the British
Portland Cement Co., Magheramorne. To the Press also
we return our thanks for reporting our meetings.

The Annual Conversazione was held in the Assembly
Buiudings on 21st October, 1930, the attendance being well
up to the average.

After a welcome to members and their friends by the
President, and the distribution of prizes won by the Juniors,
24 new members were elected.

The Committee desire to return their warmest thanks to
the donors of the prizes, who were The President (2), Vice
President (2), G. C. Reilly (2), Miss Fisher, Miss Sayers,
Prof. Charlesworth, W. M. Crawford, A. A. Campbell, A.
H. Davison, C. R. Nodder, R. 8. Lepper, J. Orr, J. R. H.
Greeves, and J. A. 8. Stendall.

(Proc. B.N-F.C.
I22

Sea Le TS Se ee OE eC
DECEASED MEMBERS.
Chas. 8. Carter.

Sam Freeland.

J. C. Houston, M.B.
Frank Kirkpatrick.

Captain Stouppe M‘Cance.
J. E. M‘Tlwaine, M.D.

H. M’Cleery? Jae.

T. Edens Osborne.

Miss Smiley.

HONORARY LIBRARIAN’S REPORT.

Proceedings from exchanging societies are being bound
and made available for ready reference. J am endeavouring
to complete sets where parts are wanting, and can report
that this project is proceeding satisfactorily. It is hoped
that the Museum Library, where our library is now housed,
will be open to the public at an early date, with an
assistant always present to attend to the requirements of
those seeking information,

The usual exchanges have been received, a list being
appended (page 175). Two new exchanges have been effected,
with the Barrow Naturalists’ Field Club and Scientific
Association and the Swansea Scientific and Field
Naturalists’ Society.

W. M. Crawrorp, Hon. Librarian.

REPORT OF HON. RECORDING SECRETARY.

Weather conditions during the past year differed very
little from those of the preceding twelve months, the early
part of the year being remarkable for the absence of rain and
the latter part scarcely less remarkable for its prevalence.

There was a general tendency to lateness in the arrival
of summer bird visitors and the appearance of flowers, due,
no doubt, to the cold winds that prevailed in the spring not
only here but in Great Britain and the Continent.

The earliest local records for bird visitors are :—
Chiffchaff—27th March, 1930, Warrenpoint.
Willow Warbler—27th. March, Belfast.

1930-31.]
123

Swallow—30th March, Belfast.

Corncrake—lst April, Ballintoy.

Sand Martin—4th April, Warrenpoint.

Cuckoo—9th April, Killyleagh.

House Martin—23rd April, Killyleagh.

Whitethroat—4th May, Warrenpoint.

Swift—6th May, Warrenpoint.

Sedge Warbler—l1th May, Warrenpoint.

The Fulmar Petrel, Fulmarus g. glacialis L. was found
nesting on the Giant’s Causeway headlands in July, by Miss
Agatha R. Crawford. W. M. Crawford has reported
two specimens of Convolvulus Hawk-Moth, Sphinz
convolvuli L. taken in Belfast. Another example of this
species was recorded from Newtownards by Mr. J. G.
Rhynehart. Planorbis corneus L., a mollusk only pre-
viously recorded in Ireland from Co. Kildare and Queen’s
County, was found by Miss Nora Fisher inhabiting the pond
in the grounds of the Glenville Hotel, Cushendall, probably
introduced. Several highly important botanical discoveries
have been made. Norman Carrothers found the Bird’s-
foot, Ornithopus perpusillus L. growing on stony ground near
sand dunes at Newcastle, Co. Down, in August. Hitherto
this species was not known in Ireland to grow north of Co.
Dublin. The same observer is also responsible for the
record of a new Co. Down plant, in the Field Garlic, Allium
oleraceum L., found between Comber and Dundonald. The
Smooth Cat’s Ear, Hypochaeris glabra L. is reported from
Portstewart by Rev. W. R. Megaw. The same observer,
together with our President (Captain C: D. Chase) has
recorded the rare Flat-Stalked Meadow Grass, Poa
compressa L. from the roadside near Campbell College.
Other records are :—

Upright Bedstraw, Galium erectum Huds. Greenisland,
Co. Antrim, by Miss Nora Fisher.

Whitlow Pepperwort, Lepidium Diaba L., Waterloo,
Larne, by R. H. Common.

Dwarf Juniper, Juniperus nana Willd., Ballintoy, by J.
R. H. Greeves. Several additions to the moss flora are
given in The Irish Naturalists’ Journal, v. III. p. 130.

J. A. Sipney Srenpatu, Hon. Recording Secretary.

REPORT OF BOTANICAL SECTION.
Thirty-seven members joined the Botanical Section.
Four excursions were held as follows :—
Saturday, May 3lst—Killough and St. John’s Point.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
124

Tuesday evening, June 24th—Bellevue Rock Gardens.

Saturday, July 7th—NRiver Lagan, Hillsborough to
Lisburn.

Saturday, August 16th—Artoges River.

The last excursion was held jointly with the Archeo-
logical Section.

At the Killough excursion the plants noted included
Brassica alba, Artemisia maritima and Crithmum
maritimum, all of which are rare. By the Artoges River,
near the small waterfall known as the Rumbling Stones, the
Bird Cherry, Prunus Padus and the wild Guelder Rose were
found. It is again a pleasure to thank Mr. Graham, of the
3otanie Gardens, for conducting us on the Bellevue
excursion.

C. R. Nopper, ‘
wf afaoe Hon. Secretaries.
WW. RT Mneaw,

REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

Owing to various circumstances we regret to report that
neither of us was able to organise any excursions during the
past Session.

On September 20th a general excursion by the Club was
made to Magheramorne Quarries under the guidance of Dr.
J. K. Charlesworth, and as the object of this excursion was
purely geological, the visit may be recorded in this report.

tecently the workings at Magheramorne Quarries have
revealed several features of great interest to local geologists,
full details of which are given in the Trish Naturalists’
Journal (Vol. III., p. 74). The excursion was very well
attended and during its course, Dr. Charlesworth pointed
cut the various features to be observed and gave his
explanations regarding their geological bearings.

A recent interesting discovery made by A. M‘T. Cleland
may also be placed on record here, as it comes within the
scope of the section.

It may be remembered that in the Irish Naturalists’
Journal for July, 1928 (Vol. II., p. 75), there appeared a
short article describing the finding of a dyke of ‘‘ white ”’
Basalt in an exposure of Triassic marl to be seen at Ligoniel.
This was apparently the first time “‘ white ’’ Basalt had been
observed in Ulster.

1930-31.1
125

A short time ago when visiting Cloghan Point, near
Whitehead, A. M‘I. Cleland carefully examined The Riggs
Dyke, a broad basaltic dyke passing through Triassic marl
and running well out into deep water. The dyke forms a
most dangerous reef, its outermost point being carefully
indicated by a flash-light buoy.

On both faces of this dyke, where it passes through the
marl, ‘‘ white ’’ Basalt is clearly revealed, the best being
seen on its N.E. face. Its general appearance is that of an
impure chalk; it is quite soft, and can be easily cut with a
knife. It lines the basalt to the depth of about a foot.

The conclusion one may come to is that wherever a
basaltie dyke is found penetrating Triassic marl, particularly
if the latter is associated with gypsum, one may reasonably
expect to find ‘‘ white ’’ Basalt.

This conclusion it is hoped will be strengthened by
further investigations during the coming Session,

Rosert BEL, LW ee et ae
On secre TIES,
A.. M‘I. CLELAND, u en eee

REPORT OF ZOOLOGICAL SECTION.

Two excursions were held during the summer, one in
conjunction with the Junior Division to Marino mussel beds;
and the other to the Black Arch, Larne, where the rock pools
were examined. ‘The first was fairly well attended, the
second was not. The Club contains many members
interested in zoology, but as each apparently has a particular
subject it is extremely difficult to arrange excursions to suit
all. A good deal of quiet work has, however, been done by
various members, some of which has been published in The
Irish Naturalists’ Journal, A beginning has been made
towards bringing the local list of marine mollusca up to
date, and the land and freshwater mollusca have also
received attention. The Rev. E. M. Gumley recently sent
a Nudibranch from Ballintoy for identification. It proved
to be Goniodoris nodosa Montagu, new to Co. Antrim, and
previously only once recorded (by Drummond, about 100
years ago) from N.E. Ireland.

In almost every branch of zoology, particularly among
the lower invertebrates, a great amount of work awaits

attention,
Nora FISHER :
i ge: : on. Secretaries,
R. J, WELCH, a

(Proc. B.N.I.C.
126

REPORT OF ARCHAOLOGICAL SECTION.

This section held one excursion, in conjunction with the
Botanical Section, during the past Session.

This outing was to the Valley of the Artoges River in
Mid-Antrim.

On the way Dunclug Moat was visited, being a moat
and bailey built during the Norman invasion. The party made
their headquarters at the dower house of the O’Haras of
Crebilly, and from there visited the Rumbling Stones,
celebrated in local poetry. Close by is one of the finest
earthen forts in the North of Ireland, possibly also a moat
and bailey. On the way to visit the ancient church of
Skerry a halt was made at Casheltown, where a well-
preserved stone cashel stands, from which the townland
takes its name. The party then made the arduous climb
to Skerry, where the magnificent view amply paid for the
exertion.

On the way homewards, a souterrain, easy of access
and in good preservation, was explored, and the Holy Well,
enjoyed a refreshing drink from’ its ice-cold water, was
visited.

Jos. SKILLEN, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF SURVEY COMMITTEE.

At a meeting of the General Committee of the
B.N.F.C., held on November 24th, 1930, it was resolved to
appoint a committee for the purpose of making a Survey of
Antiquities in the area of the activities of the Club and its
affiliated societies.

The committee consists of the following:—A. Albert
Campbell (Chairman); Miss M. Gaffikin (Hon. Secretary);
Mrs. Anderson, Robert Bell, Captain C. D. Chase, A. M‘I.
Cleland, Professor J. K. Charlesworth, A. H. Davison, C. E.
Kerr, D. E. Lowry, J.P.; R. S. Lepper, James Orr, Joseph
Skillen, Miss Sayers, R. J. Welch.

Five Committee Meetings have been held up to date.
Circulars describing the work to be undertaken were sent to
members of the B.N.F.C. and its affiliated societies and to
the P.E. School Teachers of Ulster, and inserted in the Irish
Naturalists’ Journal.

1930-31.]
f27

It was decided to record Antiquities by a Card Index
system and to mark sites on 1” Ordnance Survey Maps.
A grant of £20 for the purchase of a Card Index filing
Cabinet, etc., was approved by the General Committee.
Estimates for cabinets were received from various firms, and
that of Wm. Strain & Sons, Ltd., was accepted. The
requisite Ordnance Maps have been ordered and are being
mounted by Messrs. Erskine Mayne.

Notes of Antiquities have already been received, and,
in the district round Armagh, the work of marking hitherto
unrecorded Antiquities on the Survey Maps has begun.

The Libraries, Museums and Art Committee of the
Belfast Corporation has kindly granted permission to keep
the records of the Survey Committee in the Library of the
Belfast Municipal Museum and Art Gallery.

The thanks of the Committee are due to Professor
Charlesworth for the gift of Ordnance Survey Maps; to Mr.
Bonaparte Wyse for arranging for. the distribution of
Circulars to the National School Teachers; to Dr. Chart for
lecturing on the work of the Survey Committee to the
students at the Stranmillis Training College; to Mr. G.
Paterson of Armagh for recording and mapping local
Antiquities; also to Miss L. F. Chitty of Shrewsbury; Mr.
J. Graham Callander, Director of the National Museum of
Antiquities of Scotland; and Mr. H. V. Thompson of the
North Staffordshire Field Club, for useful advice and
sugggestions.

Mary Garrixty, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF JUNIOR DIVISION.

This is the end of the first year’s life of the Junior
Division (which used to be called the Junior Section) of the
Club. The new arrangement seems to be good in every
way and facilitates the working of the Division.

The Junior Division Committee, consisting of Miss
Sayers (Chairman), Mr. E. N. Carrothers, Nora Stendall,
Jean Cole, Jack Blair, Ranald Macdonald and William
Smith has met five times and has been of great assistance
to the secretary.

The number of junior members in April, 1930, was 109.
Nine members have resigned, three have been transferred to
the senior list, forty-six new members have been elected,
and the total number now is 148,.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
128

Junior members are sent notices only of those lectures
that are expected to be sufficiently elementary for them.
The average attendance at lectures has been about eighteen.
The usual number attending excursions has been about
twenty-four, although on three occasions there have been
more than forty present.

Prizes for the year’s work and for the Conversazione
exhibits were presented this year by members of the General
Committee even more generously than usual. In the opinion
of the Junior Division Committee the awarding of these was
as satisfactory as it could possibly be. Even without this
incentive the exhibits at the Conversazione would have
shown that a reasonable amount of practical nature study
is being carried on; but there are still more collections made
each vear which for some unknown reasons are never offered
for exhibition.

A collection of September blooms made by junior
members was shown at the Municipal Museum in
September. On the suggestion of a junior committee man,
William Smith, a badge was designed for the use of junior
members. Mr. E. N. Carrothers drew up the design,
following the shape of the B.N.F.C. emblem drawn by John
Vinycomb. It incorporates a piece of Celtic interlacing, a
shape inspired by the Dryas octopetala and the peacock
butterfly and the wording ‘‘B.N.F.C. Junior Division.’’
The badges are in nickel silver with blue enamel and are
sold at the cost price of 1s Id each.

An innovation and a special honour was accorded to
junior members by a personal invitation from the President
to his inaugural lecture. His remarks were particularly
framed to bring his thoughts home to junior members. Many
of them have expressed their intention of reading the printed
account of his lecture when they get older.

In addition to the following junior excursions, junior
members were invited to the fungus foray and some of the
Club general excursions. A very instructive talk on the
geology of Cloughfin Port was given at the Old Museum by
Mr. A. H. Davison prior to the excursion to that place.

1930.
April 12—Cloughfin Port, geological excursion, conducted
by Mr. A. H. Davison and Mr. Robert Bell.
May 10—Marine zoological excursion, Marino to Holy-
wood, conducted by Mr. R, J, Welch,

1930-31.]
129

June 5—Evening, special excursion to explore and
photograph quarried esker at Lambeg. Con-
ducted by Nora Stendall and Mr. R. J. Welch.

June 13—Evening excursion for seaweed collecting te
Whitehead. Conducted by Miss Rea, M.Sc.

June 21—Excursion to Conlig. Conductor, Mr. D. J.
Carpenter.

Aug. 26—Evening excursion to quarry and Laganside.
Conducted by Ranald Macdonald.

Aug. 80—Botanical excursion to Mossley to collect
September blooms for Museum plant tables.

Oct. 8—Visit to Natural History Museum, with talk by
Mr. Stendall. Followed by tea paid for with
funds left over from Junior Section of previous
season.

Oct. 14—Miss Sayers’ competition for identification of
twigs. (For use of room, light and fire for
this and junior committee meetings we are
indebted to Mr. A. H. Davison).

Noy. 12—Visit to Ballyclare Paper Mills. Conducted by
Mr. E. N. Carrothers.

Dee... 2—Visit to Ormeau Bakery. Tea provided by
courtesy of Mr. Wilson, proprietor.

WinrrreD Nopper, Hon. Sec. (Junior Division.)

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1930-31.]
1

The following office-bearers were elected for the Session
1931-32 :—President, C. EK. Kerr; Vice-President, Professor
J. K. Charlesworth; Honorary Secretary, Joseph Skillen;
Honorary Treasurer, A. H. Davison; Honorary Librarian.
W. M. Crawford; Honorary Recording Secretaries, Miss
Nora Fisher and R. 8. Lepper; Honorary Sectional Secre-
taries—Botanical, C. R. Nodder and Rev. W. R. Megaw;
Geological, Robert Bell and A. M‘T. Cleland; Zoological, D.
J. Carpenter and R. J. Welch; Archeological, Miss Mary
Gaffikin and A. A. Campbell; Hon. Sec. Junior Division,
Mrs. C. R. Nodder; Ordinary Members of Committee
(retire 1932), E. N. Carrothers, J. R. H. Greeves, and
Professor Gregg Wilson; (retire 1933), Miss W. J. Sayers,
Dr. J. S. Loughridge, and James Orr; (retire 1934), Captain
C. D. Chase, J. A. 8. Stendall, and Wm. Sweeney.

Nineteen new members of the Club were elected.

CLUB MEDALLISTS.

1923—William Swanston, F.G.S.

1924—-Nevin Harkness Foster, F.L.8., M.R.1LA.
1925—Nathaniel Carrothers.

1926—Robert Bell.

1927—R. Lloyd Praeger, D.Sc., M.R.I.A.
1928—R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.1I.A.

Fae No Award.

REPORT OF THE CLUB’S DELEGATE TO THE
CONFERENCE OF CORRESPONDING SOCIETIES
OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION, 1930.

I attended in Bristol the Conference of Delegates of
Corresponding Societies on September 4 and 9, Professor
Patrick Abercrombie, M.A., presiding, and also the
Association’s General Committee on September 8 and 9,
1930; 39 delegates from 44 societies attended.

The President of the Conference opened it with a
valuable and practical address on National Parks, a detailed
summary of which, covering six pages in the Association’s
Report, deserves careful study. Lack of space prevents my
dealing adequately with it here,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
132

Briefly, it was an admirable review of the principles
governing the selection and management of National Parks
and Nature Reserves, and their relation to Regional
Planning, in meeting the artistic, scientific, and recreational
needs of the people.

After an interesting discussion, it was resolved :—(1)
That the Council of the British Association be asked to
represent to His Majesty’s Government the need for the
establishment of Nature Reserves in any project for the
creation of National Parks.

(2) That the Council be asked to appoint a committee
to take cognisance of proposals relating to National Parks
by the Government and other authorities and _ bodies
concerned, and to advise the Council to action if.desirable.

The Conference then considered Folk Museums and the
need of their establishment in this country. Miss G. V.
Barnard, of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society,
gave a good account, with slides, of Strangers’ Hall,
Norwich, a fine fifteenth century house, opened in 1900, and
given in 1922 to Norwich Corporation, with 22 rooms fitted
to illustrate different periods in the life, arts and crafts of
the people, by showing bygone objects in what resembles
their original setting.

Professor J. L. Myres, referring to his views in the Daily
Telegraph of 14th August, 1930, said that much the best
way to preserve antiquities was to leave them where they
were, and look after them. Failing that, there should be a
place of refuge to which such buildings or smaller objects
could be transferred. Government should finance and staff
a Central Folk Museum, co-ordinated with local and
definitely regional museums of antiquities controlled by local
societies. If Regent’s Park Botanical Garden, London,
were chosen for this, special care should be taken as to how
the exhibits were displayed. Meantime, local societies
should prepare to receive loan collections of local antiquities
from South Kensington, to equip supplementary local
museums.

On September 9, at the resumed session, with Mr. T.
Sheppard, Vice-President, in the chair, the Chairman
opened a discussion on co-operation between scientific
societies, with an account of the history of the first union of
naturalists, founded in 1862, and now called the Yorkshire

1930-31.1
ros

Naturalists’ Union, covering all Yorkshire, and including
some 40 affiliated societies.

Mr. J. V. Pearman, of the South-Western Naturalists’
Union, and Mr. J. H. Danvers, of the Southport Society of
Natural Science, described the area, nature and work of the
South-Western, and of the new North-Western Naturalists’
Unions. The former includes six counties, the latter
twelve and the Isle of Man.

Dr. ©. Tierney, Secretary of the Conference, and
representing the South-Hastern Union of Scientific
Societies, which comprises some 70 societies, covering an
area from Kent, Hants and Oxfordshire to Norfolk, including
London, with about 10,000 members, dealt with the
constitution and work of that Union.

He showed on a large map how, except for a narrow
strip from the western boundary of Lincolnshire to
Herefordshire and Monmouthshire, and for Central and
South Wales, all England, North Wales, and the Isle of
Man, were included in six areas, each with its Union of
Scientific Societies. He urged that a union be formed for
the midland area, and that local societies not yet in a union

should join that one in their area.
R. S. Lepper.

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PROCEEDINGS
AND ANNUAL REPORT

BELFAST INNATURALISTS’
PIELD CLUB

For the Year Ending 3lst March, 1932
(SIXTY-NINTH YEAR).

SERIES. Il.
VOLUME IX.

PART IV
£93 121932.

| EDITOR:
W. M. CRAWFORD, F.z.s., F.z.s.

— i.

BELFAST NATURALISTS FIELD CLUB.

SIXTY-NINTH YEAR, 1931-32.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President:
CHARLES E. KERR, B.a., 154 Upper Newtownards Road.

‘ Vice-President:
Professor J. KAYE CHARLESWORTH, bD.sc., M.R.I.A., F.G.S.,
Queen’s University.
Hon. Treasurer:
A. H. DAVISON, F.n.s.4.1., 32 Wellington Place.

Hon. Librarian:
W. M. CRAWFORD, B.a., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Orissa, Marlborough
Park South.
Hon. Recording Secretaries:
Miss NORA FISHER, Inishglas, Greenisland.
R. S. LEPPER, M.A., LL.M., F.R.HIST.soc., Elsinore, Crawfordsburn.

Hon. Secretaries of Botanical Section:
C. R. NODDER, m.a., The Corner House, Lambeg.
Rev. W. R. MEGAW, B.A., M.R.1.4., The Manse, Rosetta.

Hon. Secretaries of Geological Section:

ROBERT BELL, Drumcreen, Bellevue Park.
A. M‘I. CLELAND, 28 Green Road, Knock.

Hon. Secretaries of Zoological Section:
D. J. CARPENTER, a.R.c.sc.u., Belfast Royal Academy.
R. J. WELCH, m.sc., M.R.1.4., 49 Lonsdale Street.

Hon. Secretaries of Archzological Section:
Miss MARY GAFFIKIN, 21 Deramore Drive.
A, ALBERT CAMPBELU, ¥.r.s.4.1., Drumnaferrie, Rosetta Park.
Hon, Secretary of Junior Division:
Mrs. C. R. NODDER, The Corner House, Lambeg.

Ordinary Members of Committee:

Retire 1932. Retire 1933. Retire 1934.
E. N. Carrothers. Miss W. J. Sayers, Captain C. D. Chase,
J. R. H. Greeves, B.Sc. B.A. M.C., M.A.
Professor Gregg Jas. S. Loughridge, J. A. S. Stendall,
Wilson, D.SC., M.R.I.A. B.SC., M.D., F.R.C.S. M.R.1.A., M.B.O.U.
James Orr, M.B.0.U. Wm. Sweeney.

Hon. Secretary:
JOSEPH SKILLEN, 25 Stranmillis Gardens.

PROCEEDINGS.

SUMMER SESSION.
)

BENEVENAGH.

Date—Saturday, 16th May, 1931. Conductors—K. N. Carrothers and
A. E. Muskett. | Number present, 20.

This excursion, the first of the season, was well attended
and favoured by beautiful weather. The party left Belfast
for Bellarena by the 9-30 a.m. train, and on arrival,
proceeded via the old Church of Tamlaght and holy well, up
through the bushy thicket of hazel and blackthorn covering
the lower slopes of Benevenagh. A halt was made at an
open space affording extensive views of Lough Foyle and
Inishowen. Here the party were joined by some
members of the Route Naturalists’ Field Club, under the
conductorship of the Rev. HE. M. Gumley. After a short
rest, the combined party commenced the steeper part of the
ascent to the base of the escarpment. Of the Alpine plants
for which Benevenagh is noted, Silene acaulis was most
conspicuous, growing on the short grassy slopes in a
profusion of small cushions, densely covered with pink
flowers. Draba incana, Arabis hirsuta, Dryas octopetala,
Saxifraga hypnoides, and Juniperus nana were also seen.

Four species of Fungi new to Ireland were found and
will be duly recorded. The excursion was of considerable
interest to the geologists who collected specimens of various
minerals from the basalt. On the return journey, tea was
served on the train.

CAVE HILL.
Date—19th May, 1931 (Tuesday evening). Conductor—D. J.
Carpenter. Number present, 85.

The party met at 6-30 p.m. at the Chichester Park
tram terminus, on the Antrim Road, and proceeded by foot
to the Cavehill Quarry.

There the conductor gave a couple of interesting talks
and pointed out in situ the various aqueous rocks, and so
demonstrated the sequence of the Cretaceous, Liassic, and
Triassic rocks of the district. He also explained and showed

{Proc. B.N.F.C.
140

field evidence of the fact that the black basalt on the top of
the chalk was a lava, and so that Co. Antrim was at one
time the scene of intense voleanic activity. The proofs of
this included the various lava flows, some of the basalts
being vesicular and other amygdaloidal; the baking to a
red colour of the flints accumulated on the top of the old
irregular chalk country; and the metamorphism of the chalk
alongside of the dykes to a marble. Some fine dykes were
seen and alongside of one there was a selvedge of marble of
about a foot or more.

At the top end of the quarry, where there was a very
fine dyke, the dropping of the chalk on one side of it relative
to the other, and the presence of a fine fault was easily seen.

After leaving the quarry, the party proceeded over the
Hill to Bellevue for the return trams. Hn route some
interesting plants were seen, including four typical wood
plants growing amongst the heather. These were :—Luzula
sylvatica. (Wood Rush), Anemone nemorosa (Wood
Anemone), Viola sylvatica (Wood Violet), and Teucrium
scorodonia (Wood Sage).

Some members also found Pyrola minor on the slopes
of Hazelwood.

TEMPLEPATRICK AND DONEGORE.

Date—Saturday, 30th May, 1931. Conductors—Henry French and J.
Skillen. Number present, 80.

A large party assernbled at the Old Museum, College
Square N., and proceeded by ’bus. Mr. Henry French, who
is a native of the district to be visited, made an admirable
and informative guide.

The first stop was at Mallusk old graveyard, where
Luke Hope, of ‘‘Rushlight’’ fame, is buried.

A very ancient remain, going back to the bronze age,
was also visited in this neighbourhood, being a bronze age
burial consisting of Dolmen and Kistvaen. Its modern
name of “‘Granny grave’’ has come down through the ages
as a corrupted form of Cairn-Grainne, or the ‘‘Cairn of the
Sun.’’ This would seem to show that the builders of this
monument were possibly sun-worshippers.

On the way to Donegore the party stopped at Castle
Upton, where, through the kindness of the owner, the old
Plantation Bawn was inspected, and the grave of William
Orr, the patriot of 1798, who is buried in the graveyard inside
the demesne wall, was visited.

1931-32.]
14!

At Donegore, the magnificent view from the top of the
moat was obscured by the misty weather, but the graveyard
and the fine old church proved objects of great interest to the
party. In the graveyard is buried Sir Samuel Ferguson, the
poet and antiquary, who was born in High Street, Belfast,
and was the first Ulsterman elected President of the Royal
Trish Academy. The house in High Street where he was
born is now marked by a tablet.

On the way to Antrim for a welcome cup of tea,
Farranshane, the home of Orr, was visited, and also the
cottage where the United Irishman’s oath was taken.

After tea, the history of Antrim was recounted by the
conductor, and the birthplace of Dr. Alexander Irvine in
Pogue’s Entry had a call.

Home was reached in good time after an enjoyable but
somewhat moist day.

GREENCASTLE (CO. TYRONE.)
Date—13th June, 1931. Conductor—A. Albert Campbell. Number
present, 50.

The journey was made by motor ‘bus via Antrim,
Toomebridge, Magherafelt, and Moneymore, to Cookstown,
At Cookstown the party was met by Messrs. Thomas Greer,
J.P., and H. L. Glasgow, who acted as guides to
Greencastle, where Mr. Patrick M‘Aleer, a local antiquary,
took charge. It was the Club’s first visit to the Tyrone
Highlands. ‘The first halt was at the Ogham Stone in the
townland of Aghascrebagh (‘‘the field or place of the
writing’’) where Mr. Campbell gave a talk on Ogham-writing
in general and this Stone in particular, repeating the local
tradition regarding it. The Stone had been visited by such
distinguished archeologists as Kuno Meyer, W. F.
Wakeman, Sir John Rhys, and Professor Macalister.
Wakeman could make nothing of the inscription, Rhys
hazarded a reading, and Meyer died before his article on the
subject was completed. Macalister’s rendering might be
taken as correct. It was a sepulchral monument to one
“Dotecta.’’

From the Ogham Stone the party proceeded to an
interesting pagan graveyard close by, and then across the
valley to Dun Ruadh, a very important and remarkable
ehambered Carn. It is regrettable that, over twenty years
ago, the burial cists, some thirteen in number, were broken
open, the urns removed, and the structure more or less
dismantled. It was originally in the shape of a ring, with a

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
142

passage giving access to a central open space, around which,
inside the structure, were the cists.

Mr. M'‘Aleer directed attention to a large number of
pillar-stones in the immediate vicinity, indicating the
occurrence of a battle in which many persons of importance
were slain.

Tea was partaken of in Cookstown Café, and the return
journey was made by way of Coalisland, Portadown, and
Lisburn, Belfast being reached at 10.

DUBLIN.

Date—27th June, 1931. Conductor—Dr. R. Lloyd Praeger.
Number present, 60.
A party of over sixty left by the G.N.R. to spend a day
in Dublin and visit the fine exhibition held in connection
with the Bi-centenary of the Royal Dublin Society.

The party was in charge of the Hon. Secretary, and
were—through the kindness of the Railway Company—
accommodated in reserved carriages.

On arrival at Amiens Street Station, Dr. Praeger,
President of the Royal Irish Academy, was in waiting and
conducted the members of the Club throughout the day.

The first visit was to the Royal Zoological Society
erounds, and much interest was shown in the inmates of the
gardens, from the haughty peacocks strutting about at large,
to the large carnivora in the cages of the lion house, and
more especially in the chimpanzee ‘“‘Joe,’’ which Dr.
Praeger nursed in his arms like a baby. Lunch was enjoyed
on the terrace of the Hammond Restaurant, as the day was
sloriously fine. The evening was spent in the grounds of the
Royal Dublin Society, and the fine exhibits there were more
numerous than could be individually examined. Tea was
enjoyed al fresco to the music of the Free State Army Band.
Special ’buses conveyed the party to the various places
visited, and on leaving Dublin Dr. Praeger was warmly
thanked for his great assistance on what had been a most
enjoyable visit.

SLIGO AND DISTRICT.

Date—ll1th to 15th July, 1931. Conductors—Miss W. J. Sayers,
A. M‘T. Cleland and A. H. Davison. Number present, 60.
Sligo, which was chosen this year for the mid-summer

excursion of the Club, is famous for its natural beauty

and its great historical and antiquarian interest, Over

1931-32.]
143

fifty members and their friends left Belfast by the 9-40 train
on Saturday morning, 11th July. Others joined on the way,
and when the party had settled down in the hotels the
number was about 60. Miss W. J. Sayers, B.A., was the
official conductor, assisted by Mr. Henry Morris, the well-
known Irish archeologist, who resides near Sligo, and Henry
Griffith, a member of the Club who was holidaying there in
his native district.

After tea Rosses Point was visited. Dr. Praeger acted
as guide to the botanical, geological and archeological objects
of interést, the last mentioned consisting of the so-called
“rock shelters,’’ about which there has been so much
controversy in recent years. Later in the evening, after the
return to Sligo, a small party visited the wonderful megalithic
monument at the Deerpark. After supper, Dr. Praeger and
Mr. Morris gave short talks on the natural and archeological
features of the district.

On Sunday morning, after visiting the beautiful ruins of
Sligo Abbey, most of the members attended their respective
churches. In the afternoon, a few members specially
interested in archeology visited, under the guidance of Mr.
Morris, Creevykeel and Gortnaleck megalithic monuments,
Ballintrillick neolithic sepulehre, Derryleham cashel, Mount
Edward tumulus, and Drumcliffe cross and round tower, all
in the country between Sligo and Bundoran. Other
members, botanically and geologically inclined, went to
Glencar. In the evening, after dinner, Mr. Morris again
favoured the company with a most interesting and
illuminating address.

Monday morning found the party proceeding by motor-
boat up Lough Gill, past the holy well at Tobernalt, the
Dooney Rock, immortalised by Yeats’ poem, ‘‘ The Fiddler
of Dooney,’’ and Church Island, which the party was
prevented from visiting by a heavy and prolonged shower of
drenching rain. Farther along, Innisfree Island was passed,
of which Yeats sings—

““T will arise and go-now, and go to Innisfree,
And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made;
Nine bean rows will I have there, a hive for the honey bee;

And live alone in the bee-loud glade.’”’

Lunch was taken in the beautiful little Abbey Hotel at
Dromahair, and afterwards the extensive ruins of the ancient
Abbey of Creevalea were inspected. The return journey down
the Lough, which has been called ‘‘the Killarney of the
West,’’ and is certainly very beautiful, was greatly enjoyed.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
144

After dinner Mr. George C. Reilly gave a talk on the zoology
of the Sligo district, illustrated by specimens which he had
collected since his arrival.

The Carrowmore Monuments, described by Dr. Petrie
as ‘‘remarkable, and, excepting the monuments of Carnac
in Brittany, even in the present state of ruin, the largest
assemblage of the kind hitherto discovered in the world,”’
were visited on Tuesday morning in the company of Mr.
Morris, who has been engaged there recently in research
work. They were all constructed on the same plan, .in
circles of large stones, from one to four feet high, each circle
having a diameter of about forty feet. The cireumference
was formed by about thirty or forty of these stones placed
at regular intervals. Originally a dolmen formed the centre
of each of the circles, which numbered at one time, according
to Petrie, over two hundred, but they have now dwindled
down to fourteen or fifteen.

In the afternoon some members climbed Knocknarea,
1,078 feet high, to see Maeve’s Carn; others visited
Knocknarea Glen, the peculiar geological formation of which
provided ample material for debate later in the day. After
dinner, a business meeting was held (R. 8. Lepper presiding),
at which several Junior Members were elected, and the
thanks of the party conveyed to Dr. Praeger, Mr. Morris,
Mr. and Mrs. Henry Griffith (who had most hospitably
entertained the party to tea on the way back from
Knocknarea), Miss Sayers, and all who had in any way
helped. A. H. Davison gave a short talk on the geology
of Co. Sligo, using the specimens he had collected to illustrate
his remarks, and David E. Lowry, J.P., told the story of
O’Rourke and his faithless wife, Dearvorgill, associated with
Lough Gill. Miss Maud Cromie recited Yeats’ ‘‘Innisfree,’’
and Mr. William Griffith told a number of exceedingly
humorous Trish stories.

A notable feature of the excursion was the nightly
gathering of the whole party at 9 o’clock in a room of the
Imperial Hotel. The big room presented quite an interesting
scene: pretty girls in evening frocks and grave savants
(some of them not so grave!) in serviceable tweeds gathered
round the long centre table on which were displayed the
specimens—zoological, botanical, and geological—collected
each day, and listening to a short talk by one of their
number with special knowledge of his subject. Animated
discussions were the order of the night,

* 1931-32.]
y | 4 5

Most of the party returned home on Wednesday. The
remainder either went on to the meeting of the Royal Society
of Antiquaries at Dublin or crossed for the day to
Inishmurray, an island some four miles from the coast of
Sligo, and inhabited by the same families, from father to son,
for upwards of seven hundred years. Its large group of
ecclesiastical ruins encircled by an ancient cashel is said to
offer the best and most characteristic example now in
existence of the primal monastic establishments of Ireland.

The Sligo Excursion may be considered one of the most
successful carried out under the auspices of the Field Club,
a result very largely due to the admirable arrangements made
by the conductor, Miss Sayers.

COLLIN GLEN.

Date—28th July, 1931. Conductors—Robert Bell and A. H. Davison.

There was a large attendance on this excursion, proving
the success of these evening excursions.

From various vantage points en route magnificent views
were obtained of the Lagan Valley and the adjoining
counties, and the edge of the Basaltic escarpment. The
Geological significance of the scenery and topography were
explained by Mr. Davison. Mr. Robert Bell met the
members at the entrance to the Glen, and took charge of the
party. The condition of the Glen, after the heavy rains,
made walking difficult. Mr. Bell pointed out the different
geological strata, the junction of the Cretaceous and Lias,
and the various zones of both these formations. The famous
fish bed was obscured by a slip.

Owing to the shortness of the time and the lateness of
the evening, detailed investigation could not be made.

ARMAGH CITY AND DISTRICT.

Date—8th August, 1931. Conductors—Miss M. Gaffikin, T. G.
Paterson and J. Skillen. Number present, 50.

After passing Portadown the first stop was at The Giants’
Graves, Ballinteggart. This is a dismantled carn of four
chambers, of a type common to County Armagh. The
date of the removal of its covering stones is indefinite, but
local tradition states that they were used in the building of
old Ballinteggart House, in which Dean Swift was sometimes
a guest,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
146

On arrival at Armagh the first call was at The Library,
which was founded by Primate Robinson in 1771, and
contains valuable books and manuscripts, also a fine collection
of Neolithic and Bronze Age implements.

Here the members were met by the Dean of Armagh,
who exhibited some of the treasures of the Library. He
afterwards conducted the party round the Cathedral, and
gave a history of the building and the monuments and
memorial brasses contained therein.

The Reredos was particularly admired. The old
thirteenth century crypt was also visited, it having survived
the many destructions and burnings the Cathedral had
suffered.

After lunch in the City Hall, which had been kindly
lent by Mr. J. Lennon, Town Clerk, the party visited St.
Patrick’s Cathedral (new). This most imposing building is
noted for its mosaics and exquisite marble screen. Through
the kindness of the ecclesiastical authorities the sacred
vessels of the altar, all executed in gold, and the vestments
used in the ceremonial of the church were showed.

Armagh being the ecclesiastical capital of Ireland, it
boasted at one time of five abbeys, the only one left being
the Franciscan Abbey in the Palace demesne. It is much
decayed, but still interesting. It was founded by Primate
Scanlon in 1263 for the Order of St. Francis. Preservation
work has been carried out by the Lord Primate, and further
decay prevented for many years to come.

The party next proceeded to the site of the Palace of
Emania, now known as the Navan Ring. This was the
capital of the Kings of Ulster from 3852 B.C. to 322 A.D., and
was associated with many people illustrious in ancient his-
tory, such as King Conor MacNessa, Deirdre of the Sorrows,
and the sons of Usnach. Here also were the headquarters of
the Red Branch Knights, of whom the most famous was
Cuchullain. With the party seated on the slopes of this
ancient and historic mound the Hon. Secretary gave a talk on
what is known of its past history and associations. Following
this Colonel R. G. Berry, M.R.J.A., propounded what he
called a heterodox theory of what Emania was in its site and
its area, and suggested that the mound on which the party
was seated was not the site of the palace, but that excava-
tions might prove it to be of a sepulchral character like New
Grange in the Boyne Valley.

On the homeward journey a halt was made to examine
a glacial moraine,

1931-32.]
147

GLENARM.
Date—22nd August, 1931. Conductor—J. Skillen.

The route was through Ballynure and on reaching
Larne the party were joined by Messrs. Moffatt and M‘Kay,
local residents, who gave invaluable help throughout the day.

The first stop was at Cairneastle to visit the old
graveyard, which contains some interesting memorials of the -
dead. Cairncastle is mentioned in the ‘‘Terrier’’ of Pope
Nicholas IV., 13th century, the earliest and possibly the only
mention of this religious settlement. In the churchyard
there is a very old and magnificent Spanish chestnut tree
said to have grown over the grave of a drowned sailor in
whose clothing a chestnut was found. One of the oldest
Presbyterian churches in County Antrim was founded at
Cairnecastle, the date over the doorway of the building before
restoration being 1667.

Proceeding up the pass skirting the foot of Knockdhu a |
visit was made to three earthworks close together consisting
of rampart and ditch and perfect earthen forts of a small
size, Walking over the heather the Headless Cross was:
reached. Perhaps this was a wayide station surmounted by.
a cross long since disappeared. In present memory a cairn cf
stones situated close by was destroyed, which may have been
the Headless Cross and the name transferred to the large
basalt boulder now known as such. Not far from this place
is a block of stone known locally as the ‘‘Priest’s Grave,’’ on
which are incised crosses of curious form, and near here may
have been an altar used for celebrating Mass in the penal
days, if persistent tradition can be relied on.

After descending the inland slope of the hills as far as
the bridge over the Linford River, the party proceeded on
foot as far as the home of Mr. Patrick (More) Magill, to
inspect an ancient Irish Crozier or Pastoral Staff in his
possession. It is said that this ancient relic was associated
with the church of Ardclinis, and possibly may be dated as
early as the eighth century.

Mounting the conveyances again, Glenarm Glen soon
epened up, and the party halted to inspect the site and the
ancient graveyard of the old church of Tickmacrevan—house
of (St.) Crevan. Here awaiting the party were Mr. J. J.
Wall, J.P., estate agent to Lord Antrim, and Mr. John
Clarke, the noted antiquary, of Glenarm. The latter gave a
talk on the antiquities of the district, more especially on its
ecclesiastical remains. Some ruins of the old church of

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
148

Tickmacrevan, which measured 45 x 15 feet, still exist.
The spot is generally called the ‘‘Glore,’’ and seems to be the
““Gluaire’’ where the ‘“‘Tripartite Life’’ states that St.
Patrick founded a church while in the region of Latharna.
Tickmacrevan is called in the Taxation ‘‘St. Patrick’s Church
of Glenarm.’’

After an al fresco lunch on this spot way was made down
the glen, through the rectory grounds by the kind permission
of Rev. T. P. Waring, and through the glen proper by
permission of Lord Antrim.

Coming down nearer the castle, the site of the ancient
church of Templeoughter (meaning the outer church), and
called St. Mary’s, was passed. On reaching Glenarm visits
were paid to the site of the Old Friary in the graveyard of the
present church, and the barbican tower, to inspect its
collection of antiquities. On the way to Larne for a well-
earned tea the road on the opposite side of the glen was
taken, so that both sides were traversed. Although the
Coast Road is much boasted, and rightly so, the inland way
over the mountains and the moors, and the view of the glen
from another angle can be highly recommended, especially
on such a delightful summer day as this was.

MOUNTSTEWART.

Date—5th September, 1931. Conductors—E. N. Carrothers, A. E.
Muskett, and R. J. Welch. ‘Number preesnt, 81.

On the afternoon of Saturday, 5th September, a fungus
foray was held at Mountstewart. The first autumn foray of
the British Mycological Society to be held in Ulster was in
progress at the time, and Club members were joined by
members of the visiting society. Amongst other eminent
mycologists, Mr. Carleton Rea, Mr. A. A. Pearson, Miss E.
M. Wakefield, Mr. J. Ramsbottom, Professor A. H. R.
Buller, Dr. G. H. Pethybridge, Miss G. Lister, and Colonel
Green joined in the foray. Permission to visit the demesne
and gardens was kindly given by the Marquess and
Marchioness of Londonderry. The combined party
numbered 81 and left the Grand Central Hotel by motor
coach at 1-30 p.m. An enjoyable and profitable afternoon
was spent in the exploration of the woodlands and gardens,
and many interesting fungi were collected. A detailed
account of the collection made will shortly be published in
the Transactions of the British Mycological Society.
Thanks are due to Mr. Bolas, head gardener to the Marquess,
who had previously surveyed the ground and was thus able |

1931-32. |
149

to guide the party to the most suitable places. ‘The
homeward journey was broken at Newtownards, where an
excellent tea was served at the Town Hall by the
management and staff of the Downshire Hotel. Belfast
was reached at 6 o’clock. Club members expressed their
appreciation of the joint foray and the visitors were
delighted with the welcome afforded them by the Club.

BALLYCASTLE AND BONAMARGHY.
Date—12th September, 1931. Conductors—H. C. Lawlor and J. Skillen.

The weather in the morning looked very unpromising,
but the day turned out one of the finest of the summer, blue
skies and brilliant sunshine tempered by a mild breeze.

A stop was made at Knockahollet to visit the fine fort
of this name, and from the summit of which a most
wonderful view is obtained. The earthen fort is in perfect
preservation, just as it left the hands of its builders, and it
was the site of a Norman mote and bailey Castle.

On reaching Armoy the party was joimed by the Route
Field Club with their Hon. Secretary, Rev. E. M. Gumley.
Armoy was once an important place in the ancient territory
of Dalriada. The Annals of the Four Masters record the
fact of its being set on fire by Cumee O’Flynn in 1177
during an expedition of John de Courcy. The name is a
corruption of the Irish Airthar-Muighe (Athermoy—the
eastern plain). The Tripartite Life relates that St. Patrick
having baptised Olean placed him over the church. Dr.
Reeves dates its foundation as A.D. 474. What remains of
the Round Tower was examined with interest. The arch
over the doorway being cut from a solid stone points to the
building being one of the earliest erections, the tower is built
of mica slate rounded to give the circular form. Some
preservation work requires to be done to the tower, and it
would be well if the people of the neighbourhood had
this matter attended to and so preserve the chief attraction
of the village.

After a most delightful run down Glenshesk, the party
reached Bonamarghy Abbey. Here two short talks were
given, one by the Hon. Secretary on “‘The Order of St.
Francis ’’ and one by Mr. Lawlor on “‘ The Building: Its
History and Associations.”’

From these talks it was learned that Bonamarghy was
founded in 1500 by Roderick MacQuillan as a house of the
Franciscans of the Third Order of Tertiaries. This order of

{Proc. B.N.1.C.
150

friars was not a priestly order, such as the Cistercians for
instance, but were teachers, builders, or craftsmen.

The preservation of the Abbey is being carried out at the
present time by the Ministry of Finance for the Archeological
Section of the N. H. & Phil. Society. This work, so far as
it has proceeded, is most satisfactory and reflects credit on
all concerned. When completed Bonamarghy Abbey will be
an archeological asset of the highest value to the Northern
Government.

A journey along the headlands brought the party to the
very precipitous path leading to Kenbaan Castle. The
difficult descent and the climb up the high promontory on
which the castle is built deterred some from proceeding so
far, but for those who accomplished the feat their toil was
well rewarded by the wonderful view obtained from their
aerial perch. Owing to the extreme clearness of the atmos-
phere Rathlin Island looked but a biscuit’s toss away.

After tea at Ballycastle the road home was by the
moorlands and the coast. On reaching Cushendun viaduet
the lower road was taken to visit the ‘‘ Altar in the Wood,”’
which ended the sight-seeing for the day. Mounting the
conveyance again way was made for home by the Coast
Road and Belfast was reached at a reasonable hour, thus
ending the summer Session of the Club by one of the most
successful excursions of 1931.

eee eres
WINTER SESSION.

The authors of the Papers, of which abstracts are given,
are alone responsible for the views expressed therein.

CONVERSAZIONE.

The Winter Session began, as usual, with a
Conversazione held in the Assembly Hall, on Tuesday, 20th
October, 1931, from 6-30 p.m. Tea was served from 7 to 8
p.m. The attendance of members and friends was large,
and they viewed with great interest the many exhibits
displayed.

Botany.—Queen’s University Department of Agricul-
ture, method of distinguishing between different species of
Ryegrass, demonstration of weed-killers, general plant
pathological exhibit, and fungi collected during the visit of
the British Mycological Society; Miss W. J. Sayers,

1931-32.]
151

specimens to illustrate division of plants into families;
Captain C. D. Chase, Composite from 8. Europe; Dr.
Adelaide Davin and G. O. Searle, flax research; Parks
Department, rare plants; Miss M. W. Rea, marine Algae.

Grotocy.—A. M'‘I. Cleland, altered basalts and other
rock sections; R. Bell, upper Cretaceous and lower Lias,
Brachiopoda from local deposits; A. H. Davison, some
igneous and metamorphic rocks of Northern Ireland; Miss
Nora Fisher, geological distribution of a common bivalve
Spicula subtruncata in N.E. Ireland; R. J. Welch, Holocene
deposit shells from dunes; D. E. Lowry, large fossil ‘‘Sea-
lily’’ from Carboniferous limestone; J. R. Ritchie, geological
model of the Mournes; Professor Charlesworth, Geological
map (6”) of Coalisland coalfield and map of Irish Peat bogs;
C. E. Kerr, an exhibit.

Zootocy.—Rev. W. KR. Megaw, South African moths
and caterpillars; Dr. RK. H. Hunter, transparencies and
microscopic preparations illustrating the eruption and
development of teeth; W. M. Crawford, African and other
butterflies, Deilephila livornica caught Belfast last June;
A. H. Davison, Wasp nest; R. J. Welch, sieving and sorting
land shells from dunes; Miss M. Wallace, White Ant queen
(in spirit) and Python skin; D. J. Carpenter, common
marine mollusca; J. Orr, interesting and beautiful bivalves;
Ranald Macdonald, local land and freshwater mollusca, and
Limnaea auricularia from Belfast Water Works.

ArcumoLocy.—J. Skillen, rude stone implements, axes
and artifacts; D. E. Lowry, bronze dagger.

PuotocrapHy.—Miss M. Gaffikin, Air photographs;
J. A. S. Stendall and Miss Nora Stendall, coloured Nature
photographs.

MisceLLAnEous.—C. R. Nodder, soap bubbles; Mrs. C.
R. Nodder, specimens of earth from foundations of Belfast
buildings; C. E. Purdy, marbles in commercial use.

Junior Division.—The exhibits, being of work done
during the year, were :—Water colour flower drawings, Hazel
Martin, Felicity Bolton, Sybil Bainbridge, Barbara and
Priscilla Glendinning; dried grasses, Robert Olley; pressed
wild flowers and leaves, Betty Hampshire, Nora Bradley,
and Margaret Downer; general Natural History collection,
Thomas Teuton; Geological collections, Elizabeth Shaw
(fossils), Brian Gillespie (minerals); Zoological, Agatha R.
Crawford (Bumble Bees), H. Brian Orr (Pond life); Shells,
Patrick Shaw, Thomas Teuton, Noel Gregg, Ethna Kearney,

[Proc. B.N.E.C.
f52

Harold Fricher and Brian Hunter; Seaweeds, Noel Gregg,
Alistair Steven, and Katharine Maxwell; Photography,
William S. Hanna (a Scottish tour, 1931), and John
M‘Williams; Sketches, Ethne Glendinning (with notes of
Irish Antiquities).

There were also many miscellaneous exhibits.

The Business Meeting came on at 9 p.m., the President,
Mr. GC. EH. Kerr, being in the chair.. Mr. J. A. S. Stendall
proposed Mr. Stephen Allan Bennett, B.A., B.Se., for the
award of the Club medal. As Mr. Bennett was unable, for
reasons of health, to be present, thanks on his behalf were
returned by Mr. R. 8. Lepper.

The President presented the prizes in connection with
the summer programme and the Conversazione competition
as follows :—

Collection of land, fresh water, and marine shells—
Noel Gregg, Sam Kernaghan, and Derek Hunter. Collection
of natural history specimens—Thomas Teuton and Felicity
Bolton. Collection of geological specimens—Elzabeth
Shaw and Brian Gillespie. Photographs or sketches of Irish
antiquities—Noel Gregg and Sam Kernaghan.

Best work during the year—Ranald Macdonald.
Collection of pressed flowering plants—Betty Hampshire,
Robert Olley, and Nora Bradley. Water-colour drawings
of local plants—-Barbara Glendinning and Priscilla
Glendinning. Collection of seaweeds—Noel Gregg, Alister
Stevens and Katerine Maxwell.

Living exhibit of botanical interest—Nora Stendall and
Maureen Wardlow. Exhibit of zoological interest—Michael
Clarke and Felicity Bolton. Surprise natural history exhibit
—Sybil Bainbridge and Sam Kernaghan. The prize for the
best poem went to Mr. George Reilly.

The President congratulated the members, especially
the Juniors, on the value of the exhibits, and said that a
great deal of the success of the Junior Division was
undoubtedly due to the enthusiastic work of Mrs. Nodder.
They hoped that the enthusiasm now manifested in the
Junior Division would result in even greater efficiency in the
Field Club of the next generation. The Summer Session
of the Club had been very successful, and they were looking
forward to a useful and enjoyable winter session.

1931-32. |
153

On the motion of the Hon. Secretary (Mr. Joseph
Skillen), seconded by Mr. A. A. Campbell and Mrs. Nodder,
25 new members were elected for the Senior Section and
nine for the Junior Division.

After the business meeting a lantern display of views
taken mainly by members at summer field meetings was
much enjoyed.

THE SUN AND THE NATURALIST.

The epening meeting of the Winter Session was held in
the Old Museuia on 17th November, 1931, at 8 p.m., when
the presidential address was delivered by Mr. C. E. Kerr,
B.A.

The Lecturer dealt in succession with the various solar
influences on terrestrial history. Adopting the hypothesis
of the solar nebula as the origin of the planetary system, the
President explained the effect of primitive heat on the
formation of the rocks and the great earth movements which
caused the upheaval of land and subsequent formation of the
detritus from this into the inorganic sedimentary rocks.
From the same gravitational force came the tides which did
their share in moulding land areas.

The Lecturer suggested that some extraneous
gravitational force such as a passing star by altering the
earth’s inclination to its orbital plane might be in part the
source of former glacial periods.

Dealing with the light of the sun, reflection brought to
them the remembrance that not only did they owe day and
night to that source, but also many facts in natural history
namely, day and night blooming plants and _ their
attendant day or night fertilising insects. The animals that
have similar preferences for day and night were many and
varied.

But the most wonderful thing was the chlorophyll,
which enabled inorganic matter to be changed into organic
and thus make plant, and therefore animal, life possible.

From those plants and animals were formed inorganic
rocks, limestone, coal, &c.; from light also arises the
interesting studies of coloration, and the special one of
protective coloration. From radiant heat came circulation
of air and water resulting in winds and currents, and the
great forces of denudation arising therefrom—rain, frost, ice,
glaciers, rivers, wind denudation, including encroaching
desert sands, and many other results.

[ Proc. B.N.V.C.
154

From light and heat also arose the question of habitat.
Some plants loved the heat and light, and some shunned one
or other or both. From solar electrical emissions came terres-
trial magnetism, which might hold an explanation of the
migrant or homing sense of direction.

From these also caine increased precipitation, and the
thirty-four year sunspot cycle could be traced in tree-ring
growth. Some had also propounded the theory that earth-
quakes had a periodicity parallel to sunspot periodicity, but
the observations on that aspect needed to be more extensive.
The radio-activity of the sun was also worthy of more study
specially in view of the fact that radio-activity up to a point
assisted growth, but beyond that point was hurtful.

The sun, said Mr. Kerr in conclusion, was the origin
of many forces that covered practically all the phenomena in
which the naturalist was interested.

A beautiful series of lantern slides imparted additional
interest to the presidential address.

THE BRONZE-COPPER TRANSITION PERIOD.

At the second ordinary meeting of the Winter Session,
held in the Old Museum on 15th December, 1931, at 8 p.m.,
Mr. L. 8. Gogan, M.A., F.R.S.A.I., delivered a lecture to
a large and appreciative audience. In the absence of the
President, the chair was taken by ‘Miss W. J. Sayers, B.A.
(Past President).

Mr. Gogan said that the copper age in Ireland was far
from being the single-line drawing that the archeological
manuals of the day represented it to be, but had length,
breadth, and thickness ; in other words, a history of its own,
showing a different trend to that of previous and succeeding
epochs. By taking the sequence of periods recognised in
the Iberian Peninsula as a guide, the general ‘order of
development of the megalithic or oreat stone monuments
could be observed. The oreat tumuli areas of Ireland
extended from the Boyne in a slightly north-westerly
direction. The principal ones could be best explained as
a compromise between the two leading types of Andalusia,
and as one followed them to the west he could observe a
tendency in the plans to break up. Two of the main groups
had the characteristic of being decorated with designs of
Southern origin, but those furthest west were devoid of any
trace of the elyptic mode. Finds made in the last group
and in related monuments could be paralleled to others
made in South English barrows dating from the beginning

1931-32.]
1§5

of the Bronze Age. That decline could therefore be
regarded as pertaining to the transition, and it could be
further followed up in tombs of the North and West. At
the same time an important change in burial custom
occurred, the chief mark of which was a large simple cist,
and, in addition, a definite break with the earlier mode of
communal interment could be noted.

The principal weapon of the age was the halberd, which
could be traced back to flint weapons of the South and
weapons of bronze in the Eastern Mediterranean basin. The
typical ornament of the age, the gold crescent, for which
an origin in Scotland was recently claimed, was derived
from an early type of diadem having its origins in the
Levant.

At the beginning of the transition, South European
influences predominated, but at its close a complete change
had taken place, which synchronised with the general
decline of Atlantic civilisation. The position of affairs was
to some extent akin to that existent in Ireland in Viking
times, and the Fomorian legend found in medieval Irish
history might well be regarded as a shadow-record of events
of 1800 B.c.

A hearty vote of thanks to the lecturer was moved
by R. S. Lepper, seconded by D. E. Lowry, and passed with
acclamation.

A SKETCH OF THE GEOLOGY OF
NORTH-WEST TYRONE.

The third ordinary Winter Session meeting was held in
the Old Museum on 19th January, 1932, at 8 p.m. The
President (Mr. C. E. Kerr, B.A.) occupied the chair and
the lecturer was Mr. J. J. Hartley, Lecturer in Geology
at the Queen’s University.

The lecturer dealt with the country lying between
Omagh, Cookstown, Draperstown, and Pomeroy, which, he
said, formed a little shelf projecting to the south-west of
the Sperrin Mountains. Although railways ran around its
edges the actual district was not so well known as many
parts of North-Eastern Ireland. It was boggy and, in a
way, uninteresting.

Lantern slides were shown illustrating the bogs, which
seemed to cover about half the area, and Mr. Hartley
explained that they were due to interference with the natural
drainage of the region owing to the deposition of a series of

[ Proc. B.N.E.LC.
156

erescentie ridges which were deposited’ at the termination
of the glaciers which formerly covered the area. He next
dealt with the solid rocks which underlay the bog and drift
deposits, and pointed out that, although there was not muclr
to be seen at first sight, interesting geological deposits were
to be found in the streams and water courses flowing down
the mountain sides.. The rocks were of volcanic deposit
formed in a period of early English activity, which was very
similar to the better known sequences found in North-Eastern
Ireland, but of a very much later date and comparable in
many of its characteristics to certain modern volcanic cycles
now found in the Island of Fiji and over parts of the Pacific.
Mr. Hartley explained how the age of those deposits was
determined, pointing out that since they found pebbles of
those volcanic rocks in the fossileriferous slates of Pomeroy
those fossileriferous slates were known from their fossils to
be of the same age as the slates of Bangor and Donaghadee.
The lecturer concluded with an account of the rocks of the
Sperrin Mountains.

Professor J. K. Charlesworth paid a warm tribute to
the work revealed by Mr. Hartley’s lecture. Other speakers
were A. H. Davison, R. J. Welch, A. Mel. Cleland and
Captain E. L. Turner.

THE GROUPING OF PLANTS IN FAMILIES.

The fourth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Old Museum on 2nd February, 1932, at 8 p.m.,
when a paper on the above subject was read by Miss W. J.
Sayers, B.A. Mr. J. A. S. Stendall occupied the chair in
the absence of the President. |

Having pointed out that classification is necessary as
a ‘‘ refuge from hopeless confusion,’’ the lecturer first
referred to the grouping of plants according to their habitat,
and then to the successive work of Linnaeus, Bentham and
Hooker, Engler, and Hutchinson of Kew, showing how the
appearing of Darwin’s *‘ Origin of Species ’’ led botanists to
abandon a system of grouping based, merely on certain
external resemblances for one which took into account the
racial evolution of plants from a common ancestor and their
consequent relationships to one another.

The elementary knowledge necessary for the identifica-
tion of plants was indicated and illustrated by lantern slides ;
specimens of each of the great divisions of the plant world
were shown, more particularly of flowering plants, and the
chacteristics of the better known families pointed out, species
peculiar to Treland being specially noted.

1931-32.
157

The ambiguity and inconsistency of English flower names
was referred to and the advantage of a nomenclature common
to the botanists of all lands. The interdependence of the
work of geologists and botanists, and even of archeologists,
was emphasised and the value to the world of the thorough
research of an individual in any nation.

At the close of the lecture some living specimens of
various families were on exhibition.

Those speaking to the paper, or asking questions, were
Mrs. C. R. Nodder, R. J. Welch and J. Skillen.

COMMON BRITISH BEETLES.

At the fifth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session,
held in the Old Museum on 23rd February, 1932, Mr. George
C. Reilly, M.I.M.E., gave a lecture on the above subject,
illustrated with numerous lantern slides. Mr. J. A. S.
Stendall occupied the chair.

Mr. Keilly described the anatomy of typical insects in
detail—their adaptation to their peculiar mode of existence,
tracing the life history of several species from the egg stage
to perfect Beetles.

The talk being chiefly for the benefit of the younger
members and beginners, technical terms were avoided as oe
as possible.

Setting out to answer the question, “‘ What’s the good
of a Beetle,’’ the lecturer showed that many varieties were
very helpful in scavenging and devouring putrescent matter,
burying small dead animals, and by preying on and keeping
down the numbers of other harmful species.

Examples of each class of beetle were shown and their
habits and habitats explained, distinctions being drawn
between water beetles and water-loving beetles, anion
upland and mountain kinds.

Quoting from a report of the Entomological Society of
London relating to tests made on imported grain known to
be infected by weevils, the surprising statement was made
that out of a cargo of 74 tons of Spanish wheat, carefully
sifted, ten hundredweight of weevils (Calandra granarid)
were taken. A further test was made on Indian corn of
American origin and 145 tons of it yielded 12 tons of weevils
(Calandra oryzx, the rice weevil), though strangely enough
no rice had been near it either in growth or transport, The

{Proc. B.N.F.C.
158

effect. of this infection on market prices is very serious,
as apart from the .7% and 1.2% represented by the figures.
quoted there is the psychic effect on the buyer who is pre-
sented with weevily grain. This drawback can be counter-
acted to a degree by means of a water test, when the bad
grain and weevils float and are skimmed off and destroyed in

a furnace.

Mr. Reilly, after paying tribute to our earlier local
Coleopterists, deplored the fact that so few were following
this entrancing branch of nature study which he described
as an easy hobby, and urged on the junior section to take
it up at once, for, as he said, our district has been neglected
and there are lots of new finds to make and records to be
compiled, and he pointed out that everything in that line
would be adding to the good reputation our club holds for
fieldwork well done.

THE MEANING OF BIRD SONG.

The sixth ordinary meeting of the Session was held in
the Old Museum on 15th March, 1932, at 8 p.m., when
Mr. J. A. Benington, B.Sc., delivered a lecture on the above
subject.

b)

Speaking first of the territory theory, the lecturer said
that, according to that theory, in spring every pair of birds
chose a particular ground for nesting, left the flock, and began
singing vigorously. The singing was a warning to other
birds to keep at a distance from this particular territory.
As a rule the birds came back to the flock in winter.
With the aid of a diagram he showed how common birds
had a period during the year when they did not sing, usually
in late autumn.

vA

In his experience, he went on, the birds only sang in
the territory chosen by them.. The influence of the weather
at different seasons was discussed at some length, and it -
was found impossible to say that any one particular climatic
factor influenced bird song. It was safer to take all the
conditions together. For instance, fog alone had little
effect, whereas damp, cold fog stopped most birds singing.
A cold North or East wind silenced practically all the birds.

In conclusion he said he did not want them to get the
idea that he considered bird song simply and solely useful.
It certainly was useful, and they needed no proof that it was
beautiful. It was a good thing that the Creator chose such
a beautiful means for the end,

1931-32. ]
159

At the commencement of the meeting a vote of con-
dolence was passed with Mr. Charles E. Kerr, the President,
on the death of his mother. In his absence Mr. J. A. S.
Stendall occupied the chair.

Discussion followed the lecture in which Senator T. J.
Campbell, K.C., R. KE. L. Clarke, A. MclI. Cleland and J.
Skillen also spoke. A vote of thanks to the lecturer was
proposed by W. M. Crawford, seconded by Miss W. J.
Sayers, B.A., and passed with acclamation.

THE LIFE OF PALAOLITHIC MAN.

The seventh and concluding meeting of the Winter
Session was held in the Old Museum on 5th April, 1982,
at 8 p.m. The lecturer was Dr. J. Wilfrid Jackson, F.G.S.,
of Manchester Museum.

Dr. Jackson, who recently returned from a three months’
visit to Egypt where he has been assisting members of the
Egypt Exploration Society in the investigation of pre-dynastic
and other cemeteries in the neighbourhood of Luxor and
Armant, showed by means of a_ geological chart the
approximate position of the incoming of the first primitive
beings. According to present evidence, he said, the first
traces of man in the shape of implements occurred at a time
known to geologists as the Pliocene.

** Most definite evidence of his presence,’’ continued Dr.
Jackson, ‘‘is met with during the succeeding Pleistocene
period, which embraces the great Ice Age. The perfection
of his implements in the latter period seems to indicate a
long course of evolution, and the same may be said regarding
the stage of development reached by the various fossil skulls,
which appear to be highly specialised and far removed from
the common ancestor.”’

A close study of the ancient fauna, he continued, showed
that at certain stages of the Ice Age the British Isles were
closely connected with the mainland of Europe, Ireland was
joined to England, and certain land-bridges connected Europe
with Africa. By means of these land-bridges it was possible
for migrations of animals and of early man to take place.

From discoveries made in different parts of the world it
had been established that there were several distinct types
of men living during the long Pleistocene period,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
160

The remains of some of those types were still very
scanty, but with regard to Neanderthal man of the middle
Pleistocene there was now a considerable mass of informa-
tion. He was the earliest type of man of which nearly
complete skeletons had been found. This type of man
and others of early date ultimately became extinct, and all
the human remains of later date were so closely similar to
those of modern man that they were included under the
hving species homo sapiens. Several varieties were known,
and like Neanderthal man they lived to a great extent in
caves.

The advent of homo sapiens constituted the most
momentous event in man’s history. Jt marked the beginning
of an entirely new phase to which Dr. Elliot Smith had
given the name Neoanthropic. This phase included all
the subsequent epochs of man’s history. Instead of the
greatest cultural break being between the Paleolithic and
Neolithic periods, as had been so often suggested, it oecurred
between the Lower and Upper Paleolithic.

In the course of his lecture Dr. Jackson dealt with the
evidence bearing upon the life of Paleolithic man which had
been obtained from many famous caves.

He made mention of the finding of worked objects show-
ing Magdalenian technique in Yorkshire caves, and said that
last year confirmatory evidence was encountered in the form
of a worked rod of reindeer antler found in a cave on Giggles-
wick Sears, near Settle. In association with the latter were
some scanty and imperfect human remains, and bones of
the cave bear, lynx, reindeer, and other animals.

This new information was of very great significance as
showing that the ice of the last glaciation of Britain had
retreated or melted away and left the caves free for habita-
tion. Paleolithic man seemed to have followed the retreat-
ing reindeer north as the glaciers melted.

In the absence of the President, J. A. S. Stendall,
M.R.I.A., occupied the chair. A vote of thanks to Dr.
Jackson was moved by A. M‘I. Cleland, seconded by R. J.
Welch, and carried with acclamation,

1931-32.]
161

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual Meeting was held in the Museum, College
Square North, on Tuesday, 19th April, 1932, at 8 p.m., the
President being in the chair.

The following Reports were presented :—

ANNUAL REPORT.

The committee have pleasure in submitting the sixty-
ninth Annual Report of the club, the membership of which
now stands as follows: 6 Honorary members, 5 Correspond-
ing members, 2 Life members, 488 Ordinary and 188 Juniors,
making a total membership of 676.

During the year 45 members were elected, 6 died, 37
resigned, and 18 were struck off the roll for non-payment of
subscription in accordance with Rule III.

It is with great pleasure we note that during the year
the Tyrone Field Club came into existence, which now makes
four clubs affiliated with us, and during the past winter our
members, in the way of lectures, have given assistance to
all of them. The secretaries of these affiliated clubs have
repeatedly, through your Hon. Secretary, returned their
warmest thanks for the assistance so rendered.

The office-bearers of the club number 25 and 10 meetings
of the committee were held during the year, the list of
attendances being as follows :—

Miss Gaffikin erin thG Wm. Sweeney
A. H. Davison ma R. S. Lepper
Joseph Skillen
J. A. 8. Stendall
Miss Nora Fisher Prof. Charlesworth
Mrs. Nodder Rev. W. R. Megaw ...

10
10 R. J. Welch
10
9
Act inae
Robert Bell wien Mite Dit WisS. Loughridge
i UNG
9
9
8
8
8

Charles EK. Kerr

A. M'I. Cleland Capt. Chase

W. M. Crawford D. J. Carpenter 1)
C. R. Nodder Prof. Gregg Wilson ...
Miss Sayers EK. N. Carrothers

A. A. Campbell J. R. H. Greeves
James Orr

WON FP KE RODOOANAN®

We deeply regret to report the death of several members
whose names are appended to this report, two of which we
might specially mention owing to their long membership,
viz.: Mrs. Marsh of Glenlyon, Holywood, who was a mem-
ber for 51 years, having joined the club in 1880, and Mr,
R, A, Kyle, a member for 54 years, joining in 1877,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
162

The Committee desire to return their best thanks to the
donors of the prizes to the Junior Division for work done
during the summer and for exhibits at the Conversazione,
who were as follows :—

The President (Charles E. Kerr), Capt. Chase and A.
H. Davison, two prizes each, and A. Albert Camp-
bell, A. M‘I. Cleland, W. M. Crawford, R. S. Lepper, C. R.
Nodder, R. J. Welch and Professor Gregg Wilson, one prize
each.

Our representative to the British Association, which met
in London, 19381, was W. M. Crawford, F.E.S., F.Z.S.

Your Committee have decided to publish as an appendix
to the Proceedings “‘ The Lepidoptera of Co. Down,’’ by the
Rev. Canon George Foster.

The programme of the Summer Session was fully carried
out, the following being a list of the excursions :—

1932,
16th May—Benevenagh (Whole Day).

19th May—Cavehill (Evening).

30th 'May—Templepatrick and Donegore (Half Day).

13th June—Greencastie (Co. Tyrone) (Whole Day).

27th June—Dublin (Whole Day).

11th till 15th July—Sligo (Long Excursion),

28th July—Coliin Glen (Evening).

8th August—Armagh (Whole Day).

22nd August—Glenarm Glen, via Cairncastle (Whole Day).
5th September—Fungus Foray (Mountstewart).

12th September—Ballycastle and Bonamarghy (Whole Day).

The accommodation on all these excursions was fully
occupied and notwithstanding the wet summer fine weather
was enjoyed on every occasion.

The Fungus Foray on 5th September to Mountstewart
was held in conjunction with the British Mycological Society,
who were holding their Annual Congress in Belfast for the
first time.

The Winter Session was inaugurated as usual by a
Conversazione held in the Assembly Buildings on the 20th
October, 1931. This function was as successful in point
of attendance and extent of exhibits as any held in the
past.

The prizes won by the Junior Division were handed over
by the President, and the Club medal, which had been
awarded to S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc., was received
by R. S. Lepper on his behalf, Mr. Bennett’s health
preventing him being present to receive it in person.

The Lectures delivered during the winter half of the
Session were as follows ;—

1931-32.]
163

19351.
Noy. 17 Presidential Address: The Sun and_ the
Naturalist.
Dec. 15 The Copper-Bronze Transition Period. L. S.
Gogan, M.A., F.R.8.A.1.
1932.
Jan. 19 A Sketch of the Geology of N.E. Tyrone. J. J.
Hartley, M.Sc.
Feb. 9 The Grouping of Plants in Families. Miss W. J.
Sayers, B.A.
;, 23 Common British Beetles. Geo. C. Reilly,

: M.I.M.E.
March 15 The Meaning of Bird Song. J. A. Benington,
BG.
April 5 The Life of Paleolithic Man. J. Wilfrid Jackson,
bese, EGS:

All the lectures were well attended and interesting dis-
cussions followed their delivery.

Finally, the Committee desire to record their thanks to
the several Railway Companies and H. M. §. Catherwood,
Ltd., for facilities afforded on the different excursions, to
the Press for publishing reports of the Club meetings, and
to the public bodies who have favoured the Club with their
publications during the past year, and lastly our thanks are
warmly given to the following for courtesies extended to us
during the summer excursions :—Very Rev. Dean Tichborne,
Mr. T. G. Paterson and Mr. J. Lennon (Town Clerk),
Armagh ; Mr. John Clarke, Glenarm ; ‘Mr. P. M‘Aleer, Green-
castle ; Rev. P. Shirley, Downpatrick ; Mr. O’Doherty, Magil-
ligan; Mr. Wm. Smith, Castle Upton; Mr. Henry Morris
and Mr. Wm. Griffith, Sligo; and Mr. H. ‘M‘Cance, Dun-
murry,

JOSEPH SKILLEN, Hon. Secretary.

April, 19382.

OBITUARY.
Mrs. Marsh.
R. A. Kyle.
EK. J. Charley, J.P.
D.S. Kerr.
Miss M. Morton.

W. T. Polley.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
164

HON, LIBRARIAN’S REPORT.

Since last report, vol. IX, parts 1 and 2, were issued
to all members and Exchanging Societies. Proceedings
from these Societies are being received as usual and still
more blanks have been filled up. Also further considerable
progress has been made in binding sets, especially those
which are complete or fairly complete.

The Exchange lst will be found on page 175. It shows
three renewals of former exchanges and nine new additions.
The three renewals are the Glasgow and Andersonian N.H. |
and Microscopical Society, the Plymouth Institution and
the Academy of Sciences of St. Louis. The new ones are
the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, Carlisle N.H.
Society, Down and Connor Historical Society, Eton College
N.H. Society, La Société Guernésiaise, Isle of Man N.H.
and Antiquarian Society, Llandudno, Colwyn Bay and Dis-
trict F.C., London N.H. Society and Manchester Literary
and Philosophical Society. All of these are interesting and
some are particularly valuable.

In all this work I have received willing and unstinted
assistance from Miss Nora Fisher.

W. M. Crawrorp, Hon. Librarian.

REPORTS OF THE RECORDING SECRETARIES.
ZOOLOGY.

The most noteworthy bird record of the past year is
that of the re-appearance of the Golden Eagle in Co. Antrim,
after an absence of 80 years. One Eagle was seen at
intervals from December, 1926, to spring of 1930. In
March, 1929, it was accompanied by another Eagle. In
1930 a flight feather was found, which was identified by
Mr. H. F. Witherby. See C. J. Milligan, in I.N.J., v. 3,
pp. 254-255 (1931).

W. M. Crawford has recorded a Beetle new to Ulster,
Ptinus tectus Boiel., from a Belfast grain-store. It is a
Tasmanian species, which appears to be spreading rapidly.
See I.N.J., v. 4, p. 40 (1982).

The Irish form of the Meadow Brown Butterfly
(Epinephele ianira L.) has recently been separated to form
a distinct sub-species, iernes Graves, and has been recog-
nised in specimens from Donegal, Derry, Tyrone and
Antrim. See I.N.J., v. 3, p. 55 (1980).

The Convolvulus Hawk-moth was frequent in our
district in the autumn of 1930,

1931-32. |
165

W. M. Crawford has also recorded a specimen of the
Striped Hawk-Moth (Deilephila livornica Esp.) from Belfast,
June, 1931. It is only the 2nd Belfast record, and the
ord for Northern Ireland. See I.N.J., v. 3, p. 217 (1931).

Rev. E. M. Gumley has recorded (I.N.J., v. 8, p. 232)
the larva of the Frosted Orange Moth (Ochria ochracea Hb.)
in a potato stem from Ballintoy, Co. Antrim. The Dept.
of Agriculture, Q.U.B., identified the larva. New to Co.
Antrim, and only one previous Northern Ireland. record.

Rev. Canon Foster has added three moths to the
lepidopterous fauna of Co. Down: the Flounced Chestnut
(Amathes helvola L.) from sandhills between Dundrum and
Newcastle, the Small White Wave (Asthena candidata
Schiff.) at Rostrevor, and the Clouded Silver (Bapta
temerata Hb.) from Saintfield, and also from Rostrevor.
See I.N.J., v. 8, pp. 40-41 (1980).

In marine mollusca a great deal of work has been done
in verifying old records, and one species has been added to
the known fauna—-Ondina obliqua Alder, a rare species,
new to Northern Ireland. Three specimens were found in
shellsand from the Giant’s Causeway, collected by R. J.
Welch in 1929.

Miss W. M. A. Brooke recently brought me a living
specimen of the Orange-Disked Anemone (Sagartia miniata
Gosse) from Dunfanaghy, Co. Donegal. New to Ulster.

The same lady also brought me some worn Aporrhais
and Dentalium shells from Red Bay, Co. Antrim, which had
been inhabited by Phascolion strombi Mont., a Gephyrean
new to Northern Ireland. This species of Spoonworm lives
in empty shells, protecting itself by blocking the mouth ot
the shell with sandy cement, leaving only a small round
orifice open.

Botany.

The Water-soldier (Stratiotes Aloides 1.), supposed to
be extinet in Northern Ireland, found in abundance in Wood-
burn Mill dam, near Carrickfergus, Co. Antrim, by Nora
Fisher and Ida Hill. See I.N.J., v. 3, p. 129 (19380).

Lepidium perfoliatum L. An alien, new to Co. Down.
2 plants from Anahilt. See I.N.J., v. 3, p. 252 (1931).

The following plants have been added to the known flora
of Co. Tyrone by Thomas Greer (I.N.J., v. 3, pp. 129 and
232):—Corydalis lutea DC., Epilobium angustifolium L.,
Cichorium Intybus L., Lobelia Dortmanna L., Salix repens
L., Iris fetidissima L., Cladium Mariscus Br., Equisetum
variegatum Sch., Ophrys apifera Huds.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
166

A fungus new to Northern Ireland, Pleurotus spongiosus
Fr., was found by Mr. Welch in a garden at Belfast. See
I.N.J., v. 3, p.258 (1981).

Nora IIsuer.
ANTIQUITIES—LISTS AND SURVEYS.

The Ancient Monuments Branch of the Finance
Ministry, and its Advisory Committee, continue the difficult
and tedious task of examining, selecting and listing for
protection ancient monuments in the Six Counties.

Protection Orders have now been issued to the owners
of many listed for protection in Cos. Antrim and Down,
Armagh and Fermanagh. Preliminary work has been done
on the difficult Cos. Derry and Tyrone.

In our own Club, the recently established Antiquities
Survey Committee, under the experienced guidance of A. A.
Campbell and Miss Gaffikin, gives promise of much useful
work.

EXCAVATIONS AND ReEpairs—Co. ANTRIM. CARRICKFERGUS
CASTLE.

The Ancient Monuments Works Branch of the Ministry
of Finance has followed its notable excavation and repair
of Dunluce Castle by equally good and cautious work on
Carrickfergus Castle, where several interesting early features
have been reopened with admirable effect by Mr. T. F. O.
tippingham, A.R.I.B.A.

BonaMARGHY F'RIARY, NEAR BALLYCASTLE.

Good work has also been done by the Works Branch
in the excavation and repair of the ruins of the Franciscan
Friary (Third Order) at Bonamarghy, Ballycastle. The
floors of the church and adjoining buildings have been freed
from the accumulations of recent centuries, and lowered to
their original level, with due regard to the preservation of
human remains and tombstones ; and much needed repairs to
the structure have been made.

Finps—THre Bann River DREDGINGS, NEAR TOOME, Co.
ANTRIM.

On the suggestion of the President of the Belfast
Natural History and Philosophical Society, and with the
support of the Ancient Monuments Advisory Committee
and the Ministry of Finance, our Hon. Secretary (Joseph
Skillen), W. Gracey and Dr. J. B. Stewart have been
allowed to visit from time to time the Bann River dredging
operations, and help to identify and save for the Ministry
antiquarian objects found in the soil brought up from the
river bed.

1931-32.]
167

Though the terms of the dredging contract did not admit
of a thorough search being made, certain valuable objects
have been rescued in this way.

The finds, consisting chiefly of stone and _ bronze
implements, are on exhibition in the Beltast Municipal
Museum.

R. S. LEPPER.

REPORT OF BOTANICAL SECTION.
Thirty-two members paid subscriptions to the Section
during the year.
Four excursions were arranged, but two (June 6th and
June 9th) were abandoned on account of the weather.

Knockpuu anp Scawt Hitt. June 20th. A party of
twenty-five members and friends travelled by motor-coach
to the foot of Knockdhu. Dryas octopetala was found in
flower in its well known station and Arenaria verna and the
Mossy Saxifrage were also found in flower nearby. From
Knockdhu the party walked across the valley to the foot
of Scawt Hill, joining a party of the Geological Section.
After tea at Ballygally a short visit was made to the garden
of Ballygally Castle. Here among the interesting plants
in flower the showy Crinodendron was seen.

Locu Naroon. September 19th. A whole day excur-
sion, jointly with the Zoological Section, was arranged for
this date and eighteen members travelled by motor-coach
to within a mile of the Loch. On the roadside near Glarry-
ford Mr. Megaw pointed out Spirxa salicifolia. The party
scattered after lunch and thoroughly explored the moor in
the vicinity of the Loch. Among the plants seen may be
mentioned Cranberry (in fruit), Cowberry (in flower and
fruit), Epilobium palustre, Utricularia minor and Drosera
anglica.

C. R. Nopper.
W. R. MzEGaw.

REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

Four visits were made during the Session, the first on
the evening of Tuesday, 19th May, 1931, to Cave Hill
Quarries, and the second on the evening of Tuesday, 28th
July, 1931, to Colin Glen. At the latter, as the river was
low, excellent opportunity was afforded to examine the very
interesting beds exposed in this well known section. The
time allowed was too short to permit of any work being

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
168

done. Indeed Colin Glen is too big a subject for an evening
visit. It requires a whole afternoon at least.

On Saturday, 20th June, 1981, a combined excursion
of the Botanical and Geological Sections was made to Scawt
Hill and neighbourhood. At Scawt Hill, under the guidance
of Mr. R. Bell, a minute examination was made of the
geological features of this interesting exposure. The chalk
at Seawt Hill has been changed into a grey crystalline
marble which takes a high polish. If it could only be
obtained in large pieces it would make a valuable building
material.

On Saturday afternoon, 20th February, 1932, the Section
visited the Geological Department, Queen’s University.
Professor Charlesworth (on whose kind invitation the visit
was made) met the party at 2.80 and for an hour and a
half devoted himself to their instruction and information.
This visit was very greatly appreciated by the members
present.

Me eC nee 't Hon. Secretaries.
REPORT OF ZOOLOGICAL SECTION.

Though many zoologists may have done individual work
in their pet subjects, I am sorry to report that their collective
work as a section has been disappointing.

Five members subscribed to the section, but in an
attempt to arouse interest last year’s subscribers were also
notified of the section excursions, but with no result.

Four excursions were arranged, and to the first to Moira
on the 23rd May the Juniors were invited. ‘Three Seniors
attended and 24 Juniors. For his help on that occasion I
wish to thank Mr. G. Reilly, for with the aid of his nets
we obtained 7 genera and 14 species of fresh water miollusca
out of the Lagan. In addition the larvee of the dragon fly,
the caddis fly, water beetles, etc., were captured.

The second excursion to Conlig, arranged for the 6th
June, in conjunction with the Botanists, failed owing to the
exceptionally wet weather; while the third to Bally-
macormick Pt. on the 25th July fell through as Mr. Welch,
who was to arrange and conduct the excursion, was too busy
to attend to it.

The final one to Lough Naroon on 19th September was
a whole day trip, undertaken jointly with the Botanical
Section. Only two Zoologists attended, but nevertheless

1931-32.)
169

we hoped, in this new area, to find something new and
interesting. We were, however, disappointed as the Lough
and the adjacent land yielded very little.

From my brief experience as Joint Secretary of this
Section it would seem, owing to the paucity of Zoologists
in the Club and the inevitable clashing of their interests
in such a wide subject, that Section work in Zoology has
little value.

D. J. CARPENTER.

REPORT OF ARCHASOLOGICAL SECTION.

Four excursions were held during the year. The first,
to Carrickfergus Castle, was on 4th July. Over 30 members
were present. Since the Northern Ireland Government took
over the building under the Ancient Monuments Act much
has been done to disclose features that had been obscured
during its occupancy as a military barrack, and the work was
still in progress at the time of the excursion.

The next excursion was to Dundonald on August 29th.
The historical associations of the dun and the Cleland monu-
ment were explained by Mr. John J. Marshall, and at the
Kempe Stone Col. Berry gave an exposition of various
theories regarding ancient megalithic monuments. Other
objects of interest inspected were the old treasure-chest in
the Presbyterian Church, and a fine ring-fort and two
menhirs in the townland of Greengraves. About 40 members
attended.

The third excursion, on 19th September, was to Down-
patrick and district. The first halt was at Inch Abbey,
a twelfth century Cistercian foundation. One of the
Honorary Secretaries of the Section outlined the history of
the building, and Mr. Skillen gave an interesting account
of the Cistercian Order. At Downpatrick the Rev. P.
Shirley conducted the party round the Cathedral. At the
reputed grave of St. Patrick one of the Honorary Secretaries
dealt briefly with the conflicting traditions regarding the
Saint’s last resting place. On leaving the Cathedral, the
old town cross, re-erected by our Club in 1897, was pointed
out: The Mound, a large earthen fort of the mote-and-
bailey type, erected by John de Courcy about 1177; Ballynoe
Stone Circle, one of the largest of its kind in Ireland, and
the Struell Wells were also visited. About 50 members
were present.

The last excursion of the season was to the Belfast
Municipal Museum on March 12th. Mr. Stendall, Mr.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
170

George, and Mr. Hewitt, of the Museum staff, took charge
of the party of 40, and helped to make the visit pleasant
and profitable. Afterwards, there was an adjournment for
tea to the Carlton, and an enjoyable social hour was spent.

The Section increased its membership by 20 during the
year.

= pie ah } Hon. Secretaries.
REPORT OF SURVEY OF ANTIQUITIES COMMITTEE.

During the past year 646 Antiquities have been classified
and indexed, and those not already indicated marked on the
1” O.S. Maps. 17 unrecorded Antiquities have been
reported.

A system of voluntary field workers has been organised
throughout the Six Counties and there are now 27 names
on the list.

104 photographs, 90 reports and descriptive notes, 4
plans, and 1 drawing have been received.

The gratitude of the Committee is due to Dr. Chart
and the officials of the Public Record Office, and to Mr.
Deane and the officials of the Belfast Museum and Art
Gallery, for their invaluable assistance during the past year,
also to all those who have encouraged and forwarded the
work of the Survey of Antiquities.

M. Garrikin, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF JUNIOR DIVISION.

The Junior Division Committee, consisting of Capt.
Chase (Chairman), Nora Stendall, Jean Cole, Mr. E. N.
Carrothers, Ranald Macdonald, Jack Blair and William
Smith, met three times in the year. Only routine business
was conducted. The number of junior members in April,
19381, was 148.

There have been nine resignations, three transfers to the
senior list, seventy-eight new members elected, and the total
number now on the list is 188. One hundred and seven
members have paid subscriptions for the year now ending
and nine arrears from last year, making the total receipts
£7 Os 6d. Twenty-one names have been removed from the
list for non-payment of subscriptions.

There was one indoor meeting specially for jumior
members on October 5, when the President gave a black-
board talk on Irish placenames, Twenty-five attended.

1931-32.1
171

Junior members have received notices of Club lectures
that should be of interest to them. These were the Presi-
dential Address, Miss Sayers’ lecture on botany, Mr.
Reilly’s on beetle collecting and Mr. Benington’s on bird
song.

The excursions during the season were extraordinarily
well attended, there being only once less than twenty-four
and twice over sixty present. <A few of the excursions were
rather far removed from field work, but the surprising
amount of interesting information to be gained from visits
to factortes is urged as a sufficiently good reason for intro-
ducing junior naturalists to the scenes behind various
manutactures.

The exhibits at the Conversazione were numerous and
varied. One or two shell and seaweed collections were of
outstanding value, containing several new records. Thanks
are due to Miss Nora Fisher and to Miss Rea and to the
authorities at Kew for naming many of the specimens.

A feature of this Conversazione was the exhibiting of
small and not very meritorious collections by members of
(welve years of age and under. ‘These should surely receive
every encouragement because their work, especially when
it is unaided by parents or teachers, is a definite promise
of more valuable results in the future.

The following excursions were held during the year :—

1931.

April 2—Geological excursion to Carr’s Glen. Conductors,
Mr. R. Bell and Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland.

May 19—General Club excursion, evening, Cave Hill. Con-
ductor, Mr. D. J. Carpenter.

May 23—Zoological excursion to Lagan at Moira. Con-
ductor, Mr. D. J. Carpenter.

May 380—Agricultural show at Balmoral—talks in the
Ministry of Agriculture’s exhibit arranged by Mr.
Rhinehart.

June 6—Visit to bacteriological laboratory and dairy of
Belfast Co-operative Society. Conducted by Miss
‘Mayes, M.Sc.

June 13—Carnalea, seaweed collecting. Conductor, Miss
Rea, M.Sc.

[ Proc. BN...
172

June 18—Evening marine zoology excursion to Orlock Point.
Conducted by junior members, Ranald Macdonald
and John M‘Williams.

June 23—Evening visit to Belfast Co-operative Bakery, by
courtesy of the Manager.

July 4—Botany walk from Belmont to Dundonald. Con-
ducted by Capt. Chase, who afterwards entertained
junior members to tea.

September 5—The inside working of the herring fishery,
including inspection of the trawlers. Conducted
by Mr. G. Steven, who provided tea and fresh fish
to bring home.

September 12—Archeological visit to Carrickfergus Castle
and a walk to collect wild flowers of the Order
Composite to show on flower tables the following
week at the Municipal ‘Museum.

September 16—Rare plants in the Botanical Gardens, shown
by Mr. A. Graham, followed by a talk on the
Natural Order Composite, delivered in the Muni-
cipal Museum by Mr. A. EH. Muskett.

September 26—Sea sheil beds under Belfast buildings and
Alexandra Graving Dock, ete., Queen’s Island.

October 10—Junior members’ fungus foray in Belvoir Park.
Conducted by Mr. A. HE. (Muskett.

October 17—Zoological and botanical excursion near Shaw’s
Bridge to collect living specimens for the Con-
versazione, Conductors, Miss Rea, M.Sc., and
Mr. R. J. Welch, M.Sc.

November 25—Glenbank bleach works of Messrs. Wm.
Ewart & Sons. Processes explained by Dr.
EJlison.

1982.

February 16—Belfast Municipal Gas Works, by courtesy of
the Manager.

WINIFRED Nopper, Hon. Sec. Junior Division.

173

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(Proc. B.N.F.C.
174

The following office-bearers were elected for the Session
1931-32 :—President, Professor J. K. Charlesworth; Vice-
President, Professor Gregg Wilson; Hon. Secretary, J.
Skillen; Hon. Treasurer, A. H. Davison; Hon. Librarian,
W. M. Crawford; Hon. Recording Secretaries, Miss Nora
Fisher and R. 8. Lepper; Hon. Secretaries of Sections—
Botanical, C. R. Nodder and Rev. W. R. Megaw;
Geological, A. M‘I. Cleland and J. J. Hartley; Zoological,
D. J. Carpenter and R. J. Welch; Archeological, Miss
Mary Gaffikin and A. A. Campbell; Hon. Secretary Junior
Division, Mrs. Winifred Nodder; Ordinary Members of Com-
mittee (retire 1983), Miss W. J. Sayers, Dr. J. S. Lough-
ridge and James Orr; (retire 1934), Captain C. D. Chase,
J. A. 8. Stendall and Wm. Sweeney; (retire 1935), Robert
Bell, W. G. Burns and C. E. Kerr.

CLUB MEDALLISTS.

1923. William Swanston, F.G.S.

1924. Nevin Harkness Foster, F.L.8., M.R.I.A.
1925. Nathaniel Carrothers.

1926. Robert Bell.

1927. R. Lloyd Praeger, D.Sc., M.R.I.A.

1928. BR. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.1.A;

o ou.
eee } No award.

1931. §. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.

Mr. Bennett joined the Club in 1908, was on the com-
mittee from 1918 till 1926, was for three periods hon.
secretary of the Botanical Section, and from 1919 till 1928
was Joint Editor of Proceedings. In 1920 he was elected
President, and held office for two years, and when in 1926
he had to sever active connection owing to ill-health the
Club lost one who had contributed largely to its welfare.

Mr. Bennett’s interests were mainly botanical, and he
was instrumental in adding largely to the knowledge of the
distribution of phanerogamic plants in Northern Ireland.
Local geological and anthropological problems occupied a
good deal of his leisure time in later years, and in 1923 he
collaborated with Mr. Robert Bell in an important paper
on a recently discovered prehistoric site in County Antrim.
Mr. Bennett, who now lives at Burslem, was an inspiring
companion, and many members of the Club owed much of
their knowledge in field botany and geology to his teachings.

1931-32.]
175
LIST OF EXCHANGING SOCIETIES.

1930-31. 1931-32.

1 — Barrow-in-Furness—Naturalists’ Field Club
and Literary and Scientific Associa-
tion.

1 1 Belfast—Committee of the Public Museums
and Art Gallery.

1 Committee of Public Libraries.

ft 1 Natural History and Philosophical

; Society.

1 1 Presbyterian Historical Society of

Treland.

1 1 Birmingham—Natural History and _ Philo-
sophical Society.

1 1 Bournemouth—Natural Science Society.

— 1 Brighton and Hove—Natural History and
Philosophical Society.

1 Bristol—Naturalists’ Society.

1 Caradoc and Severn Valley—Field Club. ~
1 Cardiff—Naturalists’ Society.

1 Carlislke—Natural History Society.

1 — Chester—Society of Natural Science, Litera-
ture and Art.

1 Down and Connor—Historical Society.

1 Dubln—Royal Irish Academy.

l Royal Society of Antiquaries, Ireland.
| Royal Zoological Society of Ireland.

1 — Dumfriesshire and Galloway—Natural History
and Antiquarian Society.

ao 1 Dundalk—County Louth Archeological
Journal.

= 1 Eastbourne

Natural History, Photographic
and Literary Society.
— — KEdinburgh—Geological Society.

1 1 Essex—Field Club.
_ 1 Eton College—Natural History Society.
1 1° Frankfort—Senckenbergische Bibliothek,

1930-31.
1

[Proc. B.N.F.C.

176
1931-32.
1 Glasgow—Royal Philosophical Society.
1 Glasgow and Andersonian Natural History and
Microscopical Society.
1 Guernsey—La Société Guernésiaise.
— Halifax, Nova Scotia—Institute of Science.
— Hertfordshire—Natural History Society and
Field Club.
— Isle of Man—Natural History and Antiquarian
Society.
1 Isle of Wight—Natural History Society.
1 Leeds—Philosophical and Literary Society.
— lLeyden—Rijks Ethnographisch Museum.
1 Liverpool—Geological Society.
— Naturalists’ Field Club.
1 Llandudno, Colwyn Bay and District—Field
Club.
— lLondon—British Association.
— British Museum.
1 Geologists’ Association.
1 Linnean Society.
1 Natural History Society.
— Manchester—Geological Association.
a Literary and Philosophical
Society.
1 Microscopical Society.
1 Marlborough College—Natural History Society.
1 Neweastle-upon-Tyne—Natural History Society
of Northumberland, Durham and
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
1 Norfolk and Norwich—Naturalists’ Society.
1 North Staffordshire—Field Club.
1 Oxford—Ashmolean Natural History Society.
— Perthshire—Society of Natural Science.
— Plymouth—Institution.
1 Stavanger—Staats Museum.

Swansea—Scientific and Field Naturalists’
Society. :

1931-32.]
L77
1930-31. 1931-32.
_- 1 Toronto—Royal Canadian Institute,
1 1 Torquay—Natural History Society.

UeSeA
Boston, Mass.—Society of Natural History -

|

a — Chicago—Academy of Sciences.
us i Field Museum of Natural History.
1 — John Crerar Library.
— ~— Cineinnati—Lloyd Library.
iL 1 Madison, Wis.—Wisconsin Academy of
Sciences, Arts and Letters.

1 1 Milwaukee, Wis.—Public Museum.
1 — New York, N.Y.—Academy of Science.
1 1 Philadelphia—Academy of Natural Sciences.
1 — Rochester, N.Y.—Academy of Science.
a — St. Louis, Mo.—Academy of Sciences.
1 i. Missouri Botanical Garden.
San Diego, Cal.—Society of Natural History.
1 1 San Francisco, Cal.—California Academy of
Sciences.
1 1 Staten Island, N.Y.—Institute of Arts and
Sciences.
— — Tuft’s College, Mass.—Eaton Memorial
Library.
1 1 Washington—U.S. Geological Survey.
1 1 Government Printing Works.
1 1 National Museum.
1 1 Smithsonian Institution.

[Proec. B.N.F.C.
178

LIST OF MEMBERS ELECTED DURING YEAR 1930.

Miss Winifred F. E. Anderson, 47 Brookhill Avenue, Antrim Road.

Mrs. N. Anderson, Ballyhossett, Downpatrick.

Major R. H. H. Armstrong, Harbour Office, Belfast.

Mrs. A. B. Bingham, 86 Redcar Street, Castlereagh Road.

Miss E. M. ‘Chambers, B.Sc., Riddell Hall, Stranmillis.

Robt. E. L. Clarke, B.A., B.E., 42 Railway Street, Lisburn.

Miss M. Cunningham, 67 King’s Road, Knock.

Miss M. H. Duffield, Forthbrook, Ballygomartin Road, Belfast.

Thomas Elwood, 3 Walmer Terrace, Holywood, Co. Down.

Miss A. L. Ferguson, 116 Balmoral Avenue, Belfast.

Miss K. Flynn, ‘‘Clonlee,’’ St. James’ Park, Belfast.

Miss Mary Gaffikin, 21 Deramore Drive. Malone Road.

S. D. Glassey, Macosquin, Coleraine, Co. Derry.

Miss M. Glendinning, 26 Sans Souci Park Belfast. (Transferred from
Juniors.)

John Hamilton, 78 Antrim Road, Belfast.

Mrs. H. E. Hamilton, 78 Antrim Road, Belfast.

Mrs. Wm. H. Hamilton, Hillside, Antrim Road, Belfast.

Wm. H. Hamilton, Hillside, Antrim Road, Belfast.

J. O. Harpur, 76 Rushfield Avenue, Belfast.

Miss Dorothy Eileen Horton, Garfield Chambers, 44a Royal Avenue.

Cyril Charles Horton, 53 Ponsonby Avenue, Antrim Road.

Miss K. N. Jackson, Martinez Villas, Bloomfield, Belfast.

Miss E. D. Jackson, Martinez Villas, Bloomfield, Belfast.

Wm. Jas. Johnston, 45 Pretoria Street, Stranmillis, Belfast.

Miss I. K. Johnston, B.Sc., 38 Stranmillis Gardens, Belfast.

Miss Gwynne Johnstone, 6 University Street, Belfast.

Wm. J. Kerr, 65 Dunluce Avenue, Belfast.

Miss F. B. Knox, Roxburgh, Ranfurly Avenue, Bangor.

Miss Dorothy Melville, ‘‘Charis,’’ Ballygomartin Road, Belfast.

Miss Kathleen Melville, ‘‘Charis,’’ Ballygomartin Road, Belfast.

Miss Napier, Training College, Stranmillis, Belfast.

Miss Margaret Noble, 24 The Mount, Belfast.

Mrs. Pollock, 67 King’s Road, Knock, Belfast.

J. D. Prenter, ‘‘Le Nid.’’ Ormiston Crescent, Knock, Belfast.

Miss Frances Rollins, 26 Victoria Road, Sydenham, Co. Down.

Miss Florence Rutherford, 86 Limestone Road, Belfast.

Miss A. E. Shaw, 20 Harcourt Street, Belfast.

Miss A. Smiles, West Bank, Strandtown, Belfast.

Miss H. Smyth, 4 Knockdene Park, Knock, Belfast.

Wm. H. Spence, Brownlow Street, Comber, Co. Down.

J. B. Stewart, M.B., Ch.L.R.C.P., Portglenone, Co. Antrim.

Alex. Thompson, 12 Donegall Road, Belfast.

Miss A. G. Tripp, 20 College Green, Belfast.

George Williams, M.Sc., Zoological Department, Queen’s University.

1931-32.
139

LIST OF MEMBERS ELECTED DURING YEAR 1931.

Francis G. Hartnell Anderson, M.A., I.C.S., ‘Brooklands,’ Annadale
Avenue.

Miss Kathleen M. Bourke, 13 University Evenue, Belfast.

Mrs. Elizabeth Barnfather, 4 Eileen Gardens, Windsor Park, Belfast.
Thomas E. Buckley, 25 Sorella Street, Belfast.

Miss Elsie Bruce, ‘‘Woodview,’? Dunmurry, Co. Antrim.

Miss Winifred Brooke, M.A., ‘‘Danesmere,’’ Rosetta Avenue, Belfast.
Mrs. Margaret L. Brooke, ‘“‘Danesmere,’’ Rosetta Avenue, Belfast.
Mrs. Bolton, 397 Antrim Road, Belfast.

Mrs. W. G. C. Crawford, “‘Rathdune,’? Downpatrick, Co. Down.
Thomas Henry Convery, 53 Botanic Avenue, Belfast.

William J. Copeland, 43 Camden Street, Belfast.

Miss Minnie Dunlop, Chichester Gardens, Antrim Road, Belfast.
John Donnan, “‘Walford,’’ Nendrum Gardens, Bloomfield, Belfast.
Professor Thomson Flynn, D.Sc., Queen’s University, Belfast.

Miss J. Eileen Gillies, Riddell Hall, Stranmillis Road, Belfast.

Miss May Gallagher, 8 Westminster Street, Cromwell Road, Belfast.
Richard Lilburn Henderson (Captain), Belfast News-Letter, Ltd.
Miss Myfanney Hammond, The Library, Queen’s University, Belfast.

J. J. Hartley, M.Sc., Department of Geology, Queen’s University,
Belfast.

Rev. Thomas M. Johnstone, Antrim Lodge, Antrim Road, Belfast.
Miss E. Beatrice Lee, Feenish House, 121 Crumlin Road, Belfast.
Miss Elsie Lee, Feenish’ House, 121 Crumlin Road, Belfast.

James S. Loughridge, B.Sc., M.D., F.R.C.S., 52 Elmwood Avenue,
Belfast.

Rev. R. Nevin Lyons, 16 Malone Park, Belfast.

George Chapman Lepper, B.A., 72 High Street, Belfast.
Mrs. Ida Larmor, Fairy Hill, Dunmurry.

Miss Isobel Mackie, ‘‘Hazelbank,’’ Whiteabbey, Co. Antrim.
Robert Murray, 17 Cheviot Street, Belfast.

Patrick Joseph Montague, St. Joseph’s Terrace, Ballyhackamore,
Belfast.

John S. Mortimer, 200 Ravenhill Road, Belfast.
Samuel J. M‘Avoy, 1 College Square North, Belfast.
James H. M‘Gowan, 33 Bingham Street, Bangor, Co. Down.

Ranald Macdonald (Transferred from Juniors), 94 Antrim Road,
Belfast.

Miss Gretta M‘Combe, 183 Deerpark Road, Belfast.
John Milligan M‘Clung, Ava House, Old Cavehill Road, Belfast.
Lydia Mary M‘Robert (Miss), ‘‘Dochais,’’ Knockvale Park, Belfast.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
180

Miss M. M‘Crea, 3 Mount Pleasant, Stranmillis, Belfast.

William James Peden (Transferred from Juniors), 27 Ashgrove Park,
Belfast.

John B. Pears, Woodlands, Holywood, Co. Down.

Miss Christina Plenderleith, 9 Fortfield Terrace, Greenisland

James M. Rogan, ‘‘Ernestville,’’ Ava Avenue, Belfast.

Reginald Harvey W. Reavy, 11 Larkstone Street, Belfast.

Grier Reilly (Transferred from Juniors), 18 Salisbury Gardens, Belfast.

Mrs. E. Stoneley, Ballantrae, 58 Ulsterville Avenue, Belfast.

Wm. Topping, 53 Haddington Gardens, Belfast.

F. R. Unwin, Brighton House, Dunmurry, Co. Antrim.

Cunningham Witherow, 95 Great Victoria Street, Belfast.

Edward Shanks, 3 Galwally Park, Belfast. (This gentleman was
marked in Legister, “‘Gone away, left no address”’ in March, 1930,
but he got into communication with Mr. Davison during 1931 and
asked to re-join. He also paid all arrears due to Club.)

Led DE C eee

| N AT URAL
Kes TORY. |

> (a we |

LEPIDOPTERA

OF

COUNTY DOWN.

Rev. Canon G. FOSTER, B.D.

Being an Appendix (No. 5 of Vol. Ill.) to the Proceedings of
The Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club for 1931-32,

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4

LEPIDOPTERA OF COUNTY DOWN.
BY

Rev. Canon G. FOSTER, B.v.
TTTtivel

The County of Down offers many attractions for
entomologists owing to its sea coast with some very rich
stretches of sandhills, its mosses lying in the hollows between
the uplands, and above all the Mourne Mountain Range.
Here the Donard Demesne, Tollymore Park and Slieve
Bearnagh, in the South the woods round Rostrevor are
very productive. Again, since the County touches on Lough
Neagh, it has a share in the interesting species which are
to be found along those shores. ‘The Lurgan district and
the Belfast district have been well worked, the latter by
the late Dean Bristow and Mr. C. W. Watts. The Lurgan
district includes portions of Armagh, Down, and Antrim;
that of Belfast portions of Down and Antrim. Accordingly
a record, “* Belfast district,’’ may be from either Down or
Antrim, unless more exact information is given. The same
thing applies to *‘ Lurgan district.’’ But even if a record
is in reality one that has to do with a locality a few yards
across the Down border, in all probability, the insect con-
cerned could be found within that border. And Dean
Bristow’s ‘‘ Belfast ’’ records are for Knockbreda, and
Watts’ for Ormeau, apparently.

As regards the Butterflies, I regret to say I can only
record the typical forms, as I have never concentrated on
them and their varieties.

ABBREVIATIONS, ETC.

B.; Edwin Birchell.

Bar.; C. G. Barrett (in Kane).

B.N. 1874; Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club Guide, 1874.
B.N. 1902; Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club Guide, 1902.
Bw. ; the late Dean Bristow of Belfast (in Kane).

[Appendix B.N.F.C.,
64

B.N.F.C. Report, 1893-94 (Appendices, Vol. II, No.
4, pp. 115-181) contains C. W. Watts’ ‘‘ Lepidoptera taken
in Belfast District.”’

Cc. W. W.; C. W. Watts (mostly only those of his
records which are confirmed in ‘‘ Kane ’”’ are given).

‘* KEntomologist,’’ LXIV, March, 1931, contains an
interesting article by Rev. W. F. Johnson, dealing largely
with Co. Down Lepidoptera.

Greer, Cat. ; Lepidoptera of North of Ireland. (B.N.F.C.
Appendices, Vol. III, No. 4, pp. 31-60.)

I.N.; Irish Naturalist.

I.N.J.; Irish Naturalists’ Journal.

Kane; W. F. de V. Kane, Catalogue of Irish
Lepidoptera (1901).

Pn.; Robert Patterson ‘‘ On Insects mentioned in
Shakespeare.”’

R.G.A.; R. Guy Atkinson, Rostrevor.

W.F.J.; the Rev. W. F. Johnson, M.A., Rostrevor.

Wilkinson ; “‘ British Tortrices ’’ (1859).

W.M.C.; W. M. Crawford, Belfast.

Where no authority is given, the writer is to be under-

stood as such.

I am greatly indebted to the Rev. W. F. Johnson for
his help given by articles in I.N. and I.N.J., as well as in
private letters.

The figures in brackets indicate the page or pages in
Kane’s ‘“‘ Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ireland,’’ at
which the insects wil! be found.

I. RHOPALOCERA.

Pieris brassice L. and P. rape LL. Abundant generally.
(1, 155.)

P. napi L. The Green-veined White. Has its two broods
in great abundance from May till August. (1, 155.)

Euchloé cardamines L. The Orange Tip. Is to be seen
every spring, but not nearly as abundant as I have seen it
in the hillside glens round Belfast. —(3.)

1931-1932. ]
65

Colias edusa Ib. The Clouded Yellow. Miss Muriel
Whelan tells me she has seen a single specimen on the shore
at Killard in the month of August. (4, 155.)

Gonepteryx rhamni L. ‘ On the 4th of July, 1829, |
watched one for some time on the quay of Belfast,’’—Pn.

(B.N., 1902, p. 199) ; Newcastle, in 1910, by G. Donaldson
and recorded in B.N.F.C. Proc., Vol. VI, pp. 381 and 400.
This specimen, a male, is now in the eollection of Mr.
Ge Cr Reilly. (4, 155.)

Vanessa urtice L. The smal! Tortoise Shell. Awakens
in March or April and is very abundant in the early summer,
to appear again in July and August. (9.)

Y. io L. The Peacock. Does not seem to make its
way so far North as Strangtord, ‘but I hear of it some seasons
at Lakeview near Lurgar, and at Waringstown in the
autumn, when it favours the flowers of Buddleia variabilis,
along with the Tortoise Shell and the Red Admiral. (9.)

Y. atalanta L. The Red Admiral. Abundant August
and September in gardens. I have beaten it out of
a hedge near the cliffs at Killard in numbers during the
autumn. Perhaps they were migrants, resting there after
the sea crossing. (10.)

Y. antiopa L. The only record is that from Knock-
breda, about 1874, of Dean Bristow. B.N., 1902, p. 200.

Pyrameis cardui L. General, May and August; W.F.J.
reports larve at Newcastle, 27.VII.’00. (10.)

Argynnis aglaia L. The Dark Green Fritillary. Is
to be met with abundantly on the Dundrum sandhills dur-
ing July; Bryansford, Pn. (4.)

A. paphia L. Donard Demesne and other woods,
C.W.W.; Tollymore Park, Pn.; Rostrevor, W.F.J. (5.)

Pararge xgeria var. xgerides Stgr. The Speckled
Wood. Its first brood appears in April and there is a
constant succession till September. (11.)

P.,semele L. The Grayling. Abundant during August
and September in the Dundrum sandhills, and also among
the granite on Slieve Donard. (11.)

P. megera L. The Wall Butterfly. My records are
all for August, and then it is abundant everywhere. (11.)

[Appendix B.N.F.C.,
66

Epinephele janira L. Meadow Brown. Appears the
end of June and continues on till August. 1 have met
blanched specimens at Ardkeen and at Castle Ward. (12.)

E. hyperanthus L. The Ringlet. Locally abundant
and appears early in July; Donard Demesne, Castle Ward.
(13.)

Cenonympha pamphilus L. The Small Heath.
General; my records are from Slieve Donard, where very
large specimens occur. (13.)

Thecla rubi L. The Green Hairstreak. The only
locality I know of in County Down is among the birches
on the mountain south of Tollymore Park. (14.)

Polyommatus phlwas L. The Small Copper. Abun-
dant in both broods from Groomsport south (14.)

Lycena icarus Rott. The Common Blue. Abundant
especially in sandhills on the coast from June till August.
At Killard I examined some hundreds asleep on blades of
bent grass, but they did not show any noteworthy varia-
tion. (15.)

L. argiolus L. ‘The Holly Blue. Is to be met with
in Donard Demesne, and more abundantly in Tollymore
Park and on the Hare’s Gap. (17, 156.)

L. wxgon Schiff., (= argus L.). The Silver-studded
Blue. Birchall’s old record is still awaiting confirmation ;
as also of

L, astrarche Bestr. Both ‘‘ Mourne Mts., near Ros-
trevor.’’ (14.)

Il. HETEROCERA.
SPHINGIDAS.

Acherontia atropos L. The Death’s Head. Has
appeared at Portaferry and Downpatrick; Moyallen,
W.E.d. (18, 156: )

Sphinx convolvuli L.. The Convolvulus Hawk Moth.
Within recent years has appeared at Quinton, Strangford,
and Belfast, also Lurgan. (18.)

Deilephila livornica Esp. The Striped Hawk. Ormeau
Park, Belfast, June 7 and 11, 1888, C.W.W. | (19, 156.)

1931-1932. |
67

Cherocampa elpenor L. The Elephant Hawk. The
perfect insect used to frequent flowers of the yellow flag at
the end of June beside Lough Neagh. At Strangford the
full-fed caterpillar frequently turns up during the autumn;
Loughbrickland, W.F.J. (20.)

Smerinthus ocellatus L. The Eyed Hawk. The larve
are to be found on willow in the marshes round Lough
Neagh. (20, 156.)

S. populi L. The Poplar Hawk. The larve are to be
found eyerywhere on willow and poplar, and the perfect
insect is often met with in June. (20.)

Macroglossa stellatarum L. The Humming-bird Hawk.
Is abundant certain seasons throughout the country,
especially on the Jackdaw cliffs at Killard, one specimen
there last season (1931) inJuly. As itis a migrant, perhaps
these cliffs are the first land they meet after their
passage. (21.)

M. tityus L. (= bombyliformis Och.). The Bee Hawk.
During the war, while working at Sphagnum gathered near
Kirkcubbin and Carrowdore, I have found in it the pupa
which duly emerged. Donard Demesne and Mourne Park,
Kilkeel, are other localities, also Crawfordsburn, Bw.
(21, 156.)

Trochilium crabroniformis Lewin. The Hornet Clear-
wing. lLarve abundant on old willows and poplars at Kirk-
cubbin, the imago also to be found sitting on the trunk;
Knockbreda, Bw. (22.)

ZYGAINIDA.
Zygena filipendule L. Abundant, especially on sand-
hills in July, e.g., Killard. 23.)
-Z. lonicere Esp. Very abundant on vetch flowers at

Tullylish, June, 1905; Newcastle, Warrenpoint, 21st July,
1928, W.F.J. (28, 157.)

NOTODONTID.

Cerura furcula L. lLarve on willow in marshes round
Lough Neagh. (381, 158.)
- Dicranura vinula L. Larve abundant on willow, Strang-
ford, Newcastle and Warrenpoint. (32.)

[Appendix B.N.E.C.,

68

Pheosia dictwza L. (= tremula Clerck). Caterpillar on
willow, Newtownards and Kirkeubbin. —_(33.)

Ph. dictzoides Esp. Larvee on birch, Tollymore Park,
September. (33, 158.)

Notodonta ziczac L. Caterpillar on willow, Lough
Neagh and Saul marshes; Rostrevor, W.F.J. — (33.)

N. dromedarius L. Caterpillar on alder, Kilclief ;
birch, Lough Neagh. (83, 158.)

Lophopteryx camelina L. Imago at light, Strangford
and Rostrevor ; larve on birch, Strangford and Lough Neagh,
also on lime, Castle Ward. (82.)

Phalera bucephala L. Lough Neagh district, abun-
dant. (84.)

Pygera curtula L. No new record since that of Mr.
Watts (B.N., 1902, p. 200) of the larvee at Bloody Bridge,
Newcastle. (34.)

P. pigra Hufin. lLarve on willow, Mourne Mountains,
C.W.W. (84.)

Habrosyne derasa [.. Occasional specimens have turned
up at Kirkeubbin, Strangford and Lurgan. (34.)

Thyatira batis L. Same localities, only more abun-
dant; Rostrevor, W.F.J. (85.)

Palimpsestis duplaris L. Near Lurgan; abundant at
Rostrevor. (36, 159.)

Orgyia antiqua L. Larva, Kirkcubbin, on sycamore.
(30. )

Pecilocampa populi L. Rostrevor, December, W.F.J.
and R.G.A. (80.)

Lasiocampa quercus, var. callunz Palmer. Abundant,
larva and imago, Strangford, Lurgan; Dundrum, W.F.J. ;
Rostrevor, W.F.J. and R.G.A. (80.)

Macrothylacia rubi L. Larva, Slieve Donard, Septem-
ber; Rostrevor, imago, 13th June, 1929, larve, September
6th, W.F.J. and R.G.A. (80.)

Saturnia payonia 1. ‘The green caterpillar and the
shuttle-shaped cocoon are often to be found on heather,
e.g., Sheve Donard and Mourne Mountains. (81.)

1931-1932.
69

DREPANID.

Drepana lacertinaria LL. The perfect insect among
birch in June, Tollymore; larva on birch, Tollymore,
September. (81.)

Cilix glaucata Scop. Occasionally to be found settled
on the glass of a window, attracted by light, here at Strang-
ford in July. Also occurs at Kilkeel and Saintfield.
Rostrevor at light, 4th September, R.G.A. (81.)

NOLIDAL.

Nola confusalis H.S. Castle Ward, June; Saintfield,
May; numerous Donard Demesne, Bw. (24, 157.)

Hylophila prasinana [1.. Common in Donard Demesne,
C.W.W.; Rostrevor, one among bracken, 24th June, R.G.A.
(24.)

ARCTIIDE.

Spilosoma menthastri Esp. and S. lubricipeda L. Both
abundant everywhere; I have not met much variation in
County Down. (27.)

Diaphora mendica Clerck. The pupa is to be found
under moss on rocks near Strangford, but the imago I have
not met with here. Both sexes are silky white, with in
some cases a yellowish tinge. (26, 157.)

Phragmatobia fuliginosa L. Larve under moss through
winter. The perfect insect is to be met with at Strangford
and Castle Ward throughout July and seems larger, brighter,
and less transparent than Scotch specimens. Common at
Rostrevor, R.G.A. (26.)

Parasemia plantaginis L. On heather in July, Tolly-
more and Donard; Dundrum, Rostrevor, W.F.J. (25.)

Arctia caia L. Abundant everywhere. (26.)

Hipocrita jacobaez L. Rostrevor, end of June, is the
only locality in Down where I have met with the Cinnabar.
Common, Rostrevor, W.F.J. (25.)

LITHOSIID.

Nudaria mundana L. Very abundant, Newcastle and
Strangford; Rostrevor, W.F.J. (24.)

Lithosia complana L. ‘ Co. Down, Bw.,’’ is Kane’s
note on this species. (24.)

[Appendix B.N.F.C.,
70

NOCTUIDE.

Demas coryli I. = Larva on hazel, September, Tolly-
more; Belvoir Park, B.N., 1874;.Rostrevor, Ist June,
ne Gack. (38. )

Acronycta megacephala Ib. *’ Newcastle. rare in Down.”’
WoW * 1080; Pace)

A. psi. General. Imago often on tree trunks. (39.)

A. rumicis L. Of general distribution and abundant.

(40.)
Bryophila perla Ib. Abundant, Strangford and Porta-
ferry, comes to light. Newcastle, Kane; Newry market,

W.F.J. ‘‘ Not uncommon in July at Rostrevor,’’ W.F.J.
(38.)

Agrotis segetum Schiff. Albundant, especially in
autumn. (9d9.)

A. vestigialis Hufn. Plentitul on the sandhills at
Tyrella and Dundrum, but I failed to find it in those further
north. (53.)

A. cursoria Bork. One, Dundrum, Aug. ’29; ‘‘ common
Dundrum,’ C.W.W. = (56,160.)

A. corticea Hb. B.N., 1874, ** Belvoir Park.’’ (56, 160.)

A. nigricans L. Abundant both sides of Ards, also
Lough Neagh shores. (57.)

A. tritici L. Abundant on all coast sandhills ; oceasion-
ally at Strangford, wandering in from Killard. (57.)

A. exclamationis L. Abundant everywhere. (56.)

A. suffusa Hb. Kirkcubbin and Strangford. Some
years in great abundance. I have counted 40 on one small .
veronica. ‘‘ After appearing on ivy, it appears again on
sallow in spring at Rostrevor,’’ W.F.J. (54, as ypsilon Rott.)

A. strigula Thnb. Kirkcubbin, heather ; Strangford light
and Veronica; Rostrevor, W.F.J. and R.G.A. (59.)

A. precox L. Dundrum sandhills, abundant at heather
bloom, August and September. (59.)

A. lucernea lL. ‘* Dundrum’ sandhills, common,’’
C.W.W., but I did not see it. (59.)

A. agathina Dup. Abundant, August-September, 1929,
on wing and at heather, Dundrum sandhills. — (58.)

1931-1932, }
71

A. saucia Hb. A few specimens turn up most years
at ivy and garden flowers in autumn, and at light and
flowers in June; these occur, both in the type form and var.
margaritaria, the latter the most frequent. Rostrevor at
light, 12th Oct. '28, W.F.J. (54, 160.)

Noctua augur Ib. Generally distributed. (60.)

N. glareosa Esp. Seems confined to the sea coasts
and mountains, Kirkcubbin, Strangford, Rathfriland and
Rostrevor. (60.)

N. baia Ib. Generally abundant. (62.)

N.c-nigrum L. Kirkcubbin, Strangford. Killard. (60. )

N. triangulum Huin. Rostrevor, W.F.J. (60.)

N. brunnea I'b. General; Rostrevor, “‘ very dark,”’
Weed. (61.)

N. primuia Hsp. General and very varied. (61,
as var. of festiva Hb.)

N. dahlii Hb. Abundant in Castle Ward. (62.)

N. rubi View. Both broods abundant, June and August
(62. )

N. umbrosa, Hb. Frequent, Strangford and Lough
Neagh; Rostrevor, W.F.J. (62.)

N. xanthographa Fb. Abundant everywhere. (63.)

N. plecta L. Abundant everywhere. (60. )

Axylia putris L. Kirkcubbin, Strangford; Rostrevor,
W.F.J. (44.)

Triphena orbona Ib. and T. pronuba Fb. Common
everywhere. (63, 166.)

T. fimbria L. Rostrevor, Lough Neagh; Castle Ward,
W.M.C. (63.)

T. ianthina Esp. Abundant. (63.)

Barathra brassice 11. Abundant everywhere. (46.)

Mamestra oleracea 1. Abundant everywhere. (82.)

M. glauca Hb. Kostrevor, W.F.J. (81.)

M. dissimilis Kn. Kirkcubbin, abundant. (82, 161.)

M. thalassina Rott. Abundant everywhere. (83.)
M. contigua Vill. Once in Donard Demesne, C.W.W.
(83. )

[Appendix B.N.F.C.,

72

M. pisi L. Generally distributed; the striped cater-
pillar often to be seen on rushes in August. (82.)

M. dentina isp. General. (82.)

Dianthecia conspersa Esp. Abundant on sea campion
in June, Kirkcubbin, Ardkeen, Strangford, Castle Ward; at
Knock ; Lagan marshes, C.W.W. (74, as nana Rott.)

D. capsincola Hb. One specimen on sea Campion,
Oldcourt, July. Lagan marshes, C.W.W. (75.)

D. capsophila Dup. At sea campion in June, Ardglass,
Oldcourt, Castle Ward; the larva may be found later by
looking inside perforated bladders. (76, 161.)

Hecatera serena Fb. Ardglass, one (the late J. Har-
rison, Lurgan) ; Strangford, three; Rostrevor, two at light,
KReGA, Dundrum, WE ide (78, 161.)

Epineuronia popularis Ib. One at light, Strangford;
do., Rostrevor, W.F.J. (45.)

Tholera cespitis I'b. One, Dundrum sandhills, end
Aine 1929. © (46, 160.)

Charzas graminis L. Specimens turn up in most places
every season. (40.)

Hadena adusta Esp. Abundant, Kirkcubbin, Strangford,
Neweastle. (81.)

H. protea Bork. Abundant, Rostrevor (Malcomson,
Greer, Cat.}.' (SI, 1Gr.)

Luperina testacea Hb. Abundant, Roddans, Strang-
ford, Rathdrum; Rostrevor, W.F.J. (46.)

Cerigo matura Hufn. Kirkcubbin, Lough Neagh;
Rostrevor, W.F.J. (46.)

Hama abjecta Hb. MRostrevor, July, at light, W.F.J.
(46, 160.)

Apamea gemina Hb. Common everywhere. (47.)

A. basilinea Fb. Common everywhere. (47.)

A. unanimis Tr. Abundant, Lough Neagh marshes.

(47.)

A. secalis L. (= didyma Esp.). Common everywhere.
(48.)

A. ophiogramma lisp. Abundant, Lough Neagh

marshes; Rostrevor, W.F.J. (47, 160.)

1931-1932. ]

Miana strigilis Clerck. Strangford, Kirkcubbin, but
H. J. Turner (Ent. Record) writes: “‘ Your specimens were
not that species but the newly-differentiated latruncula ;
Rostrevor, W.F.J. (48.)

M. fasciuncula Haw. Strangford, Kirkeubbin; Ros-
trevor, W.F.J. (49.)

M. literosa Haw. Abundant, Lough Neagh, Kirkeubbin,
Strangford, Dundrum, Rostrevor. (50.)

M. bicoloria Vill. Same distribution, but scarcer.
(50, 160.)

Xylophasia rurea Fb. Common everywhere. (44.)
X. lithoxylea Fb. Generally distributed. (44.)
X. monoglypha Hufn. Common everywhere. (44.)

Aporophyla nigra Haw. Rostrevor, Strangford, Kirk-
cubbin, some years abundant. Newcastle and Rostrevor,
Weed. (79.)

Polia chi L. B.N., 1874, ‘‘ scarce in Down.’’ I know
of no Down record, but as it is reported as abundant on
basalt in Antrim and Derry this record for Down is no doubt
correct. (78.)

Miselia oxyacanthe [1.. Generally distributed, on ivy
blossom. (80.)

Agriopis aprilina I.. ‘‘ Common near Belfast,’’ C.W.W..,
but I have never met it. - (80.)

Euplexia lucipara L. Generally distributed. (80.)

Phlogophora meticulosa .. Common in both broods.
(80. )

Mormo maura J... Waringstown, R.G.A.; in sand
martin’s nest on Lagan, Westropp; abundant, Rostrevor,

me. 29; W.F.S.: (64:)
Neenia typica lL. General distribution. (64.)

Helotropha leucostigma Hb. Lough Neagh marshes,
Strangford, Lagan marshes (C.W.W.), both type and var.
fibrosa Hubn. (48.)

Hydrecia nictitans Bork. Lough Neagh; general round
the coast. C.W.W. savs “‘ most, if not all, the specimens
from this district are referable to H, lucens.’’ But H, J,

[Appendix B.N.F.C.,
74

Turner has placed all my Down specimens under nictitans
and crinanensis, the latter occurring at Kirkeubbin. Var.
erythrostigma Haw., Rostrevor, W.1'.J.; fairly plentiful also
elsewhere. (48.)

H. micacea Bork. Common everywhere. (43.)

Nonagria typhe Esp. ‘T'o be found wherever Typha
grows. Pupa may be secured within the stems in August,
or the perfect insect hovering round the flower in September.
(42, as N. arundinis Fb.)

Tapinostola fulya Hb. Generally distributed. (42.)
Calamia lutosa Hb. ‘To be secured at night in Septem-

ber on stem or blossom of reed in Strangford district, and
no doubt in most reed beds throughout the country. (42.)

Leucania pallens [.. and impura Hb. Common every-
where.. (42 and 41.)

L. comma L.. Strangford, Lough Neagh. (41.)

L. lithargyria Esp. Lough Neagh, Kirkcubbin, Strang-
ford; Rostrevor, W.F.J. (41.)

L. conigera Fb. Lagan marshes, C.W.W. ; Rostrevor,
W.F J. (41.)

Grammesia trigrammica Hufn. Saintfield; Rostrevor,
GF: and W.P.S.° (52.)

Stilbia anomala Haw. Abundant on sandhills, Tyrella
and Dundrum, Aug., 1929. On Mourne Mountains,
COW Wea (a2. )

Caradrina morpheus Hufn. Strangford, Kirkeubbin.
(53.)

C. taraxaci Hb. Kirkeubbin, Strangford; Rostrevor.
WF oe eee)

C. quadripunctata Fb. Common everywhere. (53.)

Petilampa arcuosa Haw. Near Lurgan; Newcastle,
B.W.; Rostrevor, W.F.J. 50.)

Rusina tenebrosa Hb. Rostrevor. = (53.)

Amphipyra pyramidea I.. Rostrevor, abundant, W.I'.J.
and R.G.A. —_ (63.)

A. tragopogonis L. Common everywhere. (64.)

Pachnobia rubricosa "bh, -Common, Mourne Mountains,
C.W.W,- (64.)

1931-1932 ]
75
Teniocampa gothica L.. General. — (65.)

T. stabilis View and T. incerta Hufn. General. (66
and 65.)

T. pulyerulenta Hsp. NRostrevor, W.F.J. (67, 161.)

T. munda Esp. Waringstown, Castle Ward; Rostrevor,
ween). (Of, 161.)

T. opima Hb. Lough Neagh marshes; Lagan marshes,
Coy Ww. ~ (66, 161.)

T. gracilis fb. Lough Neagh, Kirkcubbin. — (66.)

Calymnia trapezina LL. Rostrevor, Strangford. (70.)

Cirrhedia xerampelina Hb. Lough Neagh; Castle-
wellan, C.W.W.; Rostrevor, W.F.J. (70.)
Omphaloxelis lunosa Haw. — Kirkcubbin, Strangford,

Rostrevor ; at light, also at ragwort and heather. (69.)
Amathes (Orthosia) lota Clerck and A. macilenta Hb.
General at ivy. | (68.)
A. circellaris Hufn. Very abundant everywhere; var.
ferruginea, Newcastle, W.F.J. (‘70.)

Anchocelis helvola L. Abundant on heather end of
August and September, 1929, at Dundrum. (68, 161.)

A. pistacina Fb. Strangford, Kirkcubbin, Drumbeg,
Lurgan. = (68.)

Xanthia flavago Fb. and X. fulvago L. Generally dis-
tributed. (70 and 69.)

Orrhodia vaccinii I.. Generally distributed. (69.)

O. ligula Esp. Belfast district, C.W.W. (69.)

Scopelosoma satellitia L. Common everywhere. (69.)

Xylina socia Rott. At ivy and sallow, Strangford and
Kirkeubbin. — (86.)

X. ornithopus Rott. A single specimen at ivy,
Straneford ; do., Rostrevor, at hght, R.G.A.; do., Rostrevor,
on wall, 11th October, 1980. W.F.J: (85.)

Calocampa exoleta Hb. and C. vetusta L. Generally
distributed at ivy and sallow, showing up till June. (85.)

Xylocampa areola Esp. At light and sallow, Strang-
ford, Kirkeubbin; Rostrevor, W.F.J. (84.)

[Appendix B.N.I.C.,

76

Cucullia umbratica L. Very abundant, Lurgan, Strane-
ford, Kirkeubbin; ‘‘ Donard Demesne, searce,’’ C.W.W.;
Rostrevor, W.F.J. (87.)

C. chamomille Schiff. Kirkcubbin, May, abundant at
various flowers. (87.)

Anarta myrtilli 1. Mourne Mountains, common, G.F.
and C.W.W., W.F.J. 90.)

Pyrrhia umbra Hufn. One at veronica, Strangford,
July, 1929. (90, 162.)

Rivula sericealis Scop. Common in marshes, Strang-
ford, Lurgan, Belfast. (92.)

Prothymia viridaria Clerck. Very abundant on Mourne
Mountains ; ab. fusca Tutt, Batt’s Wood, Rostrevor, R.G.A.
(91.)

Scoliopteryx libatrix L. From August to May in most
districts ; often found hibernating in dark corners. (87.)

Plusia chrysitis I. Abundant everywhere. (88.)

P. festuce L. Abundant, Lurgan, Belfast, Kirkcubbin,
Strangford, (89.)

P. iota L. Scarce, but generally distributed. (89.)

P. pulchrina Haw. Abundant everywhere. (89.)

P. gamma [.. Appears everywhere from May till
October... (89.)

P. interrogationis I... One at Rostrevor, 8rd July,
WE J)) (89, 162.)

Abrostola triplasia I.. and A. tripartita Hufn. Generally
distributed. (87.)

Euclidia mi Clerck. At Newcastle, in June, 1922, I
got on to the heather at 10 a.m., and mi rose in clouds at
each step, but I have not see it there since. (91.)

Zanclognatha grisealis Hb. Generally distributed. (92. }

Z. tarsipennalis Tr. Strangford; Rostrevor, W.F.J. ;
Belfast, C.W.W. (92.)

Hypena proboscidalis 1. Common everywhere. (92.)
GEOMETRIDAS.

Pseudoterpna pruinata Hufn, Generally distributed,
(101.)

1931-1932. ] -

we

Geometra papilionaria LL. Warinestown; abundant
Rostrevor, W.F.J. (102.) :

[Nemoria viridata L. B.N., 1874, ‘‘ Neweastle,’’ but
the record is unconfirmed, and all Irish records of viridata
are doubtful. Probably the Neweastle record refers to
Hemithea strigata, which is widely distributed in Ireland,
though there is no certain Co. Down record.| (102.)

Iodis lactearia L. ostrevor woods. (102, 166.)

Acidalia inornata Haw. Near Annalong. (104.)
A. aversata I. General distribution; banded form,
Rostrevor. (104.)

A. bisetata Hufn. and A. dimidiata Hufn. General
distribution. (103.)

A. marginepunctata Goze. Kilkeel, C.W.W. — (1038.)

Ortholitha (Eubolia) plumbaria I*b. and O. limitata
Scop. General distribution. (180.)

Anaitis plagiata 1. Groomsport, Strangford, New-
castle; Rostrevor, W.F.J. (150. )

Mesotype virgata Rott. Newcastle, Bw. (130.)

Chesias spartiata Fucs. JRostrevor, W.F.J. (131.)

Cheimatobia brumata L. Common everywhere. (108.)

Ch. boreata Hb. Lurgan district, Rostrevor. (108,
163.)

Triphosa dubitata L.. Strangford; Rostrevor, W.F.J.
(127.)

Eustroma (Cidaria) silaceata Hb. Castle Ward. (128.)

Lygris (Cidaria) prunata L.. Strandtown, Strangford ;
Kostrevor, W.F.J. (129.)

L. testata L. Slieve Donard; Rostrevor, W.F'.J. (129.)

L. populata L. Strangford, Dundrum; Greencastle,
Rostrevor, W.F.J. (129.)

Cidaria pyraliata Ib. Dundrum to Warrenpoint,
WF. (129, as dotata L.)

C. fulvata Forst. Distribution general. (129.)
C. corylata Thnb. Tollymore ; Rostrevor, W.F.J. (127.)

_C. truncata Hufn, Spring brood and autumn brood
both general, (128.)

[Appendix B.N.F.C.,
78

C. immanata Haw. Especially common in the moun-
tains. (128.)

C. siterata Hufn. Very abundant on ivy blossom. (127.)

C. miata L. Also general on ivy, but much scarcer.
(127.)
Thera variata Schiff. Distribution general in both

broods. (118.)

T. firmata Hb. June, 1905, on pine trunks in Donard
Demesne ; 7th September, 1929, Rostrevor, W.F.J. (118.)

Lampropteryx suffumata Hb. Follows its usual habit
of frequenting one small area in a district, but distribution
general. (128.)

Coremia munitata Hb. Slieve Croob, C.W.W., B.N.,
1902, p. 202: - (128.)

C. unidentaria Haw. Tollymore, June; Rostrevor,
July, W.F.J.. (125.)

C. ferrugata Clerck. Both broods abundant every-
where, (128.)

C. designata Hufn. Strangford, The Quoyle; Ros-
trevor, W.F.J. (123.)

Amebe yiridaria Fb. Distribution general, especially
on rough lands. (110.)

Malenydris salicata Hb. Abundant, Killard, end of
July; 2nd May, Rostrevor, W.F.J. (109, 163.)

M. multistrigaria Haw. Strangford; Rostrevor, W.F.J.
(109. )

M. didymata I.. Common everywhere, especially on
heather. (109.)

Oporabia dilutata Bork. Strangford, Lurgan district ;
Rostrevor, W.F.J. (108, 163.)

O. autumnata Gn. Strangford; Rostrevor, 3rd October,
1929, W.F.J. .(108.)

O. filigrammaria H.S. Mourne Mountains, C.W.W.
(108. )

Venusia cambrica Curt. Saintfield; Donard Demesne,
C.W.W. (108.)

Entephria cesiata Lang. Slieve Donard, very abun-
dant; Rostrevor, W.F.J. (109.) .

1931-1932. ]
79

Xanthorhoé montanata Bork. Abundant everywhere.
(f2t.)

X. fluctuata L. Abundant everywhere. (122.)

X. galiata Hb. On sandhills of coast, Killard, Ardglass,
Dundrum; Rostrevor, W.F.J. (122.)

X. sociata Bork. Abundant. (121.)

X. tristata L. Tollymore, C.W.W. (121, 164.)

X. unangulata Haw. ‘“ Belfast,’’ Bw., apparently
Knockbreda. (121.)

Mesoleuca albicillata LL. Strangford, Newcastle; Ros-
trevor, W.F.J. (120.)

M. ocellata [.. Strangford, Neweastle; Rostrevor,
1 a (120. )

M. bicolorata Hufn. Abundant among alder, e.g.,
Castle Ward, Finnebrogue. (119.)

Perizoma affinitata St. Strangford; Rostrevor, W.F.J.
(110. )

P. alchemillata L. Killard; Bryansford, C.W.W. ; Ros-
trevor, W.F.J. (110.)

P, flavofasciata Thu. Abundant in Purdysburn grounds,
July, 1928; Belvoir Park, Bw. (110, as decolorata Hb.)

P. albulata Schiff. Distributed generally, often abun-
@ant..), (110.)

P. bifasciata Haw. Odd specimens at Killard and
Strangford. (111, as wnifasciata Haw.)

P. minorata Tr. ‘“ Mourne Mountains, very local,’’
Ew. (111.)

P. teniata St. Donard Demesne, C.W.W.; Belvoir
Park, Bw. (110, 163.)

Camptogramma bilineata LL. Abundant everywhere.
(125.)

Hydriomena sordidata Fb. Abundant everywhere.
(119.)

H. impluviata Hb. General distribution. (119, as
trifasciata Bork.)

H. ruberata Frr. Rostrevor, W.F.J. (118.)

Anticlea badiata Hb, JDistribution general. (122.)

[Appendix B.N.F.C.,

80

A. nigrofasciaria Goze. Waringstown; Rostrevor,
W.F J. (128.)

Asthena candidata Schiff. Abundant, Rostrevor woods,
June, 1905, but not seen there since. (102, 162.)

Eupithecia oblongata Thnb. Abundant along the coast.
(111.)

E. pulchellata St. Strangford. (111, 163.)

E. venosata Fb. . Among sea campion, abundant round
Strangford. (111.)

E. constrictata Gn. Dundrum; Kilkeel, C.W.W.
(114, 164.)

E. assimilata Gn. Common, C.W.W. (114.)

E. absinthiata Clerck. Killard; Rostrevor, W.F'.J.
(114.)

. vulgata Haw. Rostrevor, W.F.J. (114.)
. laviciata Frr. Donard Demesne. (115, 164.)
. castigata Hb. Scarva, W.F.J.* (112.)

E, satyrata Hb. Abundant; var. callunaria, Mourne
Mountains, W-F.J.. ~ (112.)

E. succenturiata I.. Straneford, one; Rostrevor,
W Bid rade as suecentaureat@. )

E. subfulvata Haw. Rostrevor, W.F.J. (112, 168.)

E. nanata Hb. Mourne Mountains; Rostrevor, W.F.J.
(114.)

E. exiguata Hb. Castle Ward. (115.)

E. sobrinata Hb. Among juniper on Mourne Moun-
tains, C.W.W. ~~ (1. )

E. pumilata Hb. Strangford; very abundant, Mourne
Mountains. (116.)

E. togata Hb. Tollvmore, among larch and pine.
(116, 164.)

E. rectangulata I. Straneford; Rostrevor, W.F.J.
(116.)

E. minutata Gn. ab. goosensiata Mab. Mourne Moun-
tains, general, C.W.W. (114.)

Pelurga comitata I. Strangford; Rostrevor, W.F,J,
(129.)

mae

1931-1932, |
Si

Cenocalpe vittata Bork. Locally abundant in marshes,
Strangford, Newcastle; Lough Neagh; Belfast, C.W.W.
(126, 164.)

Abraxas grossuiariata 1, Common everywhere. (107.)

Lomaspilis marginata .. Common in marshes. (107.)

Bapta temerata Hb. Rostrevor wood, Saintfield,
Castle Ward, where the larvie can be beaten out of mountain
ash in September. (104, 162.)

Cabera pusaria L. and C. exanthemata Scop. Abundant
everywhere. (104. )

Numeria pulveraria 1. Single specimens at Rostrevor
and Tollymore, the latter record from larve beaten out of
birch; Rostrevor, W.F.J. (105.)

Ellopia prosapiaria . Abundant among pine, Donard ;
vostrevor, W.F.J. (98.)

Metrocampa margaritaria L. Distribution general. (93. )

Eugonia (Ennomos) quercinaria Hufn. One at Castle
Ward; Tollymore Park, C.W.W.; Rostrevor, W.I'.J. (99.)

E. alniaria L. ‘Three at ight, Strangford, September,
1931; three Rostrevor, W.F.J. and R.G.A. (95.)

E. erosaria Bork. B.N., 1874, gives ‘‘ Down,’’ no later
record; but I.N., vol. 20, p. 219, taken at Poyntzpass, just
over Down lborder, by W.I*.J., therefore the record is no
doubt correct. (995.)

Selenia bilunaria Hsp. Both broods generally dis-
tributed. (94.)

Gonodontis bidentata Clerck. Distribution general ;
“very dark,’’ Rostrevor, W.F.J. (99.)

Himera pennaria L. Strangford, Lurgan district, at
light, or settled on bracken ; Rostrevor, W.F.J. (95.)

Crocallis elinguaria L. Distribution general. (95.)

Urapteryx sambucaria L. Distribution general, often
at light. (92.)

Eurymene dolobraria L. One at light, Rostrevor,
for. A. (94, 162, 166.)

Opisthograptis luteolata L. Abundant everywhere. (93.)

Epione apiciaria Schiff. Very general round willows in
marshes, September. (93.)

[Appendix B.N.F.C.,
82

Semiothisa liturata Clerck. Abundant among pines,
Donard Demesne. (105.)

Hybernia rupicapraria Hb. airkcubbin, Strangford.
(1O%,, 1635)

H, aurantiaria Msp. Rostrevor, W.F.J. (108, 163.)

H. marginaria Bork. Distribution general. (108.)

H. defoliaria Clerck. Very abundant everywhere, larvee
in June, and imago at ight through winter; W.F.J. reports
rearing from Loughbrickland larve a fine male with trans-
verse band and of deep colour. (108.)

Anisopteryx escularia Schiff. Rostrevor, W.F.J. (108. )

Phigalia pedaria I'b. Belfast, Strangford; Rostrevor,
W.F.J., who describes his captures as “‘ very dark.’’ (95.)

Pachys strataria Hutn. Rostrevor, W.F.J., who
reports capture of one male, thus confirming W. M. Craw-
fords record (TIN.J., Uy pet) s = (97; do25)

P. betularia L. Distribution general; W.F.J. reports
var. doubledayaria, the only record I know of, at Ros-
trevor. (97).

Boarmia gemmaria Brahm. ab. rhomboidaria Schiff.
Rostrevor, W.F.J. (99, 162.)

B. repandata L. Distribution general; var. conversaria,
C.W.W., Donard; do., Rostrevor, W.F.J. (97.)

Cleora lichenaria Hufn. Abundant, Strangford; larve
on lichens, imago at light. (97.)

Tephrosia crepuscularia Hb. Donard Demesne, com-
mon, C.W.W.; Rostrevor, W.F.J. (99, = biundularia
Bork.)

T. punctularia Hb. Rostrevor, W.F.J. (101.)

Gnophos obscurata Schiff. Abundant on coast sand-
aills, also on heather Kirkcubbin and Rostrevor, the latter
specimens are very black. (101, as G. obscuraria Hb.)

Ematurga atomaria [.. Abundant everywhere on
heather. (106.)

Bupalus piniaria L.. Abundant among pines, Donard ;
Rostrevor, W.F.J. (106, 163.)

Thamnonoma yauaria I. Increasingly numerous,
Strangford. (105.)

1931-1932. ]
83

Lozogramma petraria Hb. Abundant among bracken,
Oldeourt and Castle Ward; Dundrum, W.F.J. — (105.)

{Chiasma clathrata L. Abundant locally Lurgan and
Belfast, but I have no record just across the border. | (105.)

Scodiona belgiaria Hb. Dundrum, and generally dis-
tributed over Mourne Mountains. (1L06.)

HEPIALIDA.
Hepialus humuli L. Common everywhere. (28.)
H. lupulinus L. Kirkcubbin; Rostrevor, W.F.J. (158.)
H. velleda Hb. Common everywhere. (28.)

H. hectus L. Donard Demesne, C.W.D.; Rostrevor,

W.F.J. (28.)
PYRALIDAS.

Aglossa pinguinalis L. Lurgan district; Newcastle,
Rostrevor, W.F.J. (181.)

Pyrausta aurata Scop. NRostrevor at light, W.F.J.

P. purpuralis L. Saintfield; Rostrevor, W.F.J.; Lurgan
district. (132.)

P. ostrinalis Hb. Rostrevor, W.F.J. (182.)

Herbula cespitalis Schiff. Rostrevor, W.F.J. (182.)

Cataclysta lemnata L. Lough Neagh marshes; Lagan
marshes, C.W.W. (133.)

Paraponyx stratiotata L. One at pond, Castle Ward.
(138.)

Hydrocampa nympheata L. Lough Neagh, Strang-
ford; Rostrevor, W.F.J. (1383.)

H. stagnata Don. Abundant, Strangford. (133.)

Botys ruralis Scop. Strangford, Tyrella; Rostrevor,
Wer.J. (133.)

B. fuscalis Schiff. Lough Neagh. (133.)

B. urticata L. Abundant. (1382.)

Pionea forficalis 1. Common. (133.)

P. stramentalis Hb. MRostrevor, W.F.J., “‘ in some
numbers at an old mill.’’ (138, 164.)

| Appendix B.N.1.C.,
S4

Scopula lutealis Hb. Abundant, as also S. olivalis
Sebi, i Te)

S. prunalis Schiff. Lough Neagh, Finnebrogue. (182.)

S. ferrugalis Schiff. On ivy and ragweed in autumn,
general, | (182.)

Stenopteryx noctuella Schiff. Odd specimens turn up
through the year, but in July, 1929, they were in swarms,
é.g., at Killard.. -(132.)

Scoparia ambigualis Tr. Abundant. (181.)

S. murana Curt. Belfast, Bar. (181.)

S. dubitalis Hb. Abundant. (131.)

S. cembre Haw. One at Strangford at hght, 1980;
Valentine’s Glen, C.W.W. (131. )

S. angustea St. Strangford, Killard, Tyrella, abundant.
(132, 164.)

S. mercurella L. Strangford. (181, 164.)

S. paliida St. One, Strangford; Belfast abundant,
C.W.W. (182.)

S. truncicolella Sta. Donard Demesne, C.W.W. (131.)

Chilo forficellus Thnb. Lough Neagh marshes. (136,
165)

C. mucronellus Schiff. Batt’s Wood, Rostrevor,
WED: (186.)

Crambus pratellus L. Abundant. (136.)

C. perlellus Scop. Abundant, Killard; Rostrevor,
R.G.A.; var. warringtonellus, frequent. (136.)

C. selasellus Hb. Killard. (136.)

C. tristellus Fb. Common everywhere. (136.)

C. culmellus L. and C, hortuellus Hb. Common every-
where. (187.)

C. geniculeus Haw. Abundant along the coast. (137.)

C. pascuellus L. Scarce, Belfast, C.W.W. (186.)

C. pinellus L. Local, Belfast, C.W.W. (136.)

PHYCITIDA.

Salebria fusca Haw. Mourne Mountains, general. (137.)

Homeosoma cretacella Rossl. Newcastle, C.W.W.

H. binevella Hiibn. Killard.

Anerastia lotella Hb. Dundrum, C.W.W.; Belfast,
Bar. (187.)

1931-1932. |
85

Aphomia sociella 1. Abundant everywhere. (1387.)
Galleria mellonella Fb. Strangford. (187.)
PTEROPHORI.

Platyptilia ochrodactyla Hb. Strangford Lough, Ios-
trevor, W.F.J. (B.N., 1902, 203.)

P. bertrami Rossl. Belfast,C.W.W. (133, 164.)

P. gonodactyla Schiff. Killard; Belfast, C.W.W.
(134, 164.)

Amblyptilia acanthodactyla Hb. Neweastle (B.N.,
1902) ; Belfast, C.W.W. (135, 165.)

Mimeseoptilus plagiodactylus Sta. Rostrevor, W.I'.J. ;
Belfast, C.W.W.. (135.)

M. pterodactylus Hb. Belfast, C.W.W.

Aciptilia pentadactyla L. tostrevor, W.F'.J. (185,
165.)

Alucita hexadactyla L.. Common everywhere. (156.)

TORTRICES.

.Tortrix rosana LL. Strangford; Rostrevor, W.I'.J. (1387.)

T. paleana Hb. Kirkcubbin; Belfast, C.W.W. (188.)

T. ribeana Hb. Killard, Downpatrick; NRostrevor,
ee al C1357.)
. costana abr. Kilmore (Lurgan). (1387.)
. heparana Schiff. Strangford, Finnebrogue. (137.)
. podana Scop. Rostrevor, W.F.J. (137.)
. Viburnana Ib. Donard. (188.)
. Viridana 1.. Rostrevor. (138.)
. ministrana 1. ostrevor. (138.)
. forsterana I'b. Strangford; Rostrevor, W.I*.J. (138.)
. xylosteana L. Belfast, C.W.W. (187.)

T. unifasciana Dup. Belfast, C.W.° (137.)

Peronea sponsana Ib. Strangford. (138.)

P. variegana Schiff. Strangford, Killard, Tollymore.
(138.)

P. ferrugana Tr. Strangford, Tollymore. (138.)

P. hastiana L. Kirkcubbin, Strangford, Tollymore.
(138. )

P. schalleriana 1,. Strangford. (188.)

P. aspersana Hb. Strangford. (138.)

P. mixtana Hb. Belfast, C_W.W. = (138.)

far Ue Fla ge lg (a Ma ae |

[Appendix B.N.F.C.,
86

Teras caudana I*b. Belfast, Birchall. (189.)
T. contaminana Hb. Strangford, Killyleagh; Ros-

trevor, W.F.J. (139.)

Dictyopteryx bergmanniana LL. Strangford; Dundrum,

C.W.W. . (189.)

Argyrotoza conwayana I*h. Strangford, Inch, Donard.

(139.)

~ Penthina pruniana Hb. Strangford. (139.)

P, betuletana Haw. Holywood (Wilkinson). (139.)
P. variegana Hb. General. (1389.)

P. sauciana Hb. Belfast, C.W.W. (139.)

Pardia tripunctana fb. General. (139.)

Orthotenia ericetana Bent. Strangford. (140.)

O. antiquana Hb. Strangford, Kirkcubbin ; Valentine's

Glen, C.W.W.

Sericoris littoralis Curt. General. (139.)

S. lacunana Dup. General. (140.)

Mixodia schulziana Fb. Mourne Mountains. (140.)
Cnephasia musculana Hb. General. (140.)

C. politana Haw. Mourne Mountains. (140.)
Sciaphila conspersana Dougl. Killard, Strangford. (140. )

. hybridana Hb. Killough; B.N., 1902. (140.)

. Subjectana Gn. Killard. (140.)

. chrysantheana Dup. Down, Wilkinson. (140.)

. Virgaureana Tr. Strangford. (140.)

. colquhounana Sta. Ardglass. (140.)
Sphaleroptera ictericana Haw. Belfast. C.W.W. (140.)
Capua favillaceana Hb. Strangford. (140.)

Clepsis rusticana I'r. Belfast, C.W.W. (140.)
Bactra lanceolana Hb. General. (141.)

Phoxopterx lundana Fb. General. (141.)

P., uncana Hb. Belfast, Bar. (141.)

P. mitterpacheriana Schiff. Belfast, Bar. (141.)
Grapholitha nisella Clerck. Strangford. (141.)

G. nigromaculana Haw. Loughbrickland ; Mourne

Mountains, C.W.W. _(141.)

G. subocellana Don. Belfast, C.W.W. (141.)
G. penkleriana Fisch. Belfast, Bar. (141.)

NANRNANMN

1931-1932, |
87

G. nevana Hb. LDelfast, Bar. (141.)

Batodes angustiorana Haw. Quoyle Bridge; Belfast,
Gwiw. (141.)

Pedisca bilunana Haw. Belfast, C.W.W. (141.)

P. corticana Hb. Belfast, C.W.W.; Tollymore. (141.)

Phizodes crenana Hb. AKilclief.

Ephippiphora similana Hb. Belfast, Bar. (142.)

E, pflugiana Haw. Strangford. (142.)

E. brunnichiana [Fré!l. ‘Tyrella, Strangford; Belfast,
C.W.W- (142.)

E. trigeminana St. Killard; Belfast, C.W.W. (142.)

Olindia ulmana Hb. Donard Demesne, C.W.W. (142.)

Semasia rufillana Wilk. Benderg. (142.)

S. weberiana Schiff. Donard; Belfast, Bar. (142.)

Pamplusia mercuriana Hb. Slieve Bingian, C.W.W.
(142.)

Retinia buoliana Schiff. Belfast, C.W.W. (142.)

R. pinivorana Zell. Holywood, Wilkinson. (142.)

Pyrodes rheediella Clerck. Holywood, Bar. (143.)

Catoptria ulicetana Haw. Common everywhere. (145.)

C. cana Haw. Strangford. (143.)

C. fulvana St. Strangford, Killard. (1438.)

C. scopoliana Haw. Killard. (148.)

Choreutes myllerana Fb. Holywood, Bar. (143.)

Symethis oxyacanthella .. Common everywhere. (143.)

Eupeciiia dubitana Hb. Belfast, C.WW.. (143.)

E. atricapitana St. Belfast, C.W.W. (143.)

E. angustana Hb. ° General. (143.)

E. implicitana H.S. Belfast, C.W.W. (144.)

E. ciliella Hb. Belfast, C.W.W. (144.)

Xanthosetia zegana L. General. (144.)

X.hamana L. General. (144.)

. ge hartmanniana Clerck. Donard, Tollymore.

(144.

A. cnicana Dbl. Belfast, C.W.W. (144.)

Conchylis straminea Haw. Strangford; Belfast,
C.W.W. (144.)

Aphelia osseana Scop. Killard; Belfast, C.W.W. (144. )

abjecta, 72.
Abraxas, 81.
Abrostola, 76.
absinthiata, 80.
acanthodactyla, 85,
Acherontia, 66.
Acidalia, 77.
Aciptilia, 85.
Acronycta, 70,
adusta, 72.
egeria, 65,
egerides, 65.
zegon, 66.
zscularia, 82.
affinitata, 79.
agathina, 70.
aglaia, 65.
Aglossa, 83.
Agriopis, 73.
Agrotis, 70.
albicillata, 79.
albulata, 79.
alchemillata, 79.
alniaria, 81.
Alucita, 385.
Amathes, 75.
ambigualis, 64.
Amblyptilia, 85.
Ameebe, 78.
Amphipyra, 74.
Anaitis, 77.
Anarta, 76,
Anchocelis, 75,
Anerastia, 85.
angustana, 88.
angustea, 64.
angustoriana, 87.
Anisopteryx, 82.
anomala, 74.
Anticlea, 79.
antiopa, 65.
antiqua, 68.
antiquana. 86.
Apamea, 72.
Aphelia, 88.
Aphomia, 85.
apiciaria, 81.
Aporophyla, 73.
aprilina, 73.
Arctia, 69.
Arctiide, 69
arcuosa, 74.
areola, 75.
argiolus, 66.
argus, 66.
Argyrolepia, 88,

88

INDEX.

Argyrotoza, 86.
Argynnis, 65,
arundinis, 74.
assimilata, 80.
aspersana, 86,
Asthena, 80.
astrarche, 66.
atalanta, 65.
atomaria, 82.
atricapitana, 88.
atropos, 66.
augur, 71.
aurantiaria, 82.
aurata, 83.
autumnata, 78.
aversata, 77.
Axylia, 71.

Bactra, 987.
badiata, 79.

Watiay We

Bapta, 81,
Barathra, 71.
basilinea, 72.
batis, 68.
Batodes, 87.
belgiaria, 83.
bergmanniana, 06.
bertrami, 85.
betularia, 82.
betuletana, 86.
bicolorata, 79.
bicoloria, 73.
bidentata, 81.
bifasciata, 79.
bilineata, 79.
bilunana, 87.
bilunaria, 81.
binevella, 85.
bisetata, 77.
biundularia, 82.
Boarmia, 82.
bombyliformis, 67.
boreata, 77.
Botys, 83.
brassice (Pieris), 64.
brassice (Barathra), 71.
brumata, 77
brunnea, 71.
brunnichiana, 87.
Bryophila, 70.
bucephala, 68.
buoliana, 87,
Bupalus, 82.

Cabera, 81.
cesiata, 798,
cala, 69
Calamia, 74.
Calocampa, 75.
callune, 68.
callunaria, 80.
Calymnia, 75.
cambrica, 78.
camelina, 68.
Camptogramma, 79.
cana, 87. °
candidata, 80.
capsincola, 72.
capsophila, 72.
Capua, 87.
Caradrina, 74.
cardamines, 64.
cardui, 65.
castigata, 80.
Cataclysta, 83.
Catoptria, 87.
caudana, 86.
cembree, 84.
Cerigo, 72.
Cerura, 67.
cespitalis, 83.
cespitis, 72.
chamomille, 75
Chareas, 72.
Cheimatobia, 77.
Chesias, 77.

chi, 73.
Chiasma, 83.
Chilo, 84.
Cheerocampa, 67.
Choreutes, 87.
chrysantheana, 8&6.
chrysitis, 76.
Cidaria, 77.
ciliella, 88.
Cilix, 69.
circellaris, 75.
Cirrhoedia, 75.
clathrata, 83.
Cleora, 82.
Clepsis, 87.
Cnephasia, 86.
cnicana, 88.
c-nigrum, 71.
Ceenocalpe. 81.
Coenonympha, 66.
Colias, 65.
colquhounana, 86.
comitata, 80.
comma, 74,

complana, 69.
Conchylis, 88.
confusalis, 69.
conigera, 74.
conspersa, 72.
conspersana, 86.
constrictata, 80.
contaminana, 6&6.
contigua, 71.
conversaria, 82.
convolvuli, 66.
conwayana, 8&6.
Coremia, 78.
corticana, 87..
corticea, 70.
corylata, 77.
coryli, 70.
costana, 85,

-erabroniformis, 67.

Crambus, 84.
_erenana, 87.
crepuscularia. 82.
eretacella. 84
crinanensis. 74.
Crocallis, 81.
Cucullia. 76.
culmellus, &4.
eursoria, 70.
eurtula, 68.

dahlii, 71.
decolorata, 79.
defoliaria, 82.
Deilephila. 66.
Demas, 70.
dentina, 72.

_ derasa, 68.
designata, 78.
Diantheecia. 72.
Diaphora, 69
Dicranura, 67.
dictza, 68.
dictceoides, 68.
Dictyoptervx, 86
didyma, 72.
didymata, 78.
dilutata, 78.
dimidiata, 77.
dissimilis, 71.
dolobraria, 81.
dotata, 77.
doubledayaria, 82.
Drepana, 69.
Drepanide, 69.
dromedarius. 68.
dubitalis, 84.
dubitana, 88,

89

dubitata, 77.
duplaris, 68.

edusa, 65,
elinguaria, 81.
Ellopia, 81
elpenor, 67
Ematurga, &2,
Ennomos. 81.
Entephria, 738.
Ephippiphora. 87.
Epinephele, 66.
Epineuronia, 72.
Epione, 81.
ericetana, 86.
erosaria, 81.
erythrostigma, 74.
Eubolia, 77.
Euchloé, 64.
EKuclidia, “76.
Eugonia, 81.
Eupithecia, 80.
Eupeccilia, 88.
Kuplexia, 73.
Eurymene, 81.
Eustroma, 77.
exanthemata, 81
exclamationis, 70.
exiguata, 80.
exoleta, 75,

fasciuneula, 73.
favillaceana. 87.
ferrugalis, 84.
ferrugana, &6.
ferrugata, 78.
ferruginea. 75.
festiva, 71.
festucee, 76,
fibrosa, 73.
filigrammaria. 78.
filipendulz, 67.
fimbria, 71.
firmata, 78,
flavago, 75.
Alavofasciata. 79.
fluctuata, 79.
forficalis. 84.
forficellus, 84.
forsterana, &5.
fuliginosa, 69.
fulva, 74.
fulvago, 75.
fulvana, 87.
fulvata, 77.
furcula, 67

fusca (Prothymia). 76,

fusca (Salebria), 84.

fuscalis, 83.

gahata, 79.
Galleria, 85.
gamma, 76.
gemina, 72.
gemmaria, 82.
geniculeus, 84.
Geometra, 77.
Geometridx, 76.

+ glareosa, 71.

glauca, 71.
claucata, 69.
Gnophos, 82.
Gonepteryx, 65,
gonodactyla, 85.
Gonodontis, 81.
gosensiata, 30.
gothica, 75,
gracilis, 75.
sraminis. 72.
Grammesia, 74.
Grapholitha, 87.
grisealis, 76.
crossulariata, 81.

Habrosyne, 68.
Hadena. 72.
Hama, 72.
hamana, 88.
hartmanniana, 88.
hastiana, 86.
Hecatera. “72.
hectus, 83.
Helotropha, 73.
helvola, 75. -
Hemithea, 77.
heparana, 85.
Hepialide, 83.
Hepialus, 83.
Herbula, 83.
hexadactyla, 85.
Himera, 81.
Hipocrita, 69.
Homeceosoma. 84.
hortuellus, 84.
humuli,. 83
Hybernia, 82.
hvbridana. 86
Hydriomena, 79.
Hydrocampa. 83.
Hvdrecia, 73,
Hyvlophila. 69.
Hypena, 76.
hyperanthus, 66,

ianthina, 71.
icarus, 66.
ictericana, 86.
immanata, 78.
implicitana, 88.
impluviata, 79.
impura, 74.
incerta, 75,
inornata, 77.

interrogationis, 76.

10, 65,
lodis, 77.
iota, 76.

jacobaex, 69.
janiva, 66.

lacertinaria, 69.
lactearia, 77.
lacunana, 86.

iLampropteryx, 78.

lanceolana, 87.
laviciata, 80.
Lasiocampa, 68.
latruncula, 73.
lemnata, 83.
Leucania, 74.
leucostigma, 73.
libatwix, 76.
lichenaria, 82.
ligula, 75.
limitata, 77.
literosa, 73.
lithargyria, 74.
Lithosia, 69.
Lithosiide, 69.
lithoxylea, 73.
littoralis, 86.
liturata, 82.
livornica, 66.
ILomaspilis, 81.
lonicere, 67.
Lophopteryx, 68.
lota, 75.
lotella. 85.
Lozogramma, 83.
lubricipeda, 69.
lucens, 73.
lucernea, 70.
lucipara, 73.
lundana, 87.
lunosa, 75
Luperina, 72.
lupulinus. 83.
lutealis, 84
luteolata. 81.
lutosa, 74,

90

Lycena, 66,
Lygris, 77.

macilenta, 75.
Macyroglossa, 67.
Macrothylacia, 68.
Malenydris, 78,
Mamestra, 71.

margaritaria (Agrotis) ,

margaritaria
(Metrocampa), 81.
marginaria, 82.
marginata, 81.
marginepunctata, 77.
matura, 72.
maura, 73.
megacephala, 70.
megera, 65,
mellonella, 85.
mendica, 69.
menthastri, 69.
mercurella, 84.
mercuriana, 87.
Mesoleuca, 79.
Mesotype, 77.
meticulosa, 73.
Metrocampa, 81.
mi, 76.
Miana, 73.
miata, 78.
micacea, 74.
Mimeseoptilus, 85,
ministrana, 85.
minorata, 79.
minutata, 80.
Miselia, 73.

mitterpacheriana, 87.

Mixodia, 86.
mixtana, 86.
monoglypha, 73.
montanata, 79.
Mormo, 73.
morpheus, 74.
mucronellus, 84.
multistrigaria, 78.
munda, 75.
mundana, 69.
munitata, 78
murana, 84.
musculana, 86.
myllerana, 87.
myrtilli, 76.

nevana. 87.
nana, 72,

nanata, 80.

napi, 64.
Nemoria, 77.
nictitans, 73.
nigra, 73.
nigricans, 70.
nigrofasciaria, 80,
nigromaculana, 87,
nisella, 87.
‘Noctua, 71.
noctuella, 84.
Noctuide, 70.
Noeenia, 73.
Nola, 69.
Nolide, 69,
Nonagria, 74.
Notodonta, 68.
Notodontide, 67.
Nudaria, 69,
Numeria, 81.
nympheeata, 83.

oblongata, 80.
obscuraria, 82.
obscurata, 82.
ocellata, 79.
ocellatus, 67.
ochrodactyla, 85.
oleracea, 71.
Olindia, 87.
Omphaloxelis, 75.
ophiogramma, 72.
opima, 75,
Opisthograptis, 81.
Oporabia, 78.
orbona, 71.
Orgyia, 68.
ornithopus, 75,
Orrhodia, 75.
Ortholitha, 77.
Orthosia, 75.
Orthotenia. 86.
osseana, 88.
ostrinalis, 83.
oxyacanthe, 73.
oxyacanthella, 88.

Pachnobia, 74,
Pachys, 82.
Peedisca, 87.
paleana, 85.
Palimpsestis, 68.
pallens, 74.
pallida, 84.
pamphilus, 66.
Pamplusia, 87.
paphia, 65,

papilionaria, 77.
Paraponyx, 83.
Pararge, 65.
Parasemia, 69.
Pardia, 86.
pascuellus, 84.
pavonia, 68.
pedaria, 82.
Pelurga, 80.
penkleriana, 87.
pennaria, 81.
pentadactyla, 85.
Penthina, 86.
perla, 70. ;
perlellus, 84,
Perizoma, 79.
Peronea, 85.
Petilampa, 74.
petraria, 83.
pflugiana, 87.
Phalera, 68.
Pheosia, 68.
Phigalia, 82.
phleas, 66.
Phleodes, 87.
Phlogophora, 73.
Phoxopteryx, 87.
Phragmatobia, 69.
Phycitide, 84.
Pieris, 64.
pigra, 68.
pinellus, 84.
pinguinalis. 83.
piniaria, 82.
pinivorana, 87.
Pionea, 83.
pisi, 72.
pistacina, 75.
plagiata, 77.
plagiodactylus, 85.
plantaginis, 69.
Platyptilia, 85.
plecta, 71.
plumbaria, 77.
Plusia, 76,
Pecilocampa, 68.
podana, 85.
Polia, 73.
politana, 86.
Polyommatus, 66.
popularis, 72.
Miata, 7.
foouli (Smerinthus). 67.
populi (Peecilocampa) . 68.
preecox, 70.
prasinana, 69.
pratellus, 84,

OL

primule, 71.
proboscidalis, 76.
pronuba, 71.
prosapiaria, 81.
protea, 72.
Prothymia, 76.
pruinata, 76.
prunalis, 84.
prunata, 77.
pruniana, 86.
Pseudoterpna, 76.
psi, 70.
pterodactylus, 85.
Pterophori, 85.
pulchellata, 80.
pulchrina, 76.
pulveraria, 81.
pulverulenta, 75.
pumilata, 80.
punctularia, 82.
purpuralis, 85.
pusaria, 81.
putris, 71.
Pygera, 68.
pyraliata, 77.
Pyralide, 83.
Pyrameis, 65.
pyramidea, 74.
Pyrausta, 83.
Pyrodes, 87.
Pyrrhia, 76.

quadripunctata, 74.
quercinaria, 81.
quercus, 68.

rape, 64.
rectangulata, 80.
repandata, 82
Retinia, 87.
rhamni, 65.
rheediella, 87.
rhomboidaria, 82.
ribeana, 85.
Rivula, 76.
rosana, 80.
ruberata, 79.

rubi (Thecla), 66.

rubi (Macrothylacia), 68.

rubi (Noctua), 71.
rubricosa, 74.
rufillana, 87.
rupicapraria, 82.
rumicis,

ruralis, 83.

rurea, 73.

Rusina, 74.

rusticana, 87.

Salebria, 84,
salicata, 78.
sambucaria, 81.
satellitia, 75.
Saturnia, 68.
satyrata, 80.
saucia, 71,
sauciana, 86,
schalleriana, 86.
schulziana, 86.
Sciaphila, 86.
Scodiona, 83.
Scoliopteryx, 76.
Scoparia, 84.
Scopelosoma, 75.
scopoliana, 87.
Scopula, 84.
secalis, 72.
segetum, 70.
Selenia, 81.
selasellus, 84.
semele, 65.
Semasia, 87.
Semiothisa, 82.
serena, 72.
sericealis, 76.
Sericoris, 86.
silaceata, 77.
similana, 87.
siterata, 78.
Smerinthus, 67.
sobrinata, 80.
socia, 75.
sociata, 79.
sociella, 85
sordidata, 79.
spartiata, 77.
Sphaleroptera, 86.
Sphingide, 66.
Sphinx, 66.
Spilosoma, 69.
sponsana, 85.
stabilis, 75.
stagnata, 83.
stellatarum. 67.
Stenopteryx, 84.
Stilbia, 74.
stramentalis, 83.
straminea, 88.
strataria, 82.
stratiotata, 83.
strigata, 177.
strigilis, 73.
strigula, 70.
subfulvata, 80.

subjectana, 86.
subocellana, 87.

succentaureata, 80.

succenturiata, 80.
suffumata, 70.
suffusa, 70.
Symethis, 88.

teeniata, 79.
Teniocampa, 75,
Tapinostola, 74.
taraxaci, 74.
tarsipennalis, 76.
temerata, 81.
tenebrosa, 74.
Tephrosia, 82.
Teras, 86.
testacea, 72.
testata, 77.
thalassina, 71.
Thamnonoma, 82.
Thecla, 66.
Thera, 78.
Tholera, 72.
Thyatira, 68.
tityus, 67.
togata, 80.
Tortrices, 85.
Tortrix, 85.
tragopogonis, 74.
trapezina, 75.
tremula, 68.
triangulum, 71.
trifasciata, 79.
trigeminana, 87.
trigrammica, 74.

92

tripartita, 76.
Triphena, 71.
Triphosa, 77.
triplasia, 76.
tripunctana, 86.
tristata, 79.
tristellus, 84.
tritici, 70.
Trochilium, 67.
truncata, 77.
truncicolella, 84.
typhe, 74.
typica, 73.

ulicetana, 87.
ulmana, 87.
umbra, 76.
umbratica, 76.
umbrosa, 71.
unangulata, 79.
unanimis, 72.
uncana, 87.
unidentaria, 78.
unifasciana, 85.
Urapteryx, 81.
urtice (Vanessa), 65,
urticata, 83.

vaccinil, 75.
Vanessa, 65,
varlata, 78.

vauaria, 82.
velleda, 82.
venosata, 80.

15 DEG SZ

NATURAL
HISTORY.

variegana (Peronea), 86.
variegana (Penthina), 86.

Venusia, 78.
vestigialis, 70.
vetusta, 75.
viburnana, 85. 4
vinula, 67.
virgaureana, 86.

virgata, 77.

viridana, 85,

viridaria (Prothym‘a), 76.
viridaria (Amoebe), 78.
viridata, 77.

vittata, 81.

vulgata, 80.

warringtonellus, 84.
weeberlana, 87.

Xanthia, 75.
Xanthorhoe, 79.
xanthographa, 71.
Xanthosetia, 88.
xerampelina, 75.
Xylina, 75.
Xylocampa, 75.
Xylophasia, 73.
xylosteana, 85,

ypsilon, 70.

Zanclognatha, 76.
ziczac, 68,
zeegana, 88.
Zygenide. 67.
Zygena, 67.

ROCEEDINGS 20.

AND

PARTS.
V, VI,
1932-33-
1933°34-

SERIES II.
VOL. IX.

en eee ee

FOR CONTENTS SEE INSIDE COVER.

PRINTED FOR MEMBERS ONLY. :
PRICE OF EXTRA COPIES TO MEMBERS 32/-. 4

CONTENTS,

List of Officers, 1932-33
Excursions :—Muckamore Abbey and Boghead, Glennan and
Shieve-an-orra, ‘Lough Fea and Creggan, Barney’s Point,
Dunseverick, ‘Glasdrumman and Kilkeel, Dumfries, Bally-
nahinch, Ballinderry and Glenavy, Boyne Valley, Hare’s
Gap and Diamond Rocks, Silent V alley, Hillsborough ...
‘Conference of Field ‘Clubs, ie be re A
Conversazione
Papers :—
““Changes in the Climate and Life of Europe since the
Ice Age,’’ Professor J. K. Charlesworth, D.Sc.,
M.R.LA. ae a af
* Luminosity in Animals,’ * J. S. Loughridge, M.D.
* Insect Societies,” G. Williams, M. Bar: Las
‘“* Britain in the Bronze Age,’ E. E. Evans, M. Se., F.S.A.
‘* Botanizing in Ireland,’ R. Li. Praeger, D.Sc., P.B.LA.
“ Great Biologists,’ : Hugh Cairns, B.Sc. Se
Sectional Nights : Geology, 206 ; ‘Botany, Archaeology mee
Annual Meeting : ih,
Club Medallists
Statement of Accounts

List of Officers, 1933-34 Ae fis e es ee

Excursions :—Coleraine, Kingdom of Mourne, Moira, Drum
Bridge to Shaw’s Bridge, Tardee and Scawt Hill, Newtown-
crommelin, Cultra, Ballyhornan and Benderg, Boyne
Valley, Whiteabbey to Macedon, Carlingford, The Flush,
Ballymena, Sixtowns and Lough Patrick, Woodburn
Glen and ‘Carrickfergus, Belvoir Park ...

Conference at Portballintrae

Conversazione
Papers :—
‘“The Insect Menace,’’ Professor Gregg Wilson, D.Sc.,
M.R.I.A.

Botanical Night
Lantern Night ...
Archaeological Night... : ee ee oe
“Notes on Botanical Travel,” UR Li. Praeger, D.Se.;
VER Ae tir oe
“An Ulster Folk Recital, 2 Samuel Henry, F. R. Ss. ALT.
Geological 'Night
‘* Strange Animals of Australia,” Professor T. T. Flynn,
D.Sc. 2
“The Stewart Letters, ” aR A. s. Stendall, M. Raw Annika
‘* Exploration of Ballintoy Caves,’ J. Wilfrid Jackson ...
Zoology Demonstrations a ue L? ts
Annual Meeting
Club Medallists
List of Exchanging Societies
Statement of Accounts
Rules :
List of Members

PAGE

NN ee

PROCEEDINGS
AND ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB

For the Year Ending 3lst March, 1933
(SEVENTIETH YEAR)

PARITY.
1952-95

SERIES Il.
WOLUME IX.

EDITOR:
W, M, CRAWFORD, r.x.k.s., F.z.s,

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

SEVENTIETH YEAR, 1982-33.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President:
Professor J. KAYE CHARLESWORTH, p.sc., PH.D., M.R.I.A., F.G.S.
Vice-President:
Kmeritus Professor GREGG WILSON, o.B.£., M.A.
Hon. Treasurer:
ALEX. H. DAVISON, F.R.s.4.1., 50 Wellington Place, Belfast.
Hon. Librarian:
W. M. CRAWFORD, B.a., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S.,
Orissa, Marlborough Park South, Belfast.
Hon. Recording Secretaries:
Miss NORA FISHER.
R. 8S. LEPPER, M.a., LL.M., F.R.HIST.SOC.
Hon. Secretariés Botanical Section:
Rev. W. R. MEGAW, B.A., M.B.1.A.
C. R. NODDER, m.a.
Hon.

} DESGes meals:

Secretaries Geological Section:
A. M‘I. CLELAND.
J. J. LAR TUN. Nese;
Secretaries Zoological Section:
D. J. CARPENTER, A.R.C.sc.L.

Ry dea WRG EN.
Hon,

Hon.

M.SC., M.R.I.A.

Secretaries Archaeological Section:

Miss MARY GAFFIKIN.

A. ALBERT CAMPRELL, F.n.s.a.1.
Hon, Secretary Junior Division:
Mrs. WINIFRED NODDER.

Ordinary Members of Committee:
Retire 1933.

Retire 1934.
Miss W. J. SAYERS, s.a. Capt. C. D. CHASE, m.c., M.A.
JAS 8S. LOUGHRIDGE, s.sc., J. A. S. STENDALL, m.z.1.4.,
M.D., F.R.C.S. M.B.0.U.
JAMES ORR, m.B.0.v. WM. SWEENEY.

Retire 1935.
ROBERT BELL.
W. G. BURNS.
CHARLES E. KERR, B.a.
Hon, Secretary:
JOSEPH SKILLEN, 25 Stranmillis Gardens,

183

PROCEEDINGS.

— ()—

SUMMER SESSION.

-—

MUCKAMORE ABBEY AND BOGHEAD
SOUTERRAIN.

Date—Saturday, 14th May, 1932. Conductors—H. French and
J. Skillen. Number present, 87.

At 2-30 p.m. the party left the Museum Building,
College Square North, in two buses and several private cars
belonging to the members. The excursion was favoured
with glorious May weather.

Mrs. Thompson, Muckamore Abbey, had kindly invited
the party up to her house, and here from the doorstep she
read from original manuscript some of the history of the
old abbey as well as of the prehistoric burial mound situated
in her beautiful grounds, the members meantime being
grouped about on the lawn. Afterwards Mrs. Thompson
conducted the Club members to an inspection of the burial
mound. Proceeding to the road, what was left of the
abbey building was examined, this consisting of a fragment
of wall containing a window, the modern road had cut right
across the building, thereby destroying it. Most of the site
is buried under the gardens of Muckamore Abbey House,
and the ancient friars’ gravevard is enclosed in the grounds.

Leaving the ruins of the old abbey, way was made along
the course of the Sixmilewater, whose banks were carpeted
with the white blaze of stitchwort, the lovely blue of the
wild hyacinth, the yellow of the primrose, and the opening
flowers of meadow avens, and overhead was the delicate
greenery of the trees in May, especially the larch, the lime,
and the beech. Boghead was soon reached, nestling on a
bluff, high above the river. On this farm is a souterrain—one
of the most interesting in Co. Antrim, as it is two-storied,
a very unusual feature. It is also easy of access, many
of the party descending into it; indeed, it was hard to call
them away by the Secretary’s whistle for tea in Antrim,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
184

A very excellent tea, which had been earned by the
walk, was served up in Hall’s Hotel, Antrim, and Mr.
French, one of the conductors, explored the town with the
party, explaining the historic events that took place there,
especially those associated with the rebellion of ’98, not
omitting a visit to Pogue’s Entry, of ‘‘ My -Lady of the
Chimney Corner’’ fame.

Mounting the conveyances, the road was taken for
Rathmore, where a talk was given, by the Hon. Secretary,
on this ancient and Royal site, after which home was
reached in good time.

GLENANN AND SLIEVE-AN-ORRA.

Date—Saturday, 21st May, 1932. Conductor—J. Skillen. Number
present, 55.

The members left the Old Museum, College Square
North, at 9-30 a.m., and taking the inland road to Larne
proceeded by the coast road to the first stopping-place at
ted Bay Castle. At this ruin the conductor told its history
—how it was built by James MacDonnell in 1561, its
history being a short one, as it was completely destroyed,
along with the town at Red Bay, by Shane O’Neill in 1565.
Close by in one of the natural caves in the sandstone rock
was formerly a hedge school, where Dr. MacDonnell, of
Belfast and the Glynns, received his first schooling.

A short stop was made at Cushendall, where the party
was joined bv Mr. Thomas Greer, J.P., Honorary Secretary,
Tyrone Field Club, and Mr. H. L. Glasgow, of Cookstown,
and the ascent of Glenann, ‘“‘the glen of the fuchsias,’’ was
then. commenced, and the ancient remain known as Ossian’s
Grave visited. This is an insignificant monument, as such
monuments go, for so imposing a name, being a crescent of
standing stones with a kistvaen at the crown of the half
circle. To the company J. Skillen gave a short talk on
Ossian, remarking that the grave being a Bronze Age burial
had nothing to do with this poet, who was one of the semi-
mythological names in Irish history.

Leaving that place the ascent of Orra Mountain opened
up what is one of the finest views in Ulster, as it is the
highest motorable road, being about 1,100 feet above sea
level. On the slope of Slieve Orra are the cairn tombs of
Hugh M‘Phelim O’Neill and his servant,

1932-33.]
185

Most of the members of the party proceeded up the
mountain-side in search of these cairns, which were reached
after a most arduous walk of about a mile over quagmires
and moss hags, to the detriment of nether garments and
footwear. The graves when reached were found to be
shapeless cairns of insignificant appearance and very difh-
cult to locate amongst the heathery knowes scattered over
the mountainside.

In a short time Loughguile (the lake of brightness)
was reached, permission to visit it having been granted
by Mr. C. G. Macartney, D.L., the proprietor. Here Dr.
Alex. D’Evelyn, J.P., an old member of the Field Club, was
in waiting, and along with Mrs. Macartney accompanied
the party to the ruined castle of Lissanoure (the fort of
gold).

Lissanoure was the birthplace of Lord Macartney, our
first Ambassador to China.

The next stop was at Cloughmills to visit the holy
well, known as Tubberdoney (Sunday well), where pilgrim-
ages were made in former times to effect cures. Recently
the well has been dressed in a framework of concrete and
its rusticity, perhaps its virtues, destroyed. From here it
was a short run to Clough Castle, a motte and bailey castle
of the Normans. The last visit of the day was to the fort
of Dundermot under the guidance of Dr. D’Evelyn. Tea
was served in Ballymena and Belfast reached at a reason-
able hour, thus terminating a most interesting day enjoyed
in perfect weather.

LAGAN RIVER AND NEW FORGE.

Date—Tuesday evening, 24th May, 1932. Conductors—Professor
Gregg Wilson and J. A. 8S. Stendall. Number present, 90.

A large party of seniors and juniors met the conductors
at Deramore Drive for a working excursion along the banks
of the Lagan. Many of the members came with collecting
material, from the humble jam pot to the more elaborate
scientific apparatus. Pond life and mosquito larvae were
the chief objects to be investigated, and at Leister’s dam
Professor Gregg Wilson gave a talk on mosquitoes, describ-
ing their various forms, and how they are to be identified
and how destroyed. He specially referred to the malaria-
carrying mosquito, which was becoming common, and might
in the future be a serious menace to public health. Several
larvae of this species were captured, indicating their com-
parative frequency.

{Proc. B.N.F.C.
186

Leister’s dam was one of the early reservoirs of Belfast
water supply. It was kept filled by water pumped from
the Lagan, the pump being a large wheel of the treadmill
type worked by men, their pay being three-halfpence per
hour. From Leister’s dam to Basin Lane reservoir (Bank-
more Street) the water flowed by gravity in an open conduit.

Leaving Leister’s dam the party proceeded along the
canal bank, each after their particular nature study.

Mr. Stendall exhibited a viper—an alien, of course—
which had been found a few evenings previously on the
Castlereagh Hills. The party continued along the canal until
New Forge was reached, and separated at the tram terminus,
Malone Road, after an instructive and enjoyable evening.

LOUGH FEA AND CREGGAN.

Date—Saturday, 11th June, 1932. Conductors—Thomas Greer, J. &
Hartley and J. Skillen.

The fourth excursion of the summer session was held
on Saturday, 11th June, 1932, when a large party left the
Old Museum for Lough Fea and Draperstown, the con-
ductors being Thomas Greer, J.P.; J. J. Hartley, M.Sc.;
and Joseph Skillen, the Honorary “Secretary.

The morning was gloriously fine, and the early promise
was maintained all day. After a drive through the orchard
district of Armagh, which was looking its best in the leafy
inonth of June, Cookstown was reached. Here the party
was joined by the Tyrone Field Club, and thus augmented
proceeded to Lough Fea, stopping on the way at Aine’s
Well.

Around about are other places called after the goddess
Aine, such as Lissan, showing the persistence of tradition
over centuries of time. A quarter of a mile farther on a
quarry was visited to see the junction of Sleve Gallion
granite and ete ee rock. There Mr. Hartley gave
the first of several tal =A on the geology of Tyrone.
Shortly after, Lough Fea was reached and luncheon
enjoyed on the Hones of fies lovely mountain tarn.

Leaving Lough Fea the drive along the road gave a
panoramic view of the valley in which the lake lies. Behind
is the hill of Carnanbane, a spur of Slheve Gallion, 825 feet
high, at the foot of which is Lough-na-muc, now almost
drained away. Here the Ordnance Survey reported in 1833

1932-33,
187

a very large heap of stones (a long barrow?) over the grave
oi Callan, the chicf from whom the mountain got its name.

In this neighbourhood several dolmens were examined,
these remains having been exposed by the cutting of turf
in the bog in which they are situated. As usual, they have
been defaced by treasure hunters. Leaving these high moor-
lands and descending into the valley, Mr. George Barnett’s
home at Sixtowns was reached and his wonderful collection
of geological specimens, collected in the neighbourhood,
examined with great interest.

The next stop was at Ballynascreen Old Church, which
is now a ruin, so called as it was the church of the screen or
library, where the books of nine surrounding churches were
kept. Then the conveyances were mounted once more for
Draperstown, where an excellent tea was much enjoyed,
appetites having been sharpened by the mountain air.

After tea a business meeting of the Club was held in
the open under a spreading chestnut tree, there being no
room in the hotel large enough to hold the party. J. A. S.
Stendall, Past President, presided, and welcomed the
members of the Tyrone Field Club to the first jomt excur-
sion, expressing the hope that it would be the precursor of
many. Mr. Bingham, president of the Tyrone Club, hav-
ing voiced the pleasure of his members at meeting those of
Belfast, the meeting terminated with thanks to Messrs.
Kempston and Barnett for their help during the day and
the election of some members to the Junior Division of the

Club.

The journey home was by the north side of Lough Neagn
through Toomebridge, and Belfast was reached after a most
interesting and instructive excursion.

BARNEY’S POINT, ISLAND MAGEE.

Date—Tuesdiay evening, 21st June, 1932. Conductor—A. M‘T. Cleland.
Number present, 20.

The party travelled by train to Whitehead and thence
by N.C. bus. The weather was at its best, with beautiful
evening light over Larne Lough and its background of hills.
As the tide was low the members were able to examine all
the well known exposures of Liassic beds to be seen at
Barney’s Point, and though nothing special in the way of
fossils was found all the members agreed that the evening
was a most enjoyable one.

[Proc. B.N.E.C.

188

DUNSEVERICK DISTRICT.

Date—25th June, 1932. Conductors—Rev. E. M. Gumley, and
A. Albert Campbell. Number present, 55.

Leaving Belfast at 9-30 a.m. the party travelled by
motor bus and private cars to the ancient territory of
Dalriada, via Ballynure, Larne, and the Coast Road. At
Ballycastle Mr. Gumley took charge.

The first halt was at a rather indeterminate stone circle
in the townland of Curramoney. The outer portions of what
was probably an extensive ancient monument have evidently
been removed in the course of farming operations. The fine
dolmen at Mount Druid, close by Ballintoy Rectory, was
visited, and then the party went on to the ring fort above
Whitepark Bay, in which there is a souterrain somewhat
difficult of access. Mr. T. W. Sefton, who crept in for some
distance,reported that it seemed to be exceptionally well
constructed,

Proceeding to Dunseverick the Route Club joined the
party, and the picturesque ruins of the castle were
examined. Mr. Gumley pointed out that it had been a
stronghold of the O’Cahans, a branch of the Kind-Owen.
In 1641, its owner, Gilladuff O’Cahan, was taken prisoner
by General Monroe, who destroyed the building. Accord-
ing to tradition, the first fortress on the site was founded
by Severic, the son of Eberic, in 386 B.C. He was after-
wards slain by the Fomorians or sea pirates. On the castle
rock is a well which Monroe’s soldiers filled up, but it is
still discernible. Here, it is said, St. Patrick baptised
(among others) St. Olean of Armoy.

A visit to ‘“bone-cave’’ at Milltown Bay, where a
member of the Route Club, who had been excavating it,
gave an account of his finds, brought the programme to an
end.

After tea at the Antrim Arms Hotel, Ballycastle, the
return journey was made via Armoy and Ballymena, and
Belfast reached at 9-30 p.m.

GLASDRUMMAN AND KILKEEL.
Date—2nd July, 1932. Condiuctor—A. M‘T. Cleland. Number present, 45.

A fully loaded bus, followed by several private cars, left
the Old Museum, College Square North, promptly at 2-0
p.-m., en route for Glasdrumman and Kilkeel. At Glas-
drumman the well known double dyke of Basalt and Eurite
through Silurian slate rock was thoroughly examined, the
lowness of the tide rendering this quite easy.

189

Up to leaving Glasdruminan the weather had been all
that could be desired, but at 5-O p.m. heavy rain began and,
though the journey was continued as far as Kilkeel, the rest
of the programme was abandoned as soon as the latter place
was reached, and the members turned about and made,
with all speed, for Newcastle station, where a very welcome
tea was provided by the County Down Railway Co.

DUMFRIES AND NEIGHBOURHOOD.

Date—8th to 13th July, 1952. Conductor—A, M‘I, Cleland. Number
present, 28.

The members left Belfast on Friday evening, travelling
to Dumfries by Larne and Stranraer. ‘The crossing was
excellent, and the stationmaster at Stranraer kindly arranged
for a half section of a coach, which was a great comfort in
a crowded train, and all were safely housed in the County
Hotel, Dumfries, soon after midnight.

On Saturday, 9th, a start was made promptly at 10
a.m., the guides for the day (Mr. R. C. Reid and Mr. H.
Truckle) accompanying the party. The first halt was at
Lincluden, where Mr. Reid gave an excellent address on the
history and architectural features of the Abbey. Next a
brief halt was made at the ‘‘Twelve Apostles,’’ a circle of
Standing Stones (11 in number) lying partly in a field of
corn and partly in a pasture field. From here a visit was
paid to Irongray Church, where in the churchyard stands
the memorial to Helen Walker (the original of ‘“‘Jeannie
Deans,’’ for which see Scott’s ‘‘Heart of Midlothian.’’).

Passing on from there a move was made to the beautiful
Martyrs’ Memorial standing in its grove of shady trees. The
Martyrs were Edward Gordon and Alexander M‘Cubine, who
perished in 1685. They were hanged by Grierson of Lagg
and Captain Bruce.

A long run then took the party by Maxwelltown farm,
crossing the Old Water river by Routen Bridge. From here
the party had to face a long climb up hill, through pasture
fields, a wood and a heathery moor. When well up on the
moor it became apparent that the exact position of the
Communion Stones, the objective, was not certain. These
stones are in a hollow on the slopes of Skeoch Hill, and are
a memorial to commemorate a large gathering of Coven-
anters, 3,000 in number, who met there in the summer of
1678.

[Proc, B.N.F.C.
190

When the route was finally picked up the Conductor
decided, as time was getting on, that four of the more
active members should go on and inspect and photograph
the Stones, whilst the rest of the party got back to the bus
by an easier route.

Then followed another beautiful ride to Thornhill, where
a substantial lunch with tea was awaiting the members.

Loaded up again on the bus at 3-45 p.m., there was
another delightful drive to Drumlanrig Castle, where the
party found the housekeeper (Mrs. Kennedy) waiting for
them. Here an hour and three-quarters were spent going
in and out of the beautiful rooms and admiring the pictures
and furnishings. Before leaving the Castle the Conductor
presented Mrs. Kennedy with a souvenir of Belfast handker-
chiefs. The next three-quarters of an hour was spent in
wandering about the lovely grounds till 6-30 p.m., when the
whistle sounded for the run back to Dumfries, which was
reached promptly at 7-15.

Sunpay, 10th Juby, 1982.

No special arrangements were made for this day. The
weather was magnificent, a cool breeze with plenty of sun-
shine. Some of the members went to Carlisle, some to
Moffatt, others to the Valley of the Nith, others again to
Castle Douglas. One party went for a long tramp among
the hills.

Monpay, llth Juny, 1982.

The first halt to-day was at Sweetheart Abbey.
The Conductor read a short descriptive account of the
history of the Abbey, written by Mr. M‘Burnie, who was to
have been Guide, but was prevented from coming at the
last moment.

Then straight on to Dalbeattie, along the beautiful coast
road and right through the town to the Craig Nair quarries of
the Improved Road Constructions Co., where the manager,
Mr. T. Craig, was waiting to receive the party. A visit was paid
to two of the quarries, and in the second, some very
peculiar forms of granite were found, which Mr. Craig said
had not been noticed before. Some very good specimens
were secured.

Then the members made their way back to Dalbeattie
for Juneh. After that, the Granite Cutting and Polishing
Works were visited, where more specimens were obtained
and many interesting processes seen.

1952-35.)
191

On to the bus again and on to the beautiful Abbey of
Dundrennan, where Rev. A. H. Christie was waiting. He
gave an hour of his time, dealing with the Abbey in a very
attractive fashion.

Dundrennan was left at 5-30 p.m. for the Moat of Urr,
a fine drive with good views from the top of the Moat.
Dumfries was reached in good time.

TugspAy, 12th Juny, 1932.

The party were accompanied this day by Mr. G. W.
Shirley, Librarian of the Dumfries Free Library, the first
objective being Caerlavrock Castle, where Mr. Shirley gave
an excellent address on the history and architectural features
of the structure. Members then wandered all over the
building, under the care of either Mr. Shirley or the official
guide, iall having plenty of time to examine and photograph
ihe whole structure.

Assembled once more in the bus, the drive was continued
to Ruthwell to inspect the Runic Cross housed in the church
there. Next, to Annan, where a very good lunch was
waiting the party at the Queensberry Arms Hotel. There
was sufficient time in hand to enable members to see
something of Annan, and even to make a stop at Ecclefechan
and visit the birthplace of Carlyle. This was not in the
programme and came as a pleasant surprise.

From here progress was made to Birrenswark, the bus
being able to go right to the foot of the hill. Most of the
party climbed up to the Roman Fort, and here the members
had another excellent address from Mr. Shirley. On the
slopes of Birrenswark (920 ft.), or Burnswark, are to be seen
the remains of two Roman forts, neither of them completed.

The next stop was at Lockerbie, where an unexpected,
but very welcome, cup of tea was served. Thus refreshed
the return to Dumfries was resumed, in welcome sunshine
and amidst beautiful scenery.

Wepnespay, 13th Juty, 1932.

Mrs. Shirley took charge of the party at 10 a.m. and
conducted members around Dumfries, first visiting the
old boundaries of the Meal Miarket. Here Mrs. Shirley
gave a general description of the boundaries of old Dumfries
and of the rouds leading from it.

Next came a visit to the Tolbooth, in which Effie Deans
stood her trial, and to many other places of interest.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
192

A prolonged halt was made at the “Auld Brig’’ of
Dumfries, the so-called Dervogilla’s Bridge, and the Cross,
set in the ground at Whitesands to mark the spot where
Kirk was shot in March, 1685. Another long stay was
made at Burns’ House, and a minute examination made of
the valuable and interesting relics it contains.

After lunch Mrs. Shirley again took charge of the party
and with them paid a visit to Miss Jean Armour Burns
Brown, great-grand-daughter of Robert Burns, who bears a
strong likeness to the poet. Miss Brown sang three Burns’
songs to her own accompaniment, and finished with “‘Dear
Little Shamrock,’’ for the benefit of the visitors. At the
conclusion of the visit Mr. R. 8S. Lepper presented Miss
Brown with a souvenir from Belfast of Irish linen handker-
chiefs, accompanying the gift with some suitable words.

It was mentioned during the tour around the town that
the lay-out was originally governed by the fact that at
the old suspension bridge was a ford across the Nith, at
that time the only way «across to Galloway. This explains
why the principal old streets all converge towards one
point, viz., the ford. Later the old Castle of Dumfries,
now Castle Dykes, was built near this ford in order to
command so important a place.

By 4-20 p.m. the party was loaded up in the bus, en
route for the station. Tea was served on the train whilst
speeding towards Stranraer, and after a good passage to
Larne, Belfast was duly reached at 10-30 p.m.

BALLYNAHINCH AND DISTRICT.

Date—23rd July, 1932. Conductor—J. Skillen. Number present,
over 60

This (the ninth) excursion of the summer session left the
Old Museum Building in bus and private cars, at 2 p.m.

Although the weather looked overcast, no rain fell dur-
ing the afternoon until the conveyances were mounted for
home at Anahilt churchyard.

The first stop was at Kilaney to visit an ancient grave-
yard on the farm of Mr. Robert Brown, and then the party
proceeded to Lough Henney, close by. In this lake is a
erannoge which was the residence of Toole MacPhelim
Maclvor in the 17th century. Here were found during the
last century a curious iron helmet now in the Museum, and a
bronze cauldron. Up to the present this crannoge has not
been systematically explored. There being no boat avail-
able, it was much regretted that a landing could not be made
on the crannoge.

1932-33.]
193

Proceeding from here, the next stop was at Glass-
drummond, to examine q stone cashel. As is usual in forts
of this sort, the walls are extremely thick, measuring in one
place fifteen feet. It is in very good preservation and about
one hundred feet in diameter.

Afterwards a visit was paid to Killygoney, a pre-historic
graveyard. In this enclosure are stone-lined graves, muti-
lated as is usual, possibly by treasure hunters. There is also
a stone circle of small dimensions and what looks like an
altered dolmen or chambered cairn. Thanks are due to the
farmer (Mr. James Burrows) on whose land these interesting
remains are situated, for the care he is taking of them.

Passing through Ballynahinch to Magheradrool old
church, a short time was spent in the graveyard surrounding
this sad ruin. The whole place is very much overgrown,
being a veritable jungle, shrubs and trees that evidently had
been planted over graves now rioting in wild luxuriance.

At this stage of the excursion an adjournment was made
to the Spa Hotel, where an excellent tea was served, some
members of the party, both before and after tea, enjoying a
drink of the sulphur or iron water, or a visit to the famous
Maze close by. Then, mounting the convevances, the party
proceeded to Magheraknock Fort, which measures 100 paces
across the top and is one of the largest in the county. The
next stop was made to visit the grave of Betsy Gray and
her lover, who were killed in the pursuit following the battle
of Ballynahinch in 1798. The last visit of the evening was
to Anahilt, a religious foundation of great antiquity, stand-
ing, like many other churches and burial places, on a rath.

This terminated a most interesting and instructive
excursion.

BALLINDERRY AND GLENAVY.
Date—6th August, 1932. Conductors—W. G. Burns and J. Skillen.

The party left the Museum Building, College Square
North, at 2 0’clock. The route taken was by the Glen Road,
a stop being made at Castle Robin to see this old motte and
bailey, which was later the site of a Plantation building, as
well as to view the delightful prospect of the Lagan Valley.

The next stop was at Greenmount, a double-fossed fort
of the mound type, with a ruined souterrain at the base of
the mcund. ‘This fort occupies a very high and commanding
position.

{[Proc. B.N.F.C.
194

Ballymote was next visited, this earthwork having a
double fosse like Greenmount, but being of the flat type its
fosses have suffered greatly by agricultural operations.
Measurements were taken here and a sketch map made for
the survey of antiquities, now being carried out by the Club.

The next objective was Crew Hill (Croab-Fulca, the
branching tree), one of the most historic sites in the county.
At the top of this hill under this sacred tree stood the
inauguration stone of the kings of Dalriada, whose palace
was at Rathmore. The Ulidians fought many battles in
defence of this stone.

On reaching Glenavy tea was enjoyed, and a business
meeting held, Mr. R. S. Lepper, Past-President, in the chair,
when a member was elected to the Junior Division. Passing
ou to Ballinderry the famous Middle Church of Bishop
Jeremy Taylor was visited, and this little gem of Jacobean
art much admired. It was interesting to note the primitive
method of lighting, each pew provided with its own candle-
stick, and the neatness and order of the church building, lich-
gate, and graveyard surrounding was favourably commented
on. Leaving here the last call was at the old Church, now
a ruin, on Portmore Lough, and which is built on an artificial
island — possibly pre-historic — in the centre of a bog sur-
rounded by a fosse and lined with double ditches. After
lingering here for a while the excursion party mounted. the
conveyances for home, thus ending an interesting excursion
and enjoyed in perfect weather.

BOYNE VALLEY.
Date—20th August, 1932. Conductor—J. Skillen. Number present. 80.

The party left the Museum Building, College Square
North, in motor buses and private cars at 9 a.m.

After a very enjoyable drive through a country ripening
to the harvest, Monasterboice, the first stopping-place, was
reached in good time. Here, while the party enjoyed lunch,
the conductor gave a talk on this ancient abbey.

This monastery was founded A.D. 524, and the most
attractive objects of antiquity here, apart from the round
tower, are the sculptured crosses, chief of which is that of
Abbot Muredach (923 A.D.), a cast of which is in the Belfast
Museum. It is inscribed, “‘A prayer for Muredach, by whom
this cross was made.”’ In magnitude, design, and execution
the crosses of Monasterboice are not equalled in Britain, or

1932-33.
195

possibly in Europe. Some of the high crosses of Ireland are
sepulchral, some memorial, like Muredach’s Cross; in some
cases they mark the bounds of the sanctuary, and teach a rude
and illiterate people Scripture history from the panels on the
cross, and they are useful to-day for ethnology, illustrating
the clothing and weapons of the period. The round tower 's
110 feet high and was much higher before it was struck by
lightning. It is recorded that in A.D. 1097 the round tower,
containing books and valuables, was burned, perhaps another
black mark against the Danes.

Proceeding, Mellifont Abbey was soon reached. ‘This
was a house of the Cistercians, founded by O’Carrol,
Prince of Oriel, Oriel comprising the present Counties of
Armagh, Monaghan, and Louth, in A.D. 1142. This was
ten years after the foundation of Fountains in Yorkshire, and
doubtless Mellifont rivalled the former in splendour; but
whereas Fountains is splendid even in ruin, Mellifont is little
better than a shapeless cairn.

The next stop was at Slane, where the conductor gave
a talk on the history and architecture of the ancient
monastery there; also pointing out that it was here that St.
Patrick lit the Paschal fire whieh confounded the Druids
on Tara.

Leaving Slane the conveyances were mounted for New
Grange, the Royal Cemetery of Brugh na Boinne. Most of
the party penetrated into the chamber of this mound to
see the curious carvings of the stones and the sarcophagus.
After a pleasant drive along the banks of the Boyne, pass-
ing the site of the famous battle, Drogheda was reached.

During tea a severe thunderstorm of tropical violence
broke out, but the members could laugh at the elements,
being now safely under cover. The excursion was com-
pleted in good weather and home reached at a reasonable
hour, considering the distance covered.

HARE’S GAP AND DIAMOND ROCKS.

Date—3rd September, 1932. Conductor—A. M‘T. Cleland. Number
present, 37.

The members were favoured with exceptionally good
weather. Beyond a couple of showers the conditions were
perfect, sunlight and shadow showing the Mourne Moun-
tains at their best, culminating in a magnificent sunset.
On reaching Trassey Bridge the party took lunch, and at
12-30 set off for the long and arduous climb to the Hare’s

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
196

Gap, enjoying ever-increasing and expanding views of the
district. From the Gap a further stiff climb of 300 feet
brought them to the Diamond Rocks, where everyone at
once began to search for the characteristic minerals to be
found there. In this they were very successful and a
number of topazes and beryls quickly found, one member
getting a particularly fine example of beryl. On returning
to Newcastle tea was served in the refreshment room of the
railway station, and by 6-30 the party were on their return
journey to Belfast, via Downpatrick, Killyleagh, and
Saintfield, Belfast being reached at 8-30:p.m. After tea,
a junior member was elected, and the conductor gave a
short address on the geology of the Mournes and _ the
Diamond Rocks.
SILENT VALLEY.

Date—17th September, 1932. Conductors—The President (Professor
J. K. Charlesworth) and J. Skillen. Number present, 154.

One of the largest excursions in the history of the
Field Club was held on Saturday, 17th September, 1932,
when the party left the Museum Building in four buses and
a number of private cars for the Silent Valley.

On arriving there, Mr. M'‘Ildowie, the chief
engineer, was in waiting and accompanied the members
to the top of the reservoir, and after a short stay here
to enjoy the view of this peerless valley, a return was made
to the valve house and overflow, where Mr }‘Ildowie gave
a talk on the construction of the great” bankment and
the engineering difficulties so successfuliy overcome, The
reservoir is ensconced amid the towering heights of Slieve-
nagalagh (1,450 feet), Slieve Bernagh (2,394 feet), and Slieve
Bignian (2,449 feet). It has a capacity of 3,000 million
gallons, and is an index of the progress of Belfast in recent
times.

At this point Professor Charlesworth also gave a talk
on the formation of the Mournes and their great gorges,
saying that perhaps half a million years ago a great sheet
of ice lay spread all over the country, only mountain tops
hke Sheve Bernagh projecting like islands. With the com-
ing of milder temperatures the ice retreated, leaving
moraines, still visible in the valley.

Before leaving, the President, on behalf of the Club,
thanked the Water Commissioners for giving permission to
visit the works, and also Mr, M‘Ildowie for his kind assist-
ance.

At the Seacliff Gardens, Kilkeel, tea was served on
the spacious lawn,

1932-33,]
197

HILLSBOROUGH.

Date—8th October, 1932. Conductors—E, N. Carrothers, H. Cairns
and A. E. Muskett.

Members left the Old Museum Building in motor
coaches at 2 p.m. In the Hillsborough Castle woods a
Fungus Foray took place, for the members so minded. Others
visited the Agricultural Research Institute of Northern
Treland, the farm of which covers an area of approximately
500 acres. of the Large Park, formerly the home farm of
the Marquises of Downshire. The work of the Institute
was kindly described by Professor Rae, and that of the
Poultry Research Station, which was also inspected, by Mr.
J. H. Prentice.

CONFERENCE OF FIELD CLUBS AT BALYCASTLE.

A conference of Naturalists’ Field Clubs was held at
Corrymeela, Ballycastle, from 1st October, 1932, when
delegates attended from Belfast and from Londonderry,
Limavady, Route, and Tyrone affiliated Clubs. This meeting
was held to discuss the question of co-ordination between
the various Clubs and to arrange for mutual assistance in
their work. The attendance represented a senior member-
ship of about eleven to twelve hundred naturalists.
Professor Charlesworth, President of the Belfast Club, was
in charge of the proceedings.

Papers and addresses were given by Dr. Praeger, Rev.
EK. M. Gumley, Wm. D. Cousins, and long and interesting
discussions followed, those taking part being C. W. Gordon
and Wm. Crawford, of Derry Club; Thomas Greer and H.
LL. Glasgow, Tyrone Club; and others.

An all-day excursion was from Ballycastle to Murlough
Bay,over Fair Head, and an evening excursion to Whitepark
Bay. Professor Charlesworth, who conducted on both
occasions, gave most interesting talks on the geology of the
district.

A resolution was passed that the next conference be
held in the Portrush district, and a joint week-end excursion
in May, to the Mournes—Newcastle or Rostrevor to be the
headquarters.

The arrangements were in the hands of the Hon.
Treasurer (A. H, Davison) and the Hon, Secretary (Joseph
Skillen),

{Proc, B.N.F.C.

198

WINTER SESSION.

The authors of the Papers, of which abstracts are given,
are alone responsible for the views expressed therein.

CONVERSAZIONE.

The Winter Session began with a Conversazione held in
the Assembly* Hall, Fisherwick Place, on Tuesday, 18th
October, 1932, at which there was a very large attendance
of members and friends. Tea was served from 6-30 p.m.

The exhibits included :—

Botany.—J. A. S. Stendall, Scottish Primrose Primula
scotica, Orkney Islands; Municipal Museum, series of models
illustrating life histories of a Moss and a Liverwort; D. J.
Carpenter, Jumping Beans and other interesting fruits; Dr.
Adelaide G. Davin, enemies of Flax and Linen; Captain
C. D. Chase, some European Flowers; Rev. W. R. Megaw,
Peat Mosses, British and Continental.

GroLtocy.—Robert Bell, Carboniferous fish remains; A.
M‘TI. Cleland, crystals in drusy granite, Mourne Mountains ;
coneretionary magnesium limestone, Sunderland; Dal-
beattie granite; specimens from bone bed, near Ludlow; heat
action on flints; Municipal Museum, portion of tusk and
tooth of mammoth, Elephas primigenius, from Thames
gravels; Miss Nora Fisher, Holocene marine mollusca;
Queen’s University, Geological map of Switzerland; aero-
plane views of Swiss glaciers, &c.; geological specimens; W.
G. Burns, shells from Lagan lock dredgings; A, H. Davison,
some geological curiosities,

ZooLtocy.—J. A. 8. Stendall, common bittern, Botaurus
stellaris (.) in hiding; Dr. R. H. Hunter, demonstration of
the form and structure of the human brain; Dr. H. P. T.
Rholeder, poisonous centipede, N. Rhodesia; W. M. Craw-
ford, butterflies and beetles; Miss Winifred M. A. Brooke,
drawings of insects of economic interest, and sketches of
insect eges and their hatching; R. J. Welch, land and marine
shells which bore into rocks; land and freshwater shells
used for food.

ARCHAEOLOGY.—Thomas J. Johnston, collection of stone
implements found recently at Dunfanaghy; J. A. S&S.
Stendall, model of old Irish water wheel; Alexander Pringle,
card-index of the 600 most interesting antiquarian objects
found in Northern Ireland; Walter Gracey and Dr, John

1932-33.]
199

Stewart, selection of Bann Valley axes and flint implements ;
R. J. Welch, very rude types of flint implements from
Antrim river beds and gravels; Dr. Alex. D’Evelyn, Late
Palaeolithic or Solutrean type of flints from the River Bann;
gold-beaters’ hammer from Dungonnell; bronze sword from
Skettrick Island, County Down; bronze pins from Horn
Head sandhills; A. H. Davison, objects from Swans-
combe, Ipswich, Glastonbury, and the Mendips.

Puotocrarny.—A. M‘T. Cleland, photographs and map
of Antonine Wall, Falkirk; Miss M. Gaffikin, Survey of
Antiquities exhibit; Miss M. W. Rea, photos (stereoscopic)
taken 70 years ago illustrating life and scenery near
Ottawa, Canada.

MiscELuangous, — A. M'‘I. Cleland, Charlesworth-
Cleland geyser fountain, water-flask chromo ad, the making
of gun flints; W. E. J. Savage, replica of the oldest known
Trish harp, now in Trinity College, Dublin; Dr. H. P. T.
Rholeder, two albums of photographs illustrating wild life
in N. Rhodesia; A. V. Pringle, jun., meccano model of a
flax roving frame; W. Erskine Mayne, display of scientific
books relating to the activities of the Club.

Junior Division Exuipits.—-Educational series of flint
implements and flakes, Angus Macdonald; Collection of
shells, seaweeds, and antiquarian photographs, Noel Gregg;
Common shells, sketches, and models of prehistoric animals,
Sam Kernaghan; Wasps’ nest, H. B. Orr; Mammals’ and
birds’ skulls, John Stewart; Emperor Moth’s cocoon, chaf-
finches’ nests, Sarah Stewart; Pressed leaves, wasps’
nests, and fungi from garden, Margaret Downer; Insects,
Felicity Bolton; Collections Irish-derived place names,
Marjorie Cleeland, Felicity Bolton; Living zoological and
botanical specimens, shown by numerous Junior Members;
Exhibits by Friends’ School, Lisburn, Natural History
Society-chart of bird song, nests of sea birds, kestrel,
sparrow hawk, and barn owl, J. A. Benington, Hon.
Secretary; Moths and butterflies, Margaret Lamb,
S. Harding, and H. Monteith; Nests of peewit, snipe,
and wild duck, E. Bailey; Models of wild fruits,
Prissie Tyler and Maureen Allen; Models of fungi, M.
Clarke and C. D. Nodder; Nature diary, Mary Redmond;
Nature drawings, Ethel Swain; Leaves, Gwen Poole and
Muriel Harding.

The Business Meeting began at 8-45, when the Pre-
sident (Professor J. K. Charlesworth), amid _ general
applause, presented the Club Commemoration Medal to J,
A. 8S. Stendall,

[Proe. B.N.F.C.
200

Prizes awarded for conversazione exhibits were then
presented by the President to Junior Members as follows :—

Best living botanical exhibit—1, Felicity Bolton; 2,
Beatrice Searle; certificates of merit, Hazel Martin,
Margaret Downer, Margaret Hanna, and Mary Glendinning.

Best living zoological exhibit—1, George Burns; 2, A.
G. Searle.

Best exhibit of general natural history interest — 1,
Margaret Downer; 2, Sam Kernaghan; certificates of merit,
John Stewart, H. B. Orr, Noel Gregg, Michael Clarke,
and C. D. Nodder.

Twenty-five mew members and ten Junior Members
were elected, while Dr. Lloyd Praeger, President of the
Royal Irish Academy, and Joseph Skillen, the Hon. Secre-
tary of the Club, were elected Hon. members. George
Barnett, Sixtowns, was made a Corresponding member.

The evening concluded with a lantern display of slides
taken during the past season’s excursions.

THE CHANGES IN THE CLIMATE AND LIFE OF
EUROPE SINCE THE ICE AGE.

The first ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Old Museum, College Square North, on Tuesday,
15th November, 1932, at 8 p.m., when the presidential
address was delivered to a very large audience by Professor
J. K. Charlesworth, D.Sc., M.R.I.A.

During the Ice Age all North-West Europe was buried
beneath.a vast ice-sheet, said Professor Charlesworth. The
lands to the south in Central Europe were covered with a
frozen tundra of Arctic plants, constituting the so-called
Dryas Flora, over which roamed such Arctic animals as the
reindeer, musk-ox, glutton, and the Arctic fox, and the
extinct mammoth and woolly rhinoceros. Their remains
had been found as far south as the Pyrenees and North
Spain, and even in Southern Italy.

The streams issuing from the ice-sheet during its
retreat laid down their muds in the adjacent seas. Those
muds were beautifully laminated, the finer layers represent-
ing the deposition of the cold winter season of very little
melting, the somewhat thicker layers the coarser and more
abundant sediments of the warmer summers. These
laminated layers or “‘varves’’ were disposed like slates on a ~
house roof, newer ‘“‘varves’’ coming on in the succession
as they were traced to the region whence the ice was pro-
ceeding. The ‘‘yarves,’’ therefore, served as a basis of

1832-35.)
201

chronology for the time that has elapsed since the ice
retreated, and by means of this the various events in the
post-glacial history of Europe could be dated. -

‘he ice-sheet, by its weight, pressed down the under-
lying crust of the earth and locked up within its mass
enough waters of the world ocean to lower the surface of the
sea by about thirty fathoms. When the ice melted and
retreated, the waters submerged those parts of the glaciated
regions which, on account of the lag in the response of the
crust to the removal of the ice-load, still remained low.
This cold sea invaded the Baltic region, where it is known
as the Yoldia Sea, after a cold molluse which was now
found in Spitzbergen waters. It also invaded the coastal
region of Scotland, as in the Clyde estuary, and formed
the 100-feet beach of that country.

The steady uplift of Scandinavia and the Baltic, due
to the removal of the ice-load, caused the replacement of
the marine Yoldia Sea by a fresh-water lake, called the
Ancylus Lake, after its freshwater shell, Ancylus fluviatilis.
This lake was of the same age, 7,000 to 9,000 years ago, as
the submerged forest around the Irish coasts, as under the
head of Belfast Lough, and the last land connection of
England with the Continent of Europe..

The widespread submergence of the succeeding period,
the Littorina Sea of the Baltic, severed Ireland from Great
Britain, forming the straits of Dover. It is represented in
Northern Ireland by the so-called 25-foot beach.

The uplift of Scandinavia converted the waters of the
previously submerged part into freshwater lakes. The
marine species which inhabited the gradually rising hollows
either wandered out into the sea or became extinct, though
a few persisted, with important modifications, in the altered
conditions. These modified species characterised the so-
called relic lakes of North-West Europe. The pollen and
freshwater shrimp (Mysis relicta) of Lough Neagh may
have had a similar origin.

With the rise of the temperature at the close of the
Glacial Period the cold species retreated. The marine
mollusca went into the deeper seas and loughs, as in the
Mediterranean, Baltic, and White Seas, and the fiords of
Norway and Lough Fyne in Scotland. The freshwater
forms went into the deeper parts of the lakes, suchas the great
lakes of Switzerland, or into the cold, forming mountain
streams, or into caves. The Arctic and Alpine plants which
had mingled on the great plains of Central Europe wandered
into the cold North or took to the hills, where, with the

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
202

colder air and soils, they survived as the ‘‘Alpines’’ of most
mountain groups of North-West Europe.

The trees re-immigrated very slowly and in definite
order, known as the Steenstrup series, after the Dane who
first recognised the succession. Birch, fir, oak, and beech
followed each other in the re-colonisation of Europe. The
time of immigration of the oak forest coincided with a period
when the mean air temperature of Europe was higher than
now. During this post-glacial climate optimum, which
was about the beginning of the Littorina period, the trees
extended into greater altitudes and higher latitudes, as seen,
for example, in the West of Ireland. The marine shells also
spread farther north; marine species now living on the
south coast of Ireland and still farther south were found in
the 25-foot beach of North-East Ireland, as in the estuarine
clays underneath Belfast.

The climatic worsening which took place, almost
catastrophically, about 800-700 B.C. drove the warmer
marine fauna southwards, lowered the tree line by about
1,200 feet, and submerged the pre-existing forests by the
peats of a colder and moister climate.

At the close, those congratulating the President,
speaking to the address, or asking questions, were J. Skillen,
R. J. Welch, J. A. S. Stendall, C. S. Bailey, A. H.
Davison, 8. Deans and Miss Sayers.

LUMINOSITY IN ANIMALS.

The second ordinary meeting of the Winter Session
took place in the Old Museum, on Tuesday, 6th December,
1932, at 8 p.m., the President (Professor J. K. Charles-
worth) being in the chair. Mr. J. 8. Loughridge, B.Sc.,
M.D., delivered a lecture on above subject to an appreciative
audience.

Mr. Loughridge opened his address by a reference to
phosphorescence, which, he said, was the light given off by
certain substances after being exposed to light rays, ultra-
violet rays, &e. This he illustrated by placing various
liquids in front of the light from the lantern which was being
used to illustrate the lecture, and in the darkened room the
glow from the tubes, after being removed out of the light
ray, could clearly be seen.

Animal light, he pointed out, was one of the forms of
“cold light.’’ He described the physicial nature of animal
light, the structure of luminous organs, the chemistry of
light production, and the distribution of luminosity through-
out the animal kingdom.

1932-33.]
203

An American firefly that glows red and green and a
deep-sea squid that glows red and two shades of blue were
among the examples quoted by Mr. Loughridge.

At the close the President, Mrs. Nodder, R. J. Welch,
A. H. Davison, R. S. Lepper, J. A. 8. Stendall, G. C.
rveilly, C. R. Nodder and Miss Kevin all put questions, or
spoke to the paper.

INSECT SOCIETIES.

A meeting took place in the Old Museum, on Tuesday,
17th January, 1933, at 8 p.m., when Mr.G. Williams, M.Sc.,
delivered an address on the above subject. The President
(Professor J. K. Charlesworth) was in the chair.

The great majority of insects lead solitary lives.
A small proportion, however, have forsaken the solitary
life and taken to living in communities. Various ex-
amples can be cited as illustrating different stages in the
evolution of the social system, thus many insects never
progress beyond a sub-social stage, others, however, are
truly social and, in the highest types of insect community a
social organisation is attained, which is analogous to that of
man.

Ants and termites, although unrelated, show an extra-
ordinary parallelism in their social developments. Hach,
although equipped with wings, takes on a terrestrial or sub-
terrestrial existence. Both show a similar development of
sterile castes along the two parallel lines of polymorphic
workers and polymorphic soldiers. Both groups have
acquired the similar habit of fungus cultivation along almost
identical lines. Finally, both have succeeded in domesti-
cating many other insects and, it can be said undoubtedly,
that they are par excellence the exponents of all that can
be achieved by instinctive acts.

Insect societies are immeasurably older than any human
society, in fact when man’s ancestors were in their earliest
developments, the major groups of ants had already estab-
lished their principal castes.

In conclusion, it may be said that among the social
insects the community is virtually a vast proletariat of sterile
workers. Individual aspirations, comfort and pleasure, find
no place in such q hierarchy, but each individual labours
with the utmost diligence and care for the welfare of the
whole society.

At the close those asking questions or speaking to the
paper were Col. F. H. Crawford, W. M. Crawford, J. A. S.
Stendall, J. Skillen, A. H. Davison, Miss Brooke and
Ranald MacDonald.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.

204

BRITAIN IN THE BRONZE AGH.

A meeting of the Club was held in the Old Museum on
Tuesday, 21st February, 1933, the President (Professor J.
K. Charlesworth) in the chair, when Mr. E. E. Evans, M.A.,
F.S.A., delivered a lecture on the above subject.

The lecturer stressed the continuity of European eiviliza-
tion revealed by archaeological studies. The ground-work
or pattern of Western Civilization was laid down in the
second millennium B.C., and regional differentiation, cul-
minating in the nation-states of post-Renaissance Hurope,
was already foreshadowed. An analysis of the material
bases of early culture showed the importance of cultivation,
unimal-domestication, metal-working, weaving, carpentry,
pottery-making, transport and settlement. Some effects of
the later introduction of food-crops (e.g., the potato) were
referred to in order to bring out the effects of Bronze Age
crops and other elements of the early culture-complex in
Britain. Education should teach us more about the
ploughed fields on which we live and less about the battle-
fields whereon we die. In the words of Fabre: ‘History
knows the names of all the kings, but cannot tell us the
origin of wheat.’’

After dealing with the beginnings of civilization
dependent upon discoveries of this kind, the difficulties and
the advantages of Early Britain as a home for it, were out-
lined; and its introduction into the British environment was
ulustrated by means of maps and lantern slides. The per-
sistent division between east and west was related to funda-
mental differences in both physical conditions and in space-
relationships. Broadly speaking the west stood out as a
collection of upland regions of old infertile rocks, frequently
isolated as islands or peninsulas, with heavy rainfall. Here
agriculture was relatively difficult and pastoral life had
always been predominant, and scattered settlements typical.
Culturally the west stood out, from the first, as a region of
survival and continuity, slowly absorbing external influences.
The east, on the other hand, was a lowland with long
estuaries facing the continent: a bridge of chalk almost
connecting them, a region of young rocks, fertile soils and
good agriculture. Here successive continental cultures had
penetrated from the Bronze Age on.

The lecturer, restricting himself to the period from 2000
to 500 B.C., illustrated these points from the abundant
remains of the Bronze Age in Ireland. Many of the
industries represented were still alive to-day: in fact in
nearly every case the ‘‘idea’’ was already there. and the

1952-33.]
205

modern world is the logical projection of the past into the
present. The art of the period was also dealt with, and
the lecture concluded with illustrations of the persistent
enrichment of British culture through the mingling of the
ideas of the west and the material expression of the east.
Many features of British culture could be traced back

to this duality of background; and in early times, as to-day,
north-eastern Ireland illustrated, because of its environment
and location, the concentrated juxtaposition of east and
west.

. At the end of the lecture questions were put, or remarks
made, by Col. Berry, T. Johnson, W. G. Burns, R. S.
Lepper and others.

BOTANIZING IN IRELAND.

At a meeting of the Club, held in the Old Museum on
Tuesday, 7th March, 1933, at 8 p.m., the President (Prof.
J. K. Charlesworth) in the chair, the lecturer on the subject
given above was R. Ll. Praeger, D.Sc., President of the
Royal Irish Academy. There was a very large attendance
of members and friends.

From the point of view of the botanist Lreland possessed
some points of special interest, said Dr. Praeger. These
arose from its isolated position on the extreme western edge
of a great land-mass, which had both enriched its flora by
allowing it to receive immigrants from across the ocean on
the west, and impoverished its flora by preventing it from
receiving immigrants from the east.

Again, situated as it was on an unstable continental
edge, it had experienced many periods of submergence and
of emergence, with the result that the geology of Ireland,
and consequently the surface and soils, was very varied, pro-
ducing corresponding variations in the vegetation.

The nature of the flora and its distribution were then
discussed. The characters of the old native vegetation, prior
to the introduction of agriculture, and the great change pro-
duced by man’s operations, were pointed out, Dr. Praeger
explaining how woodlands had been destroyed to allow of
grazing, and grass lands broken up for tillage.

The botanist in his search for the rarer members of the
primitive flora had to concentrate on the comparatively small
amount of ground remaining in its primitive condition, and
the distribution and nature of these areas were discussed.
They included woods, bogs, Jakes, marshes, and mountains.

Stories were told illustrating the good and bad fortune
which at times accompanied the field botanist. Dr.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.

206

Praeger observed that what might appear to be good luck was
mostly the result of experience ‘and of careful previous
study of the district to be explored.

Hints were given how to secure the most interesting
results by forethought and observation, the naming of
plants found, and the collecting and preservation of plants
which it was desired to keep for future naming or other
purposes.

The lecturer held that while the general outline of
the local flora and its distribution had been by now well
worked out, there remained, and would always remain,
plenty of interesting and pleasant work for the amateur
botanist, provided he was willing to take trouble and to
use to the full his powers of observation.

At the conclusion Rev. W. R. Megaw, A. H. Davison,
C. R. Nodder and G. C. Reilly voiced the appreciation of
the audience or asked questions, the lecturer giving replies
to all questions put to him.

GREAT BIOLOGISTS.

A meeting of the Club was held in the Old Museum on
Tuesday, 21st March, 1938, at 8 p.m., when Mr. Hugh
Cairns, B.Sc., gave an address on above subject. In the
unavoidable absence of the President, J. A. S. Stendall
took the chair.

The lecturer touched on the life and work of the great
Biologists beginning with Aristotle, Theophrastus and Ibn-
al-Awam, continuing with Harvey, Linnaeus, Mendel,
de Bary, Koch, Darwin and de Vries.

Portraits of those referred to were thrown on the screen
by means of an Epidiascope, worked by Mr. Greeves.

SECTIONAL NIGHTS.

Three evening meetings of the Winter Session were
devoted, one to each of the three sections, Geology, Botany
and Archaeology.

Geology—23rd January, 1933.—Professor Gregg Wilson,
D.Se., M.R.I.A., in the chair.

The following short papers were read by A. M’I.
Cleland :—

(i)—The Effects of Heat on Flints.

The speaker described certain experiments he had made
with flints, by treating them for several hours to a soak-
ing heat of 1,600 degs. F. The flints selected were of
different; varieties, grey, amber, purple, or red in colour.

The light grey flint came out almost pure white and
was not much fractured. The colour of the amber flint

1932-33. |

207

changed to a light purple, the tint itself being much
fractured. The purple flint became whiter and was not
greatly fractured. Two samples of red flint were treated
and gave widely different results. The first was medium
red and became almost white, with little fracture. The
second was of a very dark red colour, which under heat
treatment changed to a purplish amber tint and was so
much fractured that most of the sample came out of the
furnace like so much coarse sand or gravel.

_ Perhaps the most important point was that in all
cases the flints were fractured, notwithstanding their
colour. It was, therefore, difficult to understand how a
Jarge flint, when heated, should change its colour to a
bright red and still retain its original shape.

(ii)—Paramoudras and other Hollow Flints.

The speaker gave the origin of the word ‘‘paramoudra, ’’
according to the ‘‘Oxford Dictionary,’’ as an ‘‘Anglo-Irish
corruption of Erse peura-muireach ‘sea-pears,’ from their
shape and occurrence on the beach below chalk cliffs. It is
a name given to large flints, pear-shaped, barrel-shaped, or
cylindrical (sometimes 8ft. long and lft. thick), perforated
with a central axial cavity, found standing erect in the
chalk of the N.E. of Ireland (where the name is local) and
of Norfolk (where known as pot-stones).”’

He drew attention to the very fine paramoudra to
be seen in the pathway leading to the Roman Catholic
Church at Greencastle, Co. Antrim.

He then mentioned the probability that the axial
cavities of all paramoudras found in the flint gravels, usually
overlying the Antrim chalk, contained a mixture of gray
clay and fragmentary flints, the original hard chalk cores
having been removed by solution.

The speaker further recorded the fact that among the
many hollow flints he had examined at Magheramorne
quarries, Co, Antrim, he had never found one containing
even a trace of chalk. A few of them revealed quartz
crystals, but the great majority of the hollows in the flint
were filled with a fine flour of pure silica.

A sample of this flour was submitted to Professor W.
J. Sollas, of Oxford, who reported as follows :—

“The dust contains residuary fragments of flint as well
as bits of sponge spicules tranformed into quartz, tests of
formaminifera as well, also converted into quartz and often
much corroded; occasionally minute fragments of quartz

{Proe. B.N.F.C.

208

spherulites are to be seen, they are glassy clear, give good
cross between Nichols and are optically positive.’’
(i11)—An Interesting Rock Haposure at Whitehead.

This exposure is to be seen in the railway cutting on
the east side of the tunnel at Whitehead, Co. Antrim, and
reveals a number of basaltic columns arranged in radiating
fan shape. The original basalt had evidently flowed into a
water-filled hollow in the chalk. Contact with the water
had cooled the lower parts of the basalt quickly and caused
it to assume an amorphous condition. The upper portion,
cooling more slowly, had taken on a columnar structure.
(See J.N.J., vol. 4, p. 209).

The base of the hollow showed strongly marked strati-
fied secondary chalk, a rock structure at one time to be
seen at Magheramorne quarries, where it was found very
finely developed. (See I.N.J., vol. 3, p. 4).

J. A. S. Stendall, R. J. Welch, A. H. Davison and C.
kK. Nodder put questions, or spoke to the papers. There was a
large attendance.

Botany—7th February, 1933.—Three short papers were
read as follows :—

(1)—‘‘Botany for the Amateur,’’ by A. EK. Muskett, M.Sc.,

A.R.C.S8.

(2)—*‘ The Flora of Spain compared with that of Ireland,”’

by Captain C. D. Chase, M.C., M.A.

(8)—“‘ Mendelism,’”’ by Major G. O. Searle, B.Sc.

Archaeology—4th April, 1933.—Professor Gregg Wil-
son, D.Sc., M.R.1.A., in the chair.—Two short papers were
read :—

(1)—‘ Types of Pehistoric Sepulchral Pottery,’’ by Miss

M. Gaffikin.

(2\—‘‘Some ‘Tfs’ of Irish History,’ by J. Skillen.

Those speaking to the papers were J. A. 8. Stendall,
A, H. Davison, R. 8. Lepper and G. E. Reilly.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual Meeting was held in the Old Museum,
College Square North, on Tuesday, 25th April, 1938, at 8
p.m., the President (Professor J. K. Charlesworth, D.Sc.),
in the chair. The Reports which follow were all unanimously
adopted :—

1932-33.)

209

Twenty-three new members were elected on the pro-
posal of J. Skillen, seconded by J. A. 8. Stendall,

On the motion of R. §. Lepper, Rev. E. M. Gumley
was elected Corresponding Member.

ANNUAL REPORT.

The Committee have pleasure in laying jbefore the
members their Seventieth Annual Report, which records
continued prosperity.

During the year 43 new members were elected, 2
Juniors transferred to the Senior roll, 27 resignations were
received, 5 died, and 20 were struck off the roll for non-
payment of subscriptions. The membership now stands as
follows :—7 Hon. Members, 3 Life Members, 6 Correspond-
ing and 482 Ordinary Members, 498 in all. The total on
the roll of the Junior Division is 210, making a grand total
of 708. <A reduction in membership of only 6 Seniors, your
Committee think, very creditable in these depressing times.

Your Committee is pleased to report that the 4 affiliated
Clubs are in a flourishing condition, and doing good work in
their respective districts. They report a membership of 636
which, added to the numbers of the Belfast Club, make a
grand total of Field Naturalists in Northern Ireland of
1,342.

Two new Hon. Members were elected during the year,
viz.: Dr. Praeger and Joseph Skillen, and one Corresponding
Member, George Barnett, Sixtowns, Draperstown.

During the past Autumn a conference of the Field
Clubs was held at ‘‘Corrymeela,’’ Ballycastle, which was
most successful.

Your Committee held nine meetings, and the attend-
ances were as follows :—

Miss Gaffikin 9 R. J, Welch 7
W. G. Burns ao Prot. Grege Wilson’ 7" 6
A. A. Campbell 9 Rev. W. R. Megaw ... 6
A. M‘I. Cleland 9 Robert Bell 6
W. M. Crawford 9 RK. S. Lepper 6
J. A. S. Stendall 9 JD. J. Carpenter 5
Wm. Sweeney . 9 Mrs. Nodder ioe oe
Jos. Skillen 2) Mr.J;.8. Loughridge.... 5
C. R. Nodder 8 J. J. Hartley 4
A. H. Davison . 7 James Orr 4
Miss N. Fisher 7 Captain Chase 2
Miss W. J. Sayers ft ot, Hy Kerr Q
Professor Charlesworth 7

[Proc. B.N.F.C,.

210

We deeply regret to report the death of five members,
whose names are appended to this report.

Again the Committee desire to return their best thanks
to the donors of prizes for Junior exhibits at the conver-
sazione.

It is regrettable that no entries were received for the
competitions set for summer work. The givers of prizes
are as follows:—The President (Professor Charlesworth),
Captain C. D. Chase, A. Albert Campbell, A. M‘T. Cleland,
A. H. Davison and C. R. Nodder.

Our representative to the British Association this year
was J. J. Hartley, M.Sc.

The summer programme was carried out in its entirety,
and the accommodation provided at each excursion was
fully taken up. The usual good fortune of the Club in
respect to weather was experienced on almost every occasion.

The following is a list of the excursions :—

May 14th, 1932, Muckamore and Boghead Souterrain (half day).

May 21st, Glenanne, Slieveanorra and Lisanoure Castle (whole
day).

May 24th, River Lagan (evening).

June 11th, Lough Fea and Creggan (whole day).

June 21st, Barney’s Point (evening).

June 25th, Dunseverick (whole day).

July 2nd, Glasdrumman and Kilkeel (half day).

12th July Holidays, Dumfries (long excursion).

July 23rd, Ballynahinch and District (half day).

August 6th, Ballinderry and Glenavy (half day).

- August 20th, Boyne Valley (whole day).

September 3rd, Hare’s Gap and Diamond Rocks (whole day).

September 17th, Silent Valley (half day).

October ist, Conference of Field Clubs, Corrymeela, Ballycast!e
(two days).

October 8th, Fungus Foray (half day).

The Annual Conversazione to inaugurate the Winter
Session was held on 18th October, in the Church House,
Fisherwick Place. The exhibits were as diverse as they
were interesting.

The lectures delivered during the winter half of the
session were as follows :—

1932.

November 15—Presidential Address:
‘The Changes in the Climate and Life of
Europe Since the Ice Age.”’
December 6—‘‘Luminosity in Animals.’’
J. S, LouGHRIDGE, B.SC., M.D., F.R,C.S,

1952-33. ]
211

19383.

January 38—Short Geological Papers. A. M‘I. CLELanp.
*. 17—Insect Societies. G. WILLIAMS, M.Sc.
February 7—Short Botanical Papers. A. E. Musxert,

M.sc., Capt. C. D. CHASE, M.C., M.A.,
Magsor G. O. SEARLE, B.SC.
x 21—"‘Britain in the Bronze Age.’
E. E, Evans, M.A.
March 7—‘‘Botanizing in Ireland.’’
; R. Liu. PRAEGER, D.SC., P.R.I.A.
ah 21—"‘Great Biologists.”’
HuGH CaIRNS, M.SC., B.AGRI.
April 4—-Short Archaeological Papers. Miss M.
GAFFIKIN, JOSEPI SKILLEN,

The meetings were all well attended and the papers
read proved of high merit; they all evoked interesting
discussions.

Finally the Committee desire to record their thanks to
the Press for their reports of our meetings, and to the
Societies who have given copies of their publications.
Warmest thanks are also due to the following for kindness
extended during the Summer excursions—Mr. Robert
M‘Namara, Ballynahinch; Rev. D. M‘Evoy, P.P., Glenavy;
and Mrs. Thompson, Muckamore Abbey.

JOSEPH SKILLEN, Hon. Secretary.

25th April, 1983.
Cae) AE AE I NS se SR BT ET PE WS DE 1 PST FR ens EIT Ne Se RT a SIRT

OBITUARY.

Wi Gr Boyd, “IE:

Thomas Brown, J.P.

Miss EK. Lowry.

Thomas O. Millar,

William Swanston, F.G.S. (Hon. Member).

SE SESE MRE EE ES SS SET ae ES TES SIE 1 EEE DSS ee Se
HON. LIBRARIAN’S REPORT.

The Library work continues as usual. The exchanges
are received and catalogued, and the work of trying to make
up gaps in our sets continues, as well as the binding of com-
pleted volumes,

[Proc. B.N.F.C,
212

There are four new exchanges to report :—the Zoological
Museum of the Berlin University, the Royal Museum of
Natural History of Brussels, the Buteshire Natural History
Society and the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society.

The list of exchanges will be found at page 269.

W. M. Crawrorp, Hon. Librarian.

REPORTS OF THE RECORDING SECRETARIES.
ARCHAEOLOGY.

LISTS AND SURVEYS.

The County Tyrone Sub-Committee of the Ancient
Monuments Advisory Committee has sent in its report,
recommending nearly sixty ancient monuments in that
county for preservation. This report, having been adopted
with but slight alteration by the Committee, has been sub-
mitted to the Government for sanction, and, if approved, for
administrative action.

Of the Six Counties, Derry alone awaits the completion
of its list, and for this much preliminary work has been done
in the examination of structures and the collection of
material.

Another Sub-Committee of the Advisory Committee has
been formed with a view to the eventual making of an
illustrated survey of interesting buildings of the 17th, 18th
and early 19th centuries in Northern Ireland.

IiXCAVATION AND REPAIR.

The repairing of the conventual buildings of Bun-na-
mairge Friary, near Ballyeastle, Co. Antrim, has been con-
tinued by the Government architects, special attention hav-
ing been given to the rough barrel-shaped vaulting over the
day room, which supported the simple earthen floor of the
dormitory.

The tall modern walls and roof of the Antrim family
mortuary chapel, which tended to dwarf the older walls of
the Friary, have been lowered, by permission of the Earl.
In making this alteration further interesting features of the
old building have been exposed.

The Ministry have now taken over the Friary as an
Ancient Monument, and appointed a caretaker for it. They
have also recently taken charge of the remains of the old
Franciscan Friary at Armagh.

On the initiative of H. C. Lawlor, the Ministry have
secured for exhibition at Carrickfergus Castle, on loan from
H.M. Office of Works, a collection of armour and weapons
dating from the 16th to the early 19th century, in lieu of
those formerly kept there, which cannot now be traced,

1952-35,]

213
EXCAVATION,

A notable excavation of a Horned Cairn on Goward Hill,
near Hilltown, Co, Down, has been made by Messrs. Oliver
Davies, M.A., and E, FE. Evans, M.A., F.S.A., of Queen’s
University Belfast, helped by Miss M. Gaffikin and others.

An important step forward has been taken by the
Belfast Corporation in granting £50, through the Municipal
Museum, for prehistoric excavation and research by experts.
This grant has met with the cordial approval of Govern-
ment.

Already a good beginning has been made on the clear-
ing of two caves at Ballintoy, Co. Antrim, under the ex-
perienced guidance of Dr. J. Wilfrid Jackson, F.G.S., of
Manchester Museum. ‘The results of this work are awaited
with interest.

An application from Dr. J. van Giffen, of Groningen
University, to excavate the stone circle at Ballynoe, Co.
Down, has been under consideration by the Advisory Com-
mittee, a Sub-Committee of which has suggested suitable
conditions, should the request be granted by Government.

FINDS.

An interesting illustrated article by H. C. Lawlor, de-
scribing the antiquities recently found in the River Bann
up to June, 1932, was published in The Irish Naturalists’
Journal, vol. IV., no 4, p. 77, July, 1932.

At Killadroy, Beragh, Co. Tyrone, a fine sepulchral urn
of “food vessel’’ type, with incised ornament, presumably
of the later Bronze Age, with human bones, has been found
in good condition in a stone-lined grave, and has been
acquired by the Municipal Museum, Belfast.

R. S. LEpper.

REPORT OF BOTANICAL SECTION.

The membership of the Botanica] Section during the
season numbered thirty-five. Excursions were held as
follows :—

May 28.—Dundrum sandhills. On this occasion
Teesdalia nudicaulis was found in flower on the sandhills
not far from Murlough House. ‘This is a new station for -
Teesdalia, although it is known to occur at Ballykinlar on
the other side of the opening of Dundrum Bay.

June 14.—Tuesday evening. The greenhouses and new
rock gardens in the Botanic Gardens, Belfast, were visited.
The party are indebted to Mr. A. Graham for his interesting
comments on the various plants examined.

August 16.—Tuesday evening. Squires Hill. In spite
of heavy rain a small party walked over Squires Hill from

(@:

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
214

Ligoniel, via the Flush. Pyrola media was found in flower in
its old station at the Flush. A brief search for Habenaria
albida on Squires Hill, where it was seen in 1926, proved
fruitless.

On the General Club Excursion on May 21st an inter-
esting small orange fungus was found growing on tufts of
wet moss on the slopes of Slieveanorra, not far from the
Aldorcugh Burn and the “‘tomb of Hugh M‘Phelim O’Neill.’”
The fungus was identified by Carleton Rea as a typical
form of Humaria roumegueii, and is a new record for
Treland. A variety of the species has been recorded from
England by Phillips.

Gi GRAN
W . ae Meee: } Hon. Secretaries.

REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

Very little sectional work in Geology has to be recorded
for the Session owing to an apparent lack of enthusiasm
among the sectional members. An excursion was arranged
for Saturday, 18th June, the objective being Carr’s Glen,
but as only the Sectional Secretaries put in an appearance
the excursion was abandoned.

On the other hand four General Excursions, in which
the objective was principally geological, were well attended.

The first of these took place on Tuesday evening, 21st
June, when a party of 20 members visited the always attrac-
tive district of Barney’s Point. Nothing new was obtained,
but it was very refreshing to explore once again this well
known exposure of Liassie strata, especially as the weather
conditions were all that could be desired.

An equally successful expedition was made on Satur-
day, 2nd July, to the well known double dyke at Glas-
drumman, which later was thoroughly examined and some
good specimens obtained. <A party of about 45 members
attended this excursion.

The most successful visit was an excursion on Saturday,
3rd September, to the Hare’s Gap, when 87 members
attended, most of whom, despite a strong gale and frequent
very heavy showers, succeeded in reaching the Gap and even
the Diamond Rocks, some 200 or 300 feet higher. A number
of very good specimens were obtained from the Diamond
Rocks, including very fine beryl.

Mention must also be made of the visit to the Silent
Vallev Reservoir on Saturday, 17th September, when over
150 members attended, the attraction being largely
geological.

215

The success of the above excursions would seem to
indicate that it would be wise to abandon Sectional Geological
excursions entirely, and by preference include on the
Summer Programme two or more General Excursions in
which the chief interest would be Geological.

A. M‘I. CLeLanp, ;
arma. iene Hon. Secretaries.

REPORT OF ZOOLOGICAL SECTION.

In zoology the work as a section showed no improvement
on that of last surnmer.

At the excursion to Larne and Waterloo on the 4th
June, there were 4 members present. A fair number of
beetles, as well as land and marine mollusca were secured,
among the last-named being Anomia ephippium, Lingula
trifasciata, Bittium feticulatum.,

Only one member turned up for the excursion to the
Lagan fixed for the 10th September, and so it was decided
to cancel it.

But though the Sectional work in zoology is disappoint-
ing, it is interesting to note that some individuals are by
no means idle.

W. M. Crawford has done well amongst the Coleoptera,
although new to this branch of zoology, and has added 8
new records — one is new to Co, Fermanagh, 2 to Co.
Antrim, 4 to Ulster, and one to the Irish list (Co. Antrim).

Other members have done good work among _ the
mollusea. Leucopepla bidentata (Montagu 1808) has been
added to the known fauna of Counties Sligo, Antrim, and
Londonderry, whilst Miss Fisher also took some living
specimens at Mahee Is., Co. Down, 19380. R. MacDonald
discovered it independently a little later at the same place,
and also at Groomsport.

R. MacDonald obtained Hydrobia jenkinsi (Smith,
1889) at Nora’s Grave, Cave Hill, Co. Antrim, where it
suddenly appeared in quantity. This ‘station is 500 feet
above sea-level—an unusual height for the species.

R. J. Welch secured Helicella intersecta Michaud in
plenty, both living and dead, on a talus near the Madman’s
Window, on the Coast Road, Co. Antrim,

R. MacDonald obtained several specimens of Vertigo
angustior Jeffreys, at Groomsport, Co. Down, 7th May, 1982,
in a Holocene deposit—new to both recent and fossil fauna
of Co, Down.

D, J. Carpenter, Hon, Secretary.

[Proc. B.N.F.O.
216

REPORT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SECTION.

Four excursions were held in the summer and autumn
of 1982. On May 28th the hearth-sites in Dundrum sand-
hills were re-examined, and a few interesting things picked
up. On 13th August some places of antiquarian interest in
the Lagan Valley were visited — Drumbo Round Tower,
Farrell’s Fort, and the Giant’s Ring. The Section went
farther afield on 10th September, when it journeyed to the
Newry district, and visited Drumiller Mound, the Dane’s
Cast, the Old Church of Killeavy, and Clontygora Dolmen.
Mr. John Richardson, of Bessbrook, Dr. and Miss Barcroft,
of Newry, and Mrs. Chambré, of Killeavy, kindly acted
as local guides. The final meeting of the Section was held
at the Municipal Museum, on 29th October, followed by
tea at the Carlton.

All the excursions were well attended. Twelve new
members joined during the year.

A. ALBERT CAMPBELL,

Mary GAFFIKIN, \ Hon. Secretaries.

REPORT OF SURVEY OF ANTIQUITIES
COMMITTEE.

The Survey of Antiquities in Northern Ireland is
steadily progressing. The work of classifying and mapping
the already existing Ordnance Survey records is being con-
tinued; 330 for Co. Down have been indexed. Thanks are
due to Dr. Chart and the Staff of the Public Record Office
for kind assistance in this work.

In addition to these records, the following have been
received from voluntary workers.

Photographs Plans Reports
Standing Stones ......... 19 3 13
Dole 6 Me Boe. daaeege 39 3 5)
Stone CiMClOS seaucesseeten 5 3 6
eters i er cc ore vada vals Dil 20 Pit
Raths and Cashels ..... 15 9 30
Chpirghiesin vSHerin a...0% wot 29 0 8
BOUPGITAING: | caste. ssoas il So 10
Caigtlecat ya tesa. =. abut 29 0) 3
Round Towers ......... 6 0) 0
CrannGoning. mers ..6-- 0% il 0 0
Other Antiquities ....... 21 0 12

|
|
|

114

ASN
_

BRIM fe drercig oed ov te vs 186

1932-33.
217

There are now 33 names on the list of voluntary
workers. Thanks are due to all who have assisted in the
work during the past year, especially to Mr. C. W. Gordon,
President of the Londonderry Field Club, also to Mr. A.
M‘Aleer and Mr. George Barnett, of Sixtowns, for the
numerous and excellent reports which they have sent in.

It is to be hoped that the work will continue satis-
factorily during the coming year.

M. Garrikin, Hon. Secretary.

B.N.F.C. JUNIOR DIVISION.—REPORT FOR YEAR
ENDING MARCH, 1933.

The numebr of Junior Members on the list is 210. Dur-
ing the year fourteen new members were elected, four
resigned, nine names were removed for non-payment of sub-
scriptions, and two members were transferred to the Senior
List.

The Junior Division Committee met four times, and
there were two special indoor meetings for junior members.
On five of these occasions we were indebted to Mr. Davison
for the use of his office.

A special committee appointed by the General Com-
mittee drew up a scheme for more educational work for the
prizes usually offered for the year’s work. The results were
disappointing, there being no entries.

Two new developments have been created in the Junior
Division, and have been sponsored chiefly by the Junior
Committee members, Felicity Bolton and Sam Kernaghan.
The first of these developments was the forming of sections
to work especially at zoology and geology, and the second
is a monthly magazine edited, typed, and illustrated by
the aforementioned two, aided by a few other junior
members.

A gift of setting boards and other apparatus was
received from Mr. Norman Greeves in June.

An unusual feature of the Conversazione was a show
of work done by the Natural History Society of the Friends’
School, Lisburn, whose Secretary has given our Division
much valuable help.

There were fifteen entries for the five prizes offered
at the Conversazione for juniors’ exhibits. (This year
certificates were awarded to those whose work merited
some recognition.

The following excursions were held : —

May 24—Club general evening excursion. Conductors,
Prof. Gregg Wilson and J. A. S. Stendall.

{Proc. B.N.F.C.

218
May 28—Balmoral Agricultural Show. Conductor, Mr.
Rhinehart.
June 15—Botany ramble near Stormont, | Conductor,
Captain Chase.
Sept. 2—Ardglass—fisheries and seaweed study. Con-

ductors, Mr. G. Steven and Miss M. Rea.

Sept. 17—Toome and Antrim Round Tower (by courtesy of
Mr. Fox, of The Steeple, Antrim). Conductor,
R. J. Welch.

Oct. 8—Fungus Foray
EK. Muskett.

Oct. 15—-Conlig. Conductor, Mrs. Nodder,

Oct. 18—Conversazione.

Oct. 28—Special indoor meeting to consider forming of
sections. Speakers, Sam Kernaghan and
Felicity Bolton.

Nov. 5—Geology section visited Queen’s Geological De-
partment. Conductor, Professor Charles-
worth.

Nov. 11—Zoology section met in the Museum. Talk by
Professor Gregg Wilson.

Noy. 19—Geology section met on Cave Hill. Conducted by
Robert Bell.

Dec. 2—Visit to Gallaher’s Tobacco Factory.

Dec. 17—Talk on nature photography by Mr. Benington.

Mar. 8-—-Special indoor meeting to co-ordinate work for
next Conversazione.

Mar. 25—Orlock—marine zoology and seaweed study. Con-
ductors, R. MacDonald and Miss Rea.

WinrrreD Nopper, Hon. Sec. (Junior Division).

———0

Hillsborough. Conductor, A.

The following office-bearers were elected for the Session
1933-34 :—President, Emeritus Professor Gregg Wilson;
Vice-President, C. Ik. Nodder; Hon. Secretary, J. Skillen;
Hon, Treasurer, A. H. Davison; Hon. Librarian, W. M.
Crawford; Hon. Recording Secretaries, Miss Nora Fisher
and R. 8. Lepper; Hon. Secretaries of Sections—Botanical,
Miss W..J. Sayers and Rev. W. Rh. Megaw; Geological, A.
M‘T. Cleland and J. J. Hartley; Zoological, J. 8. Lough-
ridge and James Orr; Archaeological, Miss Mary Gaffikin
and A. A. Campbell; Hon. Secretary Junior Division, Mrs.
Winifred Nodder; Ordinary Members of Committee (retire
1984), Captain C. D. Chase, J. A. S. Sténdall and Wm.
Sweeney; (retire 1935), Robert Bell, W. G. Burns and G.
C. Reilly; (retire 1936), D. J. Carpenter, ‘Professor J. K.
Charlesworth and R. J, Welch.

1932-33,
219

CLUB MEDALLISTS.

1923. William Swanston, F.G.S.

1924. Nevin Harkness Foster, F.L.S., M.R.1.A.
1925. Nathaniel Carrothers.

1926. Robert Bell.

1927. R. Lloyd Praeger, D.Sc., M.R.I.A.

1928. R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.BR.I.A.

Eee, No. award.

1031/°-S.. A’ Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.
1932. J. A. Sidney Stendall, M.R.I.A.

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220

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“40

PROCEEDINGS
AND ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB

For the Year Ending 3Ist March, 1934
(SEVENTY-FIRST YEAR)

PART VI.
1933-34

SERIES Il.
VOLUME IX.

EDITOR:
W. M. CRAWFORD, F.x.«.8., F.z.5.

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

SEVENTY-FIRST YEAR, 1955-34.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President:
Emeritus Professor GREGG WILSON, o.B.£., M.A., D.SC., M.R.IA.
Vice-President:
C. R. NODDER, o.a.
Hon. Treasurer:
ALEX. H. DAVISON, F.R.s.A.1., 50 Wellington Place, Belfast.
Hon. Librarian:
W. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F-R-E.S., F-Z-S.,
Orissa, Marlborough Park South, Belfast.
Hon, Recording Secretaries:
Miss NORA FISHER.
R. 8S. LEPPER, M.A., L.L.M., F.R.HIST.SOC.
Hon. Secretaries Botanical Section:
Rev. W. R. MEGAW, B.A., M.R.1.A.
Miss W. J. SAYERS, B.a,
Hon. Secretaries Geological Section:
A, M‘I. CLELAND.
J. J. HARTLEY, o.sc.
Hon, Secretaries Zoological Section:
J. 8S. LOUGHRIDGEH, B.sc., M.D., F.R.C.S.
JAMES ORR, M.B.0.U.
Hon. Secretaries Archaeological Section:
Miss MARY GAFFIKIN,
A. ALBERT CAMPBELL, F.R.s.A.1.
Hon. Secretary Junior Division:
Mrs. C. R. NODDER.
Ordinary Members of Committee:
Retire 1934— Retire 1935—
Capt. C. D. CHASE, m.c., M.A. ROBERT BELL.
J. A. S. STENDALL, ™.R.1.4. W. G. BURNS.
WM. SWEENEY. GEO. C. REILLY, M.1.M.#&.
Retire 1936—
D. J. CARPENTER, A.R.c.sc.1.
Professor J. KAYE CHARLESWORTH, p.sc., M.R.1.A., F.G.S.
R. J. WELCH, m.sc., M.R.1.A.
Hon. Secretary: |
JOSEPH SKILLEN. 25 Stranmillis Gardens.

228

PROCEEDINGS.

O

SUMMER SESSION.

(0)

COLERAINE AND DISTRICT.

Date—6th May, 1933. Conductors—J. Skillen, S. Henry and S. D.
Glassey. Number present, 40.

The good luck of the Club in regard to weather held, for
on reaching Frocess Moss, on the north side of Ballymena,
a nesting-place of the black-headed gull, the sky cleared, and
the day finished with practically no rain. On reaching
Coleraine the Route Club joined up, bringing the number
present to about one hundred.

After a cup of tea at Coleraine. conveyances were

mounted for the Norman motte and bailey Fort at Bally-
cairn, where Mr. S, D. Glassey gave an interesting talk on
the grant of territory by John De Courcy to his wife Affreca
and the identification of place names in this locality as given
by De Courcy in his charter. Mr. 8. Henry, who helped in
this identification, also spoke.
_ Returning to the east side of the river the party visited
the Loughan Island district, and Loughan as the Lagan-
clunedalik of Charter I. was explained. From the tumulus
overlooking the river on which the party was assembled
a fine view of the country was obtained. Along the river
banks were spread great masses of alluvium, taken from the
river during the operations of the Bann drainage scheme.

The next stop was at Ballnacree, where there is an inter-
esting prehistoric monument, a burial mound, which is some-
times claimed as a lake dwelling. Here the natural mean-
dering of a rivulet has been converted into an artificial maze
or labyrinth. Mr. Glassey expressed his belief that this was a
North of Ireland illustration of the Trojan Game or Walls
of Troy imported from the East, ‘and of which there are
several illustrations in ancient earthworks in England.
Sometimes these labyrinths are traced on stone, possible
examples occurring at New Grange, Co. Meath. The whole
question is worth investigating, and the first step would be
an air photograph of this ancient site and then excavation
of the mound.

[Proc. B.N.F OG
224

Gaining the road by a tortuous path through this ancient
maze the way was taken for the next stop at Derrykeighan.
Here Mr. Hugh A. Boyd gave an interesting talk on this
ancient religious foundation, pointing out that it is one of
the most important in the North. Dr. Nevin, whose for-
bears lie in the ancient graveyard surrounding the ruins,
also addressed the company on its history.

The ancient church is smothered in ivy, which will
shortly destroy what is left of the building, and hopes were
expressed that something should be done by its custodians
to arrest this decay.

Leaving Derrykeighan the party proceeded to Bally-
arton, the home of Mr. ‘and Mrs. M. M. Watson, who
generously entertained all to tea. There is a splendid
rock garden, made and tended by Mrs. Watson, and a holy
well and standing stone of great interest, the well being
resorted to by people in the neighbourhood for curative
purposes.

A pleasant hour was spent in the rock garden, and
afterwards, on the motion of R. S. Lepper, seconded by
S. Henry, a vote of thanks was accorded to the hosts for
their hospitality.

KINGDOM OF MOURNE.

Date—19th-21lst May, 1933. Conductors—Col. Berry and J. Skillen.

A combined week-end excursion to the ancient Kingdom
of Mourne was held by the Belfast and affiliated Naturalists’
Field Clubs.

The Belfast members, joined by the Route club con-
tingent, left the Old Museum, accompanied by the Pre-
sident, Professor Gregg Wilson. The headquarters of the
excursion was at the Great Northern Hotel, Rostrevor, where
the party was completed by contingents from the London-
derry, Limavady, and County Tyrone clubs.

Professor Gregg Wilson welcomed all members, especi-
ally those of the affiliated clubs, on whose behalf C. W.
Gordon, William D. Cousins, and H. L. Glasgow replied.

Colonel Berry then gave a lecture on the archaeological
aspect of the projected tour, stating that the territory was
claimed as the cradle of the Ultonians, and dealing with
the stone circle and souterrain at Dromena. In _ the
souterrain there is an apse with a triangular stone,
associated possibly with a primitive religion. An interest-
ing discussion followed the lecture, whch was. illustrated
with maps and diagrams.

1933-34. ]
225

On Saturday, 20th, at 9-30 a.m., notwithstanding un-
welcome rain, the party left in cheerful mood. ‘The
mountains were veiled in the grey rain, but the drive up—
the Kilbroney valley was most interesting, the masses of
gorse, in full bloom, being a glorious sight.

A stop was made at Altnataggart (the wood of the
priest) to see the great granite boulder on which Mass was
celebrated in the days of proscription. Here in the shelter
of the woods, far from the hamlets of men, the priest
celebrated Mass to his devout following.

Proceeding up the valley, it was not long before
Goward Mountain was reached, on the slopes of which
is situated the horned cairn recently excavated by
members of Queen’s University.

Miss Gaffikin, who assisted in this investigation, gave
a talk on the results achieved. In the cairn was discovered
Tron Age pottery, although megalithic monuments of this
class are usually attributed to the Bronze Age period,
which suggests that the date of their erection, at least in
Northern Ireland, would require to be revised.

An interesting discovery in the cairn was evidence of
an ox sacrifice, which was an ancient custom in primitive
burials.

The next stop was at ‘‘Pat Kearney’s Big Stone’’
dolmen, one of the finest megalithic monuments in the
north, the cap-stone of which is estimated to weigh about
fifty tons.

At lunch time, as the weather had not cleared, it was
impossible to partake of an al fresco lunch as intended, so
hospitality was sought in sheltered Castlewellan, and found
in the hostelry of Mr. Philip M‘Ardle. With the dis-
appearance of lunch came the disappearance of rain, and
the remaining part of the day was fine.

The next objective, Maghera old church and round
tower, was soon reached, and Colonel Berry told what was
known of its history, pointing out that, like many other
ancient religious sites, it was built on a rath.

The party then proceeded to Slidderyford to visit the
well-known dolmen of that name. At the dolmen David
E. Lowry gave a talk on these megalithic monuments,
their origin and significance, and had kindly arranged for
the opening of a souterrain in the same field for inspection.

The final visit of the day was to Dundrum Castle, that
fine example of Norman military architecture. Here
Colonel Berry and R. §. Lepper spoke about the Knights
Templar and their association with this castle,

[Proc. B.N.F.C
226

The hotel being reached, dinner was_ thoroughly
enjoyed, after which Miss W. J, Sayers gave a talk on
the wild flowers collected during the day, and was succeeded
by Dr. Herbert Rohleder with a paper on the geology ot
the Mourne Mountains.

Both contributors were heartily thanked by the pre-
sident, and the meeting closed after an interesting discus-
sion on the subject matter of the papers.

On Sunday, after breakfast, some went to church ser-
vices, some climbed to Cloughmore, the more adventurous
proceeding to the top of Slieve Martin, and others went to
see the sylvan beauties of the Fairy Glen and to visit Kil-
broney old church.

After lunch, the entire party left for Kilkeel and visited
the antiquities of this place, including the “‘ Giant’s Grave,’’
in the grounds of the parochial House. and the dolmen
known as the ‘‘ Crawtree Stone.’’ The company now
divided, one half going to the Deer’s Meadow, the source
of the River Bann, and the other to the Happy Valley.
Miss Watt (Portrush), President of the Route Club, here
joined the latter party.

At the hotel Professor Gregg Wilson showed mos-
quitoes he had collected in their various larval stages, and
Thomas Greer made some interesting notes on the butter-
flies of the district.

After tea at the hotel, the party left for home, having
had «a most instructive and enjoyable excursion.

MOIRA DISTRICT.

Date—3rd June, 1933. Conductor—Miss W. J. Sayers. Number
present, 43.

Although this district was, in 637 A.D., the scene of
cne of the most famous battles recorded in early Irish
history, the main interest of the excursion was natural
history, to which the party devoted itself after a visit to
the ruins of the ancient church and the site of the round
tower of Trummery, where A. A. Campbell gave an informa-
tive talk on the subject of the church and of round towers
in general.

The three-mile walk along the Lagan Canal and the
Broadwater furnished the botanists with a variety of water-
loving plants, among which were Menyanthes trifoliata
(Bogbean), Nasturtium amphibium Water Radish),
Ranunculus Lingua (Greater Spearwort), pea lutea
(Yellow Waterlily), and Acarus calamus (Sweet Rush),

1933-34.
227

Notes’ were made by the ornithologists of 86 species of
birds, including a swan which remained quietly on her
nest whilst the party passed close by.

After an al fresco tea near Aghalee, the members pro-
ceeded to Lower Ballinderry and Lough Beg, and at a
brief meeting the President, Emeritus Professor Gregg
Wilson, welcomed two distinguished visitors, Mr. Perry, of
Liverpool Museum, and Mr. Ellison, of Wallasey.

DRUM BRIDGE TO SHAW’S BRIDGE.

Date—Tuesday evening, 13th June, 1933. Conductor, J. A. 8.
Stendall. Number present, about 35,

A special motor coach conveyed the party to Drum
Bridge, from which point a walk of about two miles along
the tow path brought one to Shaw’s Bridge. The chief
interests, botany and zoology, were both zealously pursued.
J. A. S. Stendall gave interesting talks on specimens
collected, while R. J. Welch delved assiduously into the
waters of the Lagan for mollusca, with good results. An
object of particular interest was an almost dead Beech tree
thickly infested on trunk and large branches with the
Felted Beech Coccus (Cryptococcus fagi). Altogether
the excursion was very pleasant and interesting. There
was a large turnout of Junior as well as Senior members.

TARDREE AND SCAWT HILL,

Date—17th June, 1933. Conductors, R. Bell and J. J. Hartley.
Number present, about 45.

This, the fifth field excursion of the present session,
was mainly geological in its interest. The chief object was
to investigate some of the old volcanic rocks, or vents, of
southern Antrim, but archaeology and botany also received
attention,

The party left Belfast at 2 o’clock and proceeded via
Doagh to the Hole Stone, where a discussion took place
as to the original object and origin of this interesting pre-
historic monument.

At Sandy Braes, the acid lavas, rhyolites, and pitch-
stones, which are interpolated amongst the better-known
basalts, were examined.

The old voleano of Tardree Mountain, from which these
lavas were poured out, was visited, and specimens of the
various rock-types collected.

The vallevs of the Kells and Glenwherry Rivers were
traversed, and at Kilwaughter, one of the largest chalk

[Proc. B.N.F.C °
228

quarries of the district was visited. The quarry showed
excellent examples of the effects of solution of subterranean
waters on the limestone rock.

Tea was taken at Larne, and afterwards the party pro-
ceeded via Cairncastle to Scawt Hill. Time did not permit
of an actual visit to the summit, but the main features of
the hill were pointed out, and it was explained as one of
the vents which had supplied the basalts, and contrasted
with the Tardree vent.

The route then Jay along the Sallagh Braes to Kil-
waughter; on the way Robert Bell pointed out the locality
on Knock Dhu where the rare Alpine plant Dryas
octopetala can be obtained.

Interesting geological talks were given by J. J. Hartley
(Geological Department, Queen’s University), at the
various stopping places. Belfast was reached about 9-30
p.m,

NEWTOWNCROMMELIN.
Date—24th June, 1933. Conductors, Dr. D’Evelyn and J. Skillen.

The party left the Old Museum at 9 a.m. sharp, and
the first halt was at M‘Quillan’s Castle, which is mis-
named, at it was really a cashel, and the next at Dungall
Moat, which is said to be a Norman motte and bailey castle,
and is one of the finest earthen erections of its class in Co.
Antrim. From its flat top, sixty feet high, there is a
splendid outlook over the valley of the Cloughwater. This
moat is in the care of the County Council and protected
from destruction.

Proceeding, the sites of the Lisnacroghera and Craigy-
warren crannoges were pointed out, In the former were
found the valuable and unique iron and bronze objects now
in the Belfast Museum, consisting of sword scabbards, ete.

The next stop was at Deschart Old Graveyard. and
Holy Well, where Dr. D’Evelyn told all that is known of
this ancient religious foundation, and although services here
have been discontinued for hundreds of years it is still
hallowed by the interment of the dead.

After lunch a walk of about a mile was taken up the
Ballsallagh Water to Dungonnell Stone Fort and Giant’s
Grave. The Giant’s Grave lies beside the fort, being
several yards long. It is apparently undisturbed since its
erection, and would be well worth excavation to throw light
on the purpose and use of these structures,

1933-34.] |
229

Reaching Parkmore, instead of following the main line
of excursion traffic to beautiful Glenariff, the upper or
Ballyemon glen on the north side was taken, and frequent
stops were made to admire the sylvan beauties of the glen.

Half-way down the glen the farmhouse of Mr. M‘Curry,
Tavaghharry, was visited, the inmates being busy at basket-
making. In the fields around the house thousands of stone
axes (Celts) had been found, for the slopes of Tievebulliagh
were an axe factory of primitive man. The discovery of
this prehistoric industry was the work of the late well-known
antiquarian, W. J. Knowles, of Ballymena.

Reaching Cushendall an excellent tea was enjoyed
before leaving for home.

CULTRA.
Date-—Tuesday evening, 27th June, 1933. Conductor, D, J. Carpenter.

The party travelled by train to Cultra, and walked to
Holywood along the shore.

At Cultra the conductor gave a talk on the rocks to be
seen during the walk. The outcrop of the Lower Carbon-
iferous shales on the shore at Cultra was examined, the
marked fault, separating them from the Triassic sandstones,
was pointed out, and small portions of Permian limestone
were picked up and examined.

D. J. Carpenter also gave a talk on the marine mollusca
and other marine fauna, and described the features which
characterised sea shore plants.

Among the specimens found illustrating the latter
were :—Armeria maritima, Plantago maritima, Plantago
coronopus, Glaux maritima.

BALLYHORNAN AND BENDERG.

Date—lst July, 1935. Conductors, G. C. Reilly and A. H. Davison.
Number present, 56.

Leaving the Old Museum, College Square North, at
2-15 p.m., the first halt was at the lock gates on the River
Quoile, which were constructed to keep out the sea water
at high tides and enable the flat lands adjoining the river
to be used for pasturage. Passing Quoile Castle and Quay,
the next stop was at the ancient church at Raholp, reported
to be a foundation of St, Patrick, The ruin, which was

D

|Proc. B.N.F.C,
230)

largely conserved by the late F. J. Bigger, a Past President
and Secretary of the Club, is notable in that its entrance
is from the north.

Proceeding along the road to Strangford the old bed
of an original outflow-channel from Strangford Lough
towards Killough was pointed out and shortly afterwards the
party dismounted at Ballyalton megalithic monument,
where Miss M. Gaffikin, the secretary of the Survey of
Antiquities Committee, graphically described the ex-
cavations and exploration just completed. The monument
is in the form of a “‘horned cairn’’ and is in a fairly good
state of preservation, due probably to its somewhat inacces-
sible position,

The ‘‘finds’’ comprised many typical examples of
worked flints as well as human remains, including a con-
siderable number of children’s teeth. ‘The ancient pottery
disclosed contained a specimen of burial urn not previously
recorded in Ireland, and investigations are still proceeding
before a final report is made.

One object of the run was to afford opportunity to
examine the natural history of Benderg and Ballyhornan
Bays, and the main features of the place having been out-
lined the members divided in quest of their various studies.

The geology of the district is particularly interesting,
as evidence of glaciation action is clearly shown in the
scored and planed surfaces left by the ice on its passage
from Scotland in a south-westerly direction, whilst the
existence of Carboniferous erratics of considerable size, cliffs
of boulder clay, glacial sand, and gravels, also add evidence
of an ice-field. A Recent ‘‘ raised beach,’’ which is ealereted
into a compact conglomerate, came in for some attention.

The botanists found themselves in a veritable paradise
and reported several additions to the former lists of flora.

The chief item of zoological importance was the dis-
covery by Canon Foster of a colony of small bees, Colletes
daviesana Smith, at Ballhornan Bay. This insect has
only one other known habitat in Ireland (at Waterford) and
is peculiar in that it bores out smal] pockets in the sandy
cliffs and there deposits pollen and honev, collected from
yarrow and feverfew, which abound locally.

Several nests of the jackdaw were seen tunnelled into
the cliff face, whilst amongst the other birds observed were
ovster-catcher (which young in nest), and sheldrake with
young (afloat).

The route for the return journey was via Downpatrick
and Crossgar,

1933-34.]
231

BOYNE VALLEY.

Dates—Tuesday, 11th, to Friday, 14th July, 1933. Conductor,
J. Skillen.

The party left Belfast on 11th July by the 5-40 p.m.
Dublin mail train, accompanied by the President (Professor
Gregg Wilson),

On reaching Navan a club meeting was held after dinner
at the hotel, when the recently formed Omagh Field Club’s
application for affiliation was enthusiastically passed. This
is now the fifth club affiliated with the parent society, and
the Hon. Secretary of the new club (Rev. E. M. Gumley,
B.D.) joined the excursion at Kells the next morning.

Dr. R. Li. Praeger, P.R.I.A., who had arrived earlier
at Navan and made a collection of wild flowers, gave a talk
on the flora of County Meath, pointing out how it differed
from that of County Antrim, the former being a limestone
and the latter a basalt flora; one interesting illustration
among many others being the difference between the
ordinary field poppy in the two counties.

Next morning the party left early for a-long day in the
field. The first place visited was the old church and round
tower at Donaghmore, the latter about 100 feet high. An
interesting feature of the Church is the crucifix carved in
stone over the doorway, a proof of the Christian origin of
these buildings. The party then proceeded to Donaghpatrick,
where the rector (Rev. J. M‘Cann) conducted the members
over the church and its precincts. The church is modern, but
the tower in 13th century. The rector pointed out the
monolith and ancient font in the graveyard. After that Kells
was soon reached. The first place visited was the old church,
or rather the site, the present church being comparatively
modern, the tower alone being pre-Reformation. The
ancient crosses in the graveyard were carefully examined,
as well as the Town Cross in the market square, but the
most interesting place of all was St. Columcille’s house, a
small chapel or oratory. The probability is that this build-
ing was erected by Cellagh, Abbot of Iona, who about the
year 806 had to flee with his brethren from thence when the
Western Isles of Scotland were being ravished by the
Danes. They brought with them the relics of St. Colum-
cille, established the monastery at Kells, and erected St.
Columcille’s house as a receptacle for the relics of the saint
and as a residence for the anchorite who kept watch over
the sacred treasure.

From Kells the journey was along the lovely shore of
Lough Ramor to Virginia, where tea was provided.

{[Proc. B.N.F.C.
Bats yd

The next stop was at Oldcastle, where Mr. Crowley, a
local resident, met the party and conducted them to Pe
crew and Slieve-na- Calliagh. A long and gentle climb to
the top of the latter hill “brought the party to the Hag’s
Chair on the summit, and to one of the numerous cairns
situated thereon. This cairn is similar to the better known
one at New Grange, on the Boyne. Here, it is claimed
by modern research, was the site of the Tailtean Games,
the Irish equivalent of the Olympic Games. These games
were carried on for centuries during the Christian era. From
the top of these hills a glorious view is obtained of the flat
plain of Meath, and, visibility being good, the Wicklow Hills
on the south, as well as the Mournes on the north-east, were
plainly to be seen.

At Balrath Mr. and Mrs. Nicholson invited the party
to afternoon tea at their palatial home. After tea a visit
was made tc the extensive gardens of this beautiful estate,
where the rare shrubs and lofty conifers were much
admired. Only the soil and climate of Meath could produce
such lawns and such vegetation.

Bidding host and hostess good-bye, the conveyances
were mounted and Navan soon reached, where the excellent
dinner provided was much enjoyed,

After dinner a meeting of the Club was held, when
another talk was given by Dr. Praeger on the wild flowers
collected during the day, and Colonel R. G. Berry,
M.R.I.A., also gave a talk on Tara in preparation for the
visit on the following day.

On Thursday morning at 9-30 the party proceeded to
Tara, where some time was spent.

From Tara the way was taken to Bective Abbey,’ stop-
ping. en route to examine a foot-bridge over the Clady
stream, which is said by Dr. Petrie to be the oldest stone
bridge in Ireland. Bective was a Cistercian house founded
by the King of Meath in the twelfth century. This build-
ing has been so much altered that not much of its original
plan remains, remnants of the cloister arcade being the
most interesting part left of the old structure.

At Trim, the party was. met by Mr. Montgomery, of
Trim Abbey, ond under his guidance visited the Pro
Cathedral, with its ancient armorial stone slabs, the steeple,
the remains of the ancient abbey of Trim, and King John’s
Castle. The castle is one of the finest specimens of Anglo-
Norman military architecture in Ireland, and was founded
by Hugh de Lacy, Lord of the Palatinate of Meath, ae
present building being erected in A.D, 1220,

1933-34.
233

On the return journey a stop was made at Newtown-
Trim to see the ruins of the great Augustinian Abbey,

ad

founded in 1206, and the ruins of the Priory of St. John.

After dinner Dr. Praeger gave a talk on the wild flowers
collected during the day. A warm vote of thanks was
passed to Mr. John Foley, town clerk, Navan, for his
assistance during the excursion. His knowledge of the
district was invaluable, and his courtesy inexhaustible.

On Friday morning a start was made at 10 o'clock, the
first stop being Beauparc, where Mrs. Lambert had kindly
given permission to pass through the demesne. Beaupare
has been visited by Queen Victoria, King Edward the
Seventh, and the present King, before he came to the
throne. Here the bus was dismissed and sent round to
the bridge of Slane to meet the party, who walked the two
miles along the river to the rendezvous.

The Boyne along this stretch is at its loveliest, with
high wooded bluffs on either side, the river having cut a
gorge through the Carboniferous limestone: There is no
need to visit the storied Rhine when the Boyne — from
Navan to Drogheda—is at our doors.

On rejoining the bus at Slane a visit was made to
Rossnaree and the lonely grave of King Cormac, who refused
to be buried at Brugh-na-Boinne with the Kings of Tara,
because they worshipped gods of wood and stone.

On the way back to Navan the last visit of the excur-
sion was made to Athlumley Castle, which is now a ruin
and is at present in the hands of the Board of Works for
preservation. The last occupant of this castle was Sir
Launcelot Dowdall, who on hearing of the issue of the
Battle of the Boyne and the loss of the cause to which he
was so attached, burned his castle lest the victor should
rest under his ancestral roof. After watching its destruc-
tion he fled to the Continent, from whence he never
returned. Close by are the ruins of Athlumley Church, and
it was interesting to note that the windows, dated about
13th century, were splayed to the outside and not to the
inside, as is usual.

. Dinner at the hotel and packing up for home finished
the excursion except for a last look at the meeting of the
waters, where the Blackwater weds the Boyne. This place
is known locally as ‘‘The Ramparts,’’ and is being ‘preserved
as a public park for the town of Navan.

Proc. B.N.F.C.
234

WHITEABBEY TO MACEDON,

Date—Tusday evening, 25th July, 1955. Conductor, A, M'‘I. Cleland.

Number present, 25,

On arrival at Macedon Point the Conductor indicated
the various interesting features in the geology of the fore-
shore revealed at low tide. These included large exposures
of Triassic marl and sandstone, penetrated by numerous
basaltic dykes running in a general N.W.-S.E. direction.
Among these are the famous cross dykes cutting each other
at right angles, these dykes being a classic feature of the
Antrim side of Belfast Lough.

In addition, many glacier-borne erratic boulders are to
be seen, one of them, a huge mass of dolerite 83 tons in
weight, known as ‘‘Rogss’s Rock,’ ’ having been carried in
all probability from the neighbourhood of Fair Head.

The conductor also pointed out that the foreshore here
has undergone considerable change during the last sixty
years. Formerly there existed large stretches of mud and
sand, the latter providing cockles in quantity. Owing prob-
‘bly to erosion of the protecting walls of the cross dykes these:
beds have entirely disappeared, giving place to large areas of
marl and sandstone. On these new areas mussels have now
found a congenial home, hugh beds of them now covermg
many acres. .

The return journey was made through the grounds of
Macedon House, kindly thrown open to the members by
Mr. C. J. Agnew. The grounds are extensive and include
many fine trees and a delightful glen, furnished with numer-
cus miniature falls, pools, and fountains. On reaching the
200 years old mansion of Macedon, Mr. and Mrs. Agnew
invited the party to partake of refreshment. After a Junior
Member had been elected and Mr. and Mrs. Agnew and
family had been suitably thanked by the Conductor for their
hospitality, the party returned to Belfast.

CARLINGFORD.

Date—29th July, 1933. Conductors, R. J. Welch and J. Skillen.

The members left the Old Museum at 9 a.m. and drove
to Newry, where a stop was made for refreshments.

Reaching the frontier Customs posts at Omeath the
conductor gave an account of the prehistoric importance of
this place. Omeath takes its name from the Meigh, a
Pictish clan who occupied this territory before the coming
of the Celts.

1933-34. |
239

On the other side of Carlingford Lough stands Narrow-
water Castle, built to defend the ‘‘Carlingford Pass,’’ and
the ford over the Lough. This ford was on one of the
main roads between the North and South, and here it was
that the celebrated Hugh O'Neill attempted to ambush Lord
Mountjoy’s army, with unfortunate results to himself.
Captain Edward Trevor commanded the rear-guard of
Mountjoy’s force, and his name is commemorated in
Rostrevor.

Reaching Greenore all were delighted with the beauty
of this place. The hospitable doors of the Great Northern
Hotel were thrown open to the visitors and lunch enjoyed in
the bright sunshine of the hotel veranda.

After lunch a visit was made to the seashore to examine
the twenty-five foot raised beach, which is one of the best
exposed sections of this geological phenomenon to be found
in the North, and A. H. Davison gave a talk concerning it.

After paying a visit to the lighthouse the beauties of
Greenore were left with reluctance, and a return was made
to Carlingford, which, like many other maritime towns in
Treland, was founded by the Danes.

The first place visited in Carlingford was King John’s
Castle. In the courtyard of this Norman stronghold the
conductor gave a talk on its history, pointing out how it
differed from the usual Norman eastle, in that it had no
donjon keep like Carrickfergus, but was constructed with
curtain walls and flanking towers, the date of its erection
being probably 14th century.

The next place to be inspected was the walls of the
town, or what is left of them. Carlingford after being
burned by hostile Irish septs was walled in 1505, and the
portions of the wall still standing are interesting, inasmuch
as the port holes have a double splay.

A visit was then paid to the remains of the Dominican
Abbey, which was founded by Richard de Burgh, Earl of
Ulster, in 1305, and dedicated to St. Malachi.

The party subsequently visited the Tholsel, which
stands astride a narrow street. In this building a parlia-
ment was said to have met and made laws for the whole
Pale; here also sat the sovereign and burgesses with gover-|
nance over a wide district. The governing body was created
under a Charter of James I., and the town sent two,
members to the Irish Parliament from 1559 to ety a
period of over two hundred years.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
236

Next, the Mint was visited, and lastly Taafe’s Castle.
This is a great tower in excellent preservation. The last
Taafe prominent in Irish history was Nicholas, Earl of
Carlingford, who fell at the battle of the Boyne, on the side
of King James. ;

Returning to Newry an excellent tea was enjoyed, and
afterwards the road was taken for home.

The thanks of the party are due to Mr. Ambrose
Woods, of Carlingford, and to Mr. Christopher Cody, G.N.
Railway, for their great assistance during the excursion,

THE FLUSH.
Date—Tuesday, Ist August, 1933. Conductor, C. R. Nodder.

This was an evening excursion, the party leaving the
City centre at 6-15 p.m., and it took the form of a ramble
to the Flush and a return over Squire’s Hill.

BALLYMENA DISTRICT.

Date—12th August, 1933. Conductors, Dr. Alex. D’Evelyn and
J. Skillen.

The motor bus left the Old Museum Building at 9-30
a.m. and proceeded to Ballymena. There the party was
met by Dr. D’Evelyn and passing on made its first stop at
Harryville Moat, a motte and bailey of de Burgh’s time,
and a perfect example of this type of military fortification.
Continuing on to Crebilly Hill, the party stopped a few
moments to enjoy the fair prospect of the Braidwater
Valley. The next halt was at the passage grave of Bally-
marlow. This great cairn contains prehistoric graves,
but unfortunately its symmetry has been destroyed by
former plunderers looking for treasure and by field fences
traversing the site.

After this, the residence of Mr. Warwick Lake, J.P.,
was visited to view the fort and souterrain in his grounds,
the latter being entered by several members anxious to see
its construction. Another souterrain was then seen in the
garden of Mr. Eaton.

Lunch time had now arrived, and it was decided to
enjoy this alongside Kells Abbey. During this interval J.
Skillen gave a short history of the place, stating that it was
founded by St. MacNesso in 480 A.D., and was known as
St. Mary’s of the Desert, or Templemoyle.

1933-34. |
PEW)

After rest and refreshment, a start was made for the
dolmen in Ballyminstra, recently discovered by Dr.
D’Evelyn. It is a small and perfect specimen of its class.

The next stop was at the urn cemetery at Ballymacilroy.
Here a farmer excavating gravel in one of his fields came
upon a prehistoric cemetery from which eight urns, now in
the collection of the doctor, were unearthed.

Then, the crannoge at Kilnock having been seen on
the way, the road was taken for Ballymena, where tea
awaited the party. Afterwards, the members visited the
parish church to see the ancient cross in the vestibule.
This was the last visit of the excursion, the interest of
which was much enhanced by talks given by Dr. D’Evelyn
at the various stopping-places.

CASTLE ESPIE AND NENDRUM.

Date—19th August, 1933. Conductor, James Orv,

Castle Espie, or Ballycaslanaspeck (the town of the
bishop’s castle) is about three miles from Comber on the
road to Ardmillan. The site of the castle is occupied by a
comparatively modern dwelling, into the structure of
which, however, some of the walls of the old castle appear
to be incorporated. Little is known of its history beyond
what one may gather from the name. Close by is a
characteristic earthen fort or rath, with its associated
souterrain and also a large monolithic block, perhaps the
memorial to a chieftain of bygone times.

After examining these remains, the once famous Castle
Espie limestone quarries and brick and pottery works were
visited. The quarries were extensively worked down to the
vear 1880, the splendid range of Hoffman and other kilns
being capable of turning out about 15,000 tons of burnt
lime per annum. The pottery also produced large quantities
of both unglazed and glazed ware. Some of the latter,
shown by a cottager in the neighbourhood, excited the envy
and admiration of the ladies of the party. Geologically, the
rock at Castle Espie is an outcrop of Lower Carboniferous
limestone, a formation of which only two other small
patches occur in County Down. It is a bright reddish-brown
crystalline rock, and in days gone by was in great demand
for window and door dressings and for grave slabs, many
of which may be seen at Moville and in other old grave-
yards throughout the county. The outcrop at Castle Espie
was notable for the gigantic size of some of the fossils found
in it. Huge chambered shells (Actinoceras), six feet long:

[Proc. B.N.F.C,
238

and as thick as a man’s thigh, were frequently met with.
These were the remains of relatives of the present-day cuttle-
fish. Unfortunately, little can be seen of the outcrop as the
quarries, now disused, are filled with water.

Proceeding southwards about two miles, the next halt
was iat Tullynakill old church, which is now a ruin and is
probably pre-Reformation, as there is a piscina in the
eastern gable.

From the ancient church of Tullynakill, it is a matter
of two miles to the mediaeval castle of Sketrick (Sgathdarg,
red shadow), and here the photographers of the party turned
a formidable battery against the grey stone pile, which
withstood so many sieges in the past.

Half a mile north of Sketrick lies Island Mahee (Inis
Mochaoi), formerly called Nendrum, at the western
extremity of which, crowning the summit and slopes of a
hill, are all that is left of the once important monastic settle-
ment of Nendrum.

Mochaoi, an early disciple of St. Patrick, founded the
monastery about the year 450 and was its first abbot. From
that time until 974 there was an unbroken succession of
abbots, but in that year the monastery was completely
destroyed by the Danes, who killed its inhabitants and burnt
and levelled all the buildings. For centuries even its site
was forgotten, until it was identified by the late Bishop
Reeves in 1848.

SIXTOWNS AND LOUGH PATRICK.

Date—9th September, 1933. Conductors, George Barnett and
J. Skillen.

Proceeding through Lisburn, Lurgan and Portadown,
the orchard countryside of Armagh was reached, and it was
noticed that much of the apple harvest had been gathered
in, as had the corn and hay in this glorious summer.

On reaching Cookstown, the local Field Club joined up,
and the party proceeded to Sixtowns, passing Lough
Fea on the way. This lovely and beautiful mountain lake
may take its name from the fairies, as the whole country-
side around is steeped in legendary lore.

On arriving at Sixtowns, a stop was made at the resid-
ence of George Barnett, who acted as local conductor, and
some time was spent in examining his open-air geological
museum. Mr. Barnett is the local Hugh Millar of “‘ The
Old Red Sandstone’’ fame, and has an extensive knowledge
of the geology of the neighbe urhood.

Rising from the valley is Owenreagh, a hill 800 feet
high, up which the party now ascended, the climb being so

1933-34. |
239

gradual and the moors so lovely, that no one felt fatigued.
Lough Patrick at the summit was soon reached. This is a
small lake of glacial origin called after St. Patrick, who
founded a church at Ballyconey in the valley below, the
name meaning the town of rest, or repose.

All over the top of Owenreagh are scattered granite
erratics brought by the ice during the glacial period, from
Slieve Gallion. Some of the erratics show the fusion of the
greenstone and the granite caused by volcanic action.

There is a very interesting dyke of hornblende porphyry,
from which many of the party procured specimens. Lough
Patrick is a nesting-place of the black-headed gull, wild
duck, and other moorland birds. Close by the lough W. R.
Megaw found a moss believed to be new to the flora of
County Derry.

The next halt was on the banks of the Moyola River
close to the ruins of Ballinascreen old church. Here the
party divided, some going with G. Barnett to visit the
petrifying springs at Cavanareagh, where lime water has
concreted vegetation, especially mosses, into hardened
masses; and some remained behind to hear a talk by H. L.
Glasgow on this ancient religious foundation. On _ re-
assembling, a stop was made to collect specimens of the
plant Bartsia viscosa at the only station in the North where
it grows.

Shortly after, Draperstown was reached and tea
enjoyed. Afterwards a meeting of the Club was held, pre-
sided over by A. M‘I. Cleland, and a warm vote of thanks
passed to Mr. Barnett, who suitably replied, for the trouble
he had taken tand the kindness shown during the excursion.
The road home was through Castledawson and Toomebridge.

WOODBURN GLEN AND CARRICKFERGUS.
Date—23rd September, 1933. Conductors, G. C. Reilly and John
Campbell. Number present, 53.

The members were taken by bus via Antrim Road to
the site of the new railway crossing at Mossley, where the
recently made embankment was pointed out.

Proceeding thence by Cloughfern Road, some lovely
views were obtained as the Knockagh Hill was ascended.
Arriving iat the northern end of the Belfast Water Com-
missioners Works, entrance was obtained and the party
conducted through the South Woodburn Glen, a water-worn
defile through which part of the main water supply of the
city flows, forming pools and cascades which make delight-
ful pictures. The various features of interest in the neigh-
bourhood were described in the passing, and shortly ‘after

[Proe. B.N.F.C.
2A

arrival at ‘the glen foot, buses were mounted and the
journey continued to Carrickfergus Town Hall where, by
the courtesy of our fellow member, John Campbell (Chair-
man of the Council), the insignia and seals of the ancient
borough were displayed and described by Mr. M‘Vey, Town
Clerk.

Arriving at the St. Nicholas Church, Rev. Canon
Rutherford eloquently outlined its history and the recent
researches, and indicated the most interesting features. He
expressed his delight at meeting the members of the Club
in an official capacity and extended an invitation for a future
visit.

Tea at the Y.M.C.A. formed a welcome break, and
afforded the opportunity for a brief busimess meeting,
whereat. two Junior Members were elected. Immediately:
afterwards the entire party went to the old Castle and
thoroughly explored it, listening the while to the tales told
by the custodian who acted as guide. The run home by
Shore Road concluded a conspicuously pleasant iand profit-
able short excursion.

BELVOIR PARK.

Date—7th October, 1933. Conductors, H. Cairns, E, N. Carrothers
and A. K. Muskett.
The 17th and last excursion of the season took the form
of a Fungus Foray.

ANNUAL CONFERENCE AT PORTBALLINTRAE.

The annual united conference of Field Clubs was held
from 29th September to Ist October, the headquarters
being the Red House, Portballintrae. About eighty
members assembled, all six Field Clubs in the North being
well represented. There were present members from
Londonderry, Limavady, Route, Tyrone, Omagh, and
Belfast. The conference was presided over by Professor
Gregg Wilson, President Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club,
and the Honorary Secretary (Mr. Joseph Skillen) of the
Belfast Club made the arrangements.

After dinner the President gave a warm welcome to
the members present and pointed out that these annual
conferences had gained in strength by the formation of the
Omagh Club, which had been organised by the Rev. E. M.
Gumley, there being now over 1,750 Field Naturalists
in the combined clubs.

A discussion initiated by Mr. Greer, of the Tyrone Club,
took place on the closer co-ordination of the Field Clubs,

1933-34.!
241

and various helpful suggestions were made by speakers with
this object. On the same evening a lecture was given by
Colonel Berry, M.R.I.A., on the Grianan of Aileach,

followed by an interesting discussion. '

On Saturday morning the party proceeded on _ foot
across the mouth of the Bush river and by the sand dunes
of Runkerry Bay, to the Giant’s Causeway, where the con-
ductors, Rev. HE, M. Gumley and A. H. Davison, spoke on
its formation.

The walk around the bays almost to the Chimney Tops
was -most delightful on a morning more lke spring than
autumn.

On returning to the headlands, a tram was in waiting
to convey the party back to Portballintrae for a well-earned
lunch. In the afternoon a bus excursion was arranged,
the conductors being Samuel Henry and Samuel D. Glassey,
when the following places were visited: first, the ruined
eastle of Revallagh, where Captain Traill received the party
and conducted them around, and exhibited a string of
ancient silver beads, found along with portions of an oak
canoe, on the site of a crunnoge close by the ruins of the
castle, then Gigma-Gog’s Grave. the local name for an
interesting dolmen, ‘and finally Dunmull Fort, built on a
great outcrop of basalt, which must have been a formidable
stronghold in olden times. At each place Mr. Henry gave
a history of, the mediaeval clans concerned and Mr. Glassey
a talk on the prehistoric period.

On the same evening, after dinner, Mr. Hugh A. Boyd,
M.A., read a learned and interesting paper on the Parish
of Dunluce, which was packed with information about this
historic district. This was followed by a talk on botany,
with special reference to the district, by Dr. Ll. Praeger.

Mr. C. W. Gordon (President Londonderry Club)
brought up the question of preservation of some prehistoric
remains in County Tyrone, and steps were taken to bring
the matter before the proper authorities.

It was unanimously agreed that the joint excursion
from 25th to 27th May, 1934, be to Greenore, and, on the
invitation of the Tyrone Club, that the next conference be
held in Cookstown.

At the close of this meeting Professor Gregg Wilson
gave the thanks of the whole gathering to the conductors
and to all others who had assisted in making the conference
so successful. On the motion of Mr. H. L. Glasgow
(Tyrone Club) a vote of thanks was enthusiastically passed
to the President for his services in the chair,

{Proc. B.N.F.C.

AQ

After dinner, on Sunday, the party proceeded on foot
to Dunluce Castle, where Mr, Skillen gave some facts about
its erection and history, supplemented by Mr. Henry with
some literary history associated with the district. All then
proceeded across the drawbridge to examine the building
more closely and to inspect the creditable preservation
work carried out by the Ancient Monuments Committee on
the historic castle.

Then to the old church and graveyard of Dunluce,
where rest Kern and Gallowglass, honest merchants of
Dunluce town, and the drowned sailors of the Spanish
Armada.

A walk back to the hotel was followed by tea, and
afterwards all separated for their respective homes, looking
forward with pleasure and anticipation to the next annual
conference.

The weather was delightful throughout, and the kind-
ness of the folk at Red House unstinted.,

O

WINTER SESSION.

The authors of the Papers, of which abstracts are given,
are alone responsible for the views expressed therein.

CONVERSAZIONE.

The Winter Session began with a Conversazione held
in the Assembly Hall, Fisherwick Place, on Tuesday, 17th
October, 1938, at which there was a very large sattendance
of members and friends. Tea was served from 6-30 to
7-45 p.m.

The Exhibits included :—

Botany.—Rev. W. R. Megaw, Mosses; Captain C. D.
Chase, some European Compositae; Miss W. J. Sayers,
Co. Clare Plants; Dr. Ll. Praeger, Irish Plants; Colonel R.
G. Berry, Cacti and a Mandrake; Miss Kathleen Bourke
and C, §. Bailey, experiments to illustrate the Life History
of a Plant; Belfast Municipal Museum, models illustrating
Life History of a Moss and a Liverwort; A. H. Davison,
Botanical Magazine 1787, with beautiful hand-painted
plates; R. M. Leman, X-Ray photographs of Plants; C. R.
Nodder, Botanical Works with hand-painted engravings; A.
Sharpe, Moor Balls.

1933-34 .]
243

GroLoacy.—J. J. Hartley, Geological Department,
Queen’s University, new geological map of north-east
Tyrone, and specimens illustrating the geology of the dis-
trict; A. M‘I. Cleland, collection of Fossils; Miss Barbara .
B. Catford, Igneous Rocks from Iceland; A. H. Davison,
Local Igneous Rocks to compare with above; Professor J.
Kaye Charlesworth, Geological Department, Queen’s Uni-
versity, some geological maps of the United States; George
C. Reilly, Fossils from Woodburn Glen.

Zootocy. — W. M. Crawford, Indian Butterflies
(Papilios), Irish Beetles; A. M‘I. Cleland, Freshwater
Mollusea, Victoria Nyanza, Tanganyika; George C. Reilly,
Eyes of Giant Swordfish, Ear Drum of Killer Whale; R. J.
Welch, Genus Planorbis (British) including rare albino
specimens from a pond in Mountstewart Spanish Garden; J.
S. Loughridge, circulation of blood in web of Frog’s foot ;
The President, Mosquitoes and Larvae (living), Living
Amoebae; Thomas Greer, Butterflies and Moths; J. A. 8.
Stendall, Bird Exhibit.

ArcHAEOLOGY.—R. J. Welch, Pigmy flints from Bally-
castle gravels; A. H. Davison, Roman Pottery, Glass,
Bronze, and Terazzo from Verulamium (St. Albans); Dr.
Alex. D’Evelyn, Pigmy flints from various sites, He Kokoti,
an ancient Maori bone weapon; A. A. Campbell, Irish
socketed and flat bronze celts, Swedish Flint Axe; R. H.
Common, Flint implements from Larne.

PuHotocrapHy.—A. M‘I. Cleland, Local Photographs ;
R. J. Welch, New Geological Photographs.

MISCELLANEOUS.—George Williams, Microscopic De-
monstrations; George C. Reilly, Microscopic exhibit; E. E.
Evans, Regional Survey Maps.

JuNIor Division Exxursirs.—Collected during this year.
—Belemnite from Rathlin—Michael Clarke; Norfolk plants
from near Sandringham—Beatrice Searle; Shells, Water-
foot — Nan Hislop; Fungi from my garden — Margaret
Downer; Pigmy core and flint hook, Ballycastle beach—
Sam Kernaghan; Glass works slag and jasper, Ballycastle
beach; Leaf prints; sketch map of Belfast district—Murphy
Nodder; Moths, butterflies and chrvsalids—George Burns;
Zoological Section exhibit — Sam Kernaghan and others;
Geological Section exhibit — Felicity Bolton, Dorothy and
Edna Nelson, Beatrice Searle, Murray M‘Cullough, Sam
Kernaghan; Grasses and spider’s nest—Dorothy Nelson;
Grasses—-Hdna Nelson; Living ferns, seaweeds—Felicity
Bolton; Leaves—Francis Mitchell; Geological specimens

[Proe. B.N.F.C.
oat

from Co. Down—Bryce Duffin; 60 species of shells, Anti-
quarian photographs, Natural ‘History specimens — Noel
Gregg ; see loeren specimens—Eleanor Clarke ; Butterflies—
David Searle; Water animals from own aquarium—Tony
Searle.

At the business meeting the chair was taken by the
President (Emeritus Professor Gregg Wilson, O.B.E., M.A.,
D.Se.), and among the visitors were representatives from
the affiliated Clubs of Route, Cookstown, and Omagh.

During the evening the President handed the Club
medal to A. M‘I. Cleland, and later twenty-five new
members were elected in the Senior section and three in the
Junior.

The prizes were awarded as follows :—Living zoological
exhibit—1, Tony Searle; 2, George Burns; 8, Dorothy
Nelson; certificate, Owen Clarke. “Living botanical exhibit
=, Felicity Bolton; 2, Dorothy and Edna Nelson, Sheila
and Fileen Lord; certificate, Margaret Downer.

Natural history exhibit—1, Beatrice Searle and Noel
Greece; 2, Alistair and Robert Steven and David Searle
Certificates were given to Thomas Teuton, Brian Gillespie,
Murphy Nodder, David Searle, Sam Kernaghan, Margaret
Hanna, and Mary Glendinning.

THE INSECT MENACE.

At the opening meeting of the Winter Session, held in
the Old Museum, on 21st November, 1933, at 8 p.m., the
President, Emeritus Professor Gregg Wilson, JD.S8c.,
M.R.I.A., delivered a lecture on the above subject. The
chair was taken by Dr. R. Ll, Praeger, President of the
Royal Irish Academy.

Dr. Wilson called attention to the extraordinary success
of insects in the struggle for the world’s food. That great
group of animals was a very ancient one, and was still grow-
ing. Its individuals outnumbered all other land animals
put together. It was actually claimed by competent auth-
orities that the larger part of the animal matter existing on
the lands of the globe was locked up in the bodies of insects;
and that on the whole they were the most successful of all
the forms of terrestrial animals.

Insects were undoubtedly rivals of man in the quest
for food. And as the human population of the world was
increasing rapidly this competition was becoming of increas-
ing interest, Locusts were enormously destructive. One

1933-34.]
245

swarm had been estimated to cover 2,000 square miles of
territory—more than twice the area of County Down—and
its weight had been put at nearly 43 million tons, though
each locust had been taken as weighing only one-sixteenth
of an ounce.

_The everyday losses of the farmer resulting from insect
attack were quite enough to call for serious study and con-
stant watchfulness. In particular they ought to protect
birds and other useful allies that helped to keep down the
insects that threatened our food and other supplies. Time
after time man had encouraged his rivals by failing to appre-
ciate his friends; and so great plagues had developed.

Some insects were carriers of disease such as plague,
typhus, typhoid, malaria, and yellow fever. Anopheles
claviger, one of the most abundant species of local mosquito,
‘was always a possible vehicle for the spreading of malaria.
Theobaldia, a mosquito with striped legs and spotted wings,
was our most vicious biter.

Though so many insects were rivals or actual enemies
of man, others were invaluable allies. They supplied us
with useful substances; they acted ‘as scavengers through-
out the country; they rendered all-important service in
effecting pollination of both ornamental and edible plants;
and they helped us by feeding on other insects that are
injurious.

The President congratulated the Club on its continued
usefulness. There could be no doubt as to its prosperity.
Its numbers were increasing steadily and it was fulfilling its
purpose. It had two great functions—the first, which some
would call the higher, being to explore the country with a
view to adding to knowledge of its plants and animals and
rocks, ete. The Club had always produced workers who
achieved distinction in this kind of service. But a second,
to him no less important function, was to stimulate interest
in the wonderful world in which we live. Such interest
was open to all and was almost a necessary preliminary to
the more ambitious work cf the specialist.

BOTANICAL NIGHT.

At a meeting held in the Old Museum Building on
Tuesday, 5th December, 1933, ‘at 8 p.m., three short
Botanical papers were read. Abstracts of two of them
follow. The third was by C. 8S. Bailey, and his subject
was ‘‘Notes on the History of Botany.’’

_ All three papers were most interesting and much appre-
ciated by the large number of members present,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
246

(1) Botanising in Rumania, by Captain C. D. Chase.

A short account of a tour with the Leplay Society in
August, 1938. The flora of the eastern and southern
Carpathians is closely related to that of the Alps, but is
not so rich in species. There are a few endemic plants and
a few whose main distribution is south of the Danube.
Speaking generally the flora of these mountains is not nearly
so interesting as that of the Balkan Peninsula.

The lecturer mentioned the savage sheep dogs of the
mountain pastures which may give an added interest to a
solitary walk.

(11) How I Began to Botanise, by Rev. W. R. Megaw.

Mr. Megaw spoke of the “‘flower-knots’’ at the houses
around his country home, and of the primitive rockeries
furnished with Periwinkle, London Pride, and Creeping
Jenny. in the days when the modern rock garden, with its
varied selection of Alpines, was unknown.

The weeds of these gardens were, with a few exceptions,
unknown and unnamed, and the challenge of these un-
wanted flowers started the speaker on his quest. This
widened into the desire to know the floral life of the fields,
glens, mountains, etc., not only of one particular locality,
but of Ireland.

With the aid of a book purchased for a few pence, the
young botanist set himself the pleasant task of becoming
acquainted with every plant he,met, grasses, sedges and
ferns, as well as what were more distinctly called ‘‘flowers.”’

Then came the desire to study mosses and liverworts,
when autumn cleared the fields of their flowers. This addi-
tional quest permitted field work in winter as well as in
spring and summer, and so made the hobby one for the
whole year round.

LANTERN NIGHT.

A meeting was held in the Old Museum, on 19th
December, 1933, the President (Professor Gregg Wilson)
being in the chair.

Lantern slides reproduced from photographs taken at
the summer excursions were thrown on the screen. Many
interesting details associated with their research during the
season were described bv Miss Sayers, Miss Dunlop, Dr.
Loughridge, A. M‘I. Cleland, A. A, Campbell, and J,
Skillen,

1933-34.]
247

PICTURE WRITING AND CONVERSING BY SIGNS.

An Archaeological evening was held in the Old Museum
on 16th January, 1934, at 8 p.m., the President (Professor
Gregg Wilson) being in the chair.

A vote of sympathy with the relatives of the late Dr.
D’Evelyn and D. E. Lowry was passed in silence, the
members standing.

J. Wilfrid Jackson, D.Sc., F.G.S., was unanimously
elected an Honorary Member.

J. Skillen then proceeded with his paper on the
subject of ‘‘Picture Writing and Conversing by Signs.’’ He
ilustrated his paper by means of slides, then traced sign
writing from its earliest stages until it had become the
spoken word.

From the early sign painting of the Egyptians had
risen the demotic in use in Egypt, until its conquest by
Alexander the Great in B.C. 332. Slides giving examples
of sign writing, hieroglyphics, and demotic were thrown on
the screen and explained by the lecturer.

He next referred to the discovery of the key to the
hieroglyphics and the use of the Rosetta Stone in finally
rendering them intelligible.

The lecturer then dealt with the pictographs of the
Red Indians, and two stories in Indian pictorial writing
were shown and the reading of them and their characters
explained. Some of the most interesting slides were those
of the Connor Oghams discovered in 1a souterrain by the
Dean of Down, when rector of Connor. Masons’ marks on
old abbeys and cathedrals were illustrated, examples found
at Greyabbey being specially mentioned.

He eoncluded with a few words on the sign talk of
America, which is stil! used to-day. For the sign talk, he
said, there was a vocabulary of over 4,500 pictographs
published, and it was claimed that over 100,000 people in
America used it, as it was an Esperanto to diverse tribes
and tongues.

At the conclusion, Mr. E. R. Collins, of the Deaf and
Dumb Mission, College Square North, gave a demonstration
of finger speaking as used by deaf-mutes to-day.

NOTES ON BOTANICAL TRAVEL.

A meeting was held in the Old Museum on 6th
February, 1934, at 8 p.m. The President (Professor Gregg
Wilson) was in the chair, and Dr. R. LI. Praeger, President
of the Royal Irish Academy, delivered 4 lecture on the
above subject to a very appreciative audience,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
248

Dr, Praeger said that the wild flowers of Ireland could
not be understood unless the student had knowledge of
plants of other countries. Ireland itself was peculiar in
many respects in that it was the warmest place in the
world in such a high latitude. This had a wonderful effect
on its vegetation, giving it beauty comparable with that of
any other part of the globe. Other places in the same
latitude, such as Labrador, had winters infinitely more
severe than that experienced in Northern Ireland.

The lecturer referred to the peculiarities of different
countries, and said that Scandinavia was a forest country
with little vegetation, while Lapland, which was inside the
Arctic circle, had a wonderful display of wild flowers during
the summer months. Switzerland had an enormous variety
of plants, and the Canary Islands, which lay half-way
between Ireland and the Equator, was almost tropical in
places.

R. J. Welch and Colonel R. G. Berry spoke to the
lecture.

AN ULSTER FOLK RECITAL.

At a meeting held in the Old Museum ‘on 20th
February, 1934, at 8 p.m., the President (Professor
Gregg Wilson) being in the chair, Mr. Samuel
Henry, PRS AWS a member of the Route
Naturalists’ Field Club, provided an interesting even-
ing for the Club. With slides, in a friendly chat rather
than a lecture, and with song, fiddle and tin whistle, he
recreated for his audience the loveliness of Ulster woods,
mountains, and sea coast, and the intimate life of man and
birds which inhabit them.

““ Woodland, moorland, and sea,’’ Mr. Henry said,
would be the order of his going. He asked his audience to
accompany him to the woods of Mountsandal, Coleraine,
and Mr. A. R. Hoge threw a few pictures of these woods
on the screen, while Mr. Henry took up his fiddle and sane
their praise in an old song which Mrs. Houston, of Cole-
raine, had learned from a wandering fiddler 40 years ago.

Mr. Henry made his hearers acquainted with some of
the inhabitants of Mountsandal—a titmouse with her family
of 15 youngsters: an owl, ‘‘ a bird remarkable enough
for a lecture to itself;’’ a hawk, all photographed by the
lecturer in Mountsandal woods.

1935-34. |
249

The old fortification of the Royal Palace of Drum-na-
ban was the next halting place. Having discussed the fort
from its scientific aspect, Mr. Henry told the story of its
conqueror, who begged the Princess to marry him. Point-
ing to the burning fort she replied: “‘ When the house of
Rory More is going up in flames, there is nothing more to
live for,’ and threw herself in the river.

The salmon fishery at Portstewart recalled the old
legend that the Bann and the Bush were full of salmon in
the year that Christ was born. Later on there was another
legend connecting Ulster and the life of Christ. This is the
story of the wrestler of Dunseverick, who having overcome
all his competitors in Ireland went to England, from there
to Rome with the Tenth Legion, and with them to Jerusalem.
At Jerusalem he was present at the Crucifixion. He re-
turned to Dunseverick a broken-hearted man, and told of
how he had seen a terrible sight, the Son of God put to
death.

Mr. Henry moved on through Draperstown and Dun-
given, along the west side of Lough Neagh and northward
to the sea, along the coast and across to, first, the Skerries,
later to Rathlin. Not ia single tourist, motor car, golf ball,
or hotel was even suggested, but the life of birds and men
who are unaffected still by these modernities.

The birds photographed were, some of them, so wild
that they had no fear of man. Rosie of Rathlin and ‘‘Pat
the Climber’’ have no fear of the great rocks which fall
sheer into the sea. At Murlough Mr. Henry found a grey
seal basking in the sunshine and secured a splendid photo-
graph.

The sow and her litter called forth one of Mr. Henry’s
excellent stories, which made his hearers acquainted with
the people whom he had met. William and his wife were
photographed with the sow and the litter.

“It was terrible kind of you,’’ said the lady of the
house. ‘* You only came for the scenery of the sow, and
you took William and me as well.’’

A hearty and unanimous vote of thanks to the lecturer

was passed on the motion of Rev. W. R. Megaw, seconded
by R. J. Welch.

GEOLOGICAL NIGHT.
At this meeting, held in the Old Museum Bullding on

6th March, 1934, at 8 p.m., A. M‘I. Cleland read the two
papers of which abeeraons fall

(Proc. B.N.F.C:
250
Some Notes on LouGu NEAGH,

The first part of this paper was devoted to a detailed
description of the topography of the Lough, which the
lecturer illustrated by a number of lantern views.

He then showed a series of charts and sections of the
Lough, based on the Admiralty survey made in 1835 by
Lieut, T. G. Graves, R.N., F.R.A.S., F:G.S:, and with
the aid of these pointed out the most interesting features
of the Lough bottom.

He first drew attention to the remarkable ledge which
runs right round the Lough, varying in width from a few
yards to over half a mile. It is a ledge and not a shallow,
with an average depth of 10 feet, and everywhere suddenly
drops to a much greater depth, the drop in some places
reaching 28 feet.

A lower and second ledge is present, on the western
side of the Lough, 9 miles in length, with an extreme width
of 1? miles. This ledge also suddenly deepens, the maxi-
mum drop being 48 feet.

Another interesting feature the charts and _ sections
showed was the general flatness of the greater portion of
the under surface of the Lough. An area was indicated,
about 9 miles by 6 miles, where the depth of water ranged
between 40 and 49 feet.

By means of another sketch, attention was drawn to a
further interesting feature of the Lough. This was the deep
channel which, beginning at a point between Kiltagh Point
and Langford Lodge, reaches a maximum depth of 102 feet.
This channel is about 9 miles long.

The lecturer pointed out that the formation of Lough
Neagh was not due to: (a) The accumulation of a dam or
barrier; (b) Erosion; (c) Differential earth movement. Nor
could it be considered to be a crater lake.

The lecturer then mentioned Sir A. Geikie’s theory
which postulated the suggestion that Lough Neagh was
formed by subsidence in the pre-Glacial period. This theory
is based on the existence of the circumferential ledge already
noted, and the presence of the deep channel at the N. W.
end of the Lough.

The lecturer fully agreed with the theory and pointed
out that the subsidence was probably sudden.

If this theory be the correct one it fully, substantiates
the common basis of the various legends connected with
Lough Neagh, which all attribute a sudden and disastrous
formation of this large sheet of water, the largest freshwater
lake in the British Tsles.

1933-34.]

251
THE INDURATION OF Kocks BY HkEatT.

In this paper the lecturer drew attention to the influence
exerted by heat from basaltic flows and dykes on the rocks
ot Co, Antrim.

He pointed out how slight such influences have been
on chalk, marl, or sandstone, and then went on to consider
whether the induration of the Liassic shales of Portrush
was due to heat or to chemical agencies.

In the lecturer’s opinion the Liassic shales at Portrush
were indurated by chemical means and not by heat effect.
He based his opinion partly on the present nature of the
rock, and partly on the behaviour of normal Liassic shale
under different degrees of heat. He had submitted samples of
shale to soaking heat for several hours at temperatures
varying from 700 degs. F. to 2,000 degs. F. In no case
did the shale assume the slightest resemblance to the
indurated shale at Portrush.

The lecturer suggested, and gave reasons for his con-
clusions, that the Portrush shales were indurated by
chemical agencies, due to percolating waters from the over-
lying basalts.

His conclusions were not generally accepted by the
members, but since the paper was read he has found strong
confirmatory evidence of his theory in the Liassic beds
sometimes exposed at low water in Whitepark Bay, near
Ballintoy.

Here two basaltic dykes penetrate the shales, the latter
being but slightly altered at their point of contact. This
alteration is not greater than one would expect to find
where dykes penetrats chalk, marl, or sandstone. It does
not anywhere approach, in either extent or degree of altera-
tion, to the changes found in the Portrush shales.

STRANGE ANIMALS OF AUSTRALIA.

A meeting was held in the Old Museum Building on
20th March, 1934, at 8 p.m. The President (Professor
Gregg Wilson) was in the chair, when Professor T. Thomson
Flynn, D.Sc., gave a lecture on the above subject to a very
large and appreciative audience.

Dr. Flynn showed many and beautiful slides of
Australian animals, paying most attention to the marsupials,
and gave-interesting details of their special modes of life.

At the close those speaking to the lecture, in addition
to the Chairman, were Colonel F, Crawford and A. H.,
Davison.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
252

“ THE STEWART LETTERS, 1883-95.”’

A meeting was held in the Old Museum Building on
27th March, 1934, at 8 p.m. ‘The President (Professor
Gregg Wilson) was in the chair.

By special request J. A. 8. Stendall repeated his
lecture on “‘ The Letters of Samuel Alexander Stewart,’’
previously delivered before the Belfast Natural History and
Philosophical Society. Much new information concerning
Ulster’s best known botanist, long connected with the Club,
was imparted, which all members will hope to see printed
in the Proceedings of the sister society.

At the close Miss Sayers, A. M‘I. Cleland, and J.
Skillen asked questions, or spoke to the paper.

EXPLORATION OF BALLINTOY CAVES.

At a meeting held in the Old Museum Building on 10th
April, 19384, at 8 p.m., the chair being taken by the Presi-
dent (Professor Gregg Wilson), Dr. J. Wilfrid Jackson,
of Manchester Museum, delivered a lecture on the above
subject to a large and appreciative audience.

Dr. Jackson said that the investigations were carried
out by permission of the landowner, Mr. Francis M‘Shane,
and by means of a special grant from Belfast Corporation,
who were to be thanked for their support in furthering that
and other archaeological researches in Northern Ireland. The
work of supervising was shared by Miss M. Gaffikin (Bel-
fast), Mrs. Anderson (Downpatrick), and Professor J. K.
Charlesworth (Queen’s University). Both caves (Park and
Potter) yielded ample evidence of early occupation by man,
and many important finds were made.

Iixcavations outside the closed entrance to Potters’
Cave revealed several occupation layers containing an
ibundance of pottery in fragments, mammal and _ fish
remains, shells of limpets and other edible species,
implements of bone and stag-antler, and some flint knives
and flakes. The potsherds from this stratified and undisturbed
site added materially to the knowledge of prehistoric times
in Ireland.

The pottery showed some variety in style and paste,
much of it consisting of fragments of base and rim of almost
straight-sided, or slightly bulging, domestic cooking pots
with flattened rims occasionally ornamented by cuts,
notches, or thumbprints.

1935-34. |

Ore
253

All the pottery was handmade, without the aid of a
wheel, and appeared to have been constructed from bases
of flat cakes of clay to which the walls were added by
successive bands or coils. That this was the method of °
construction in some cases was inferred from the number of
separated bases, broken from the sides at the weakest place.

These encrusted urns were thought to have been
evolved by folk of Northern Britain (circa 800-500 B.C.) in
contact with the Late Bronze Age users of pottery with
applied decoration, who had come from overseas and
occupied the lowland zone of Britain.

In a number of the Ballintoy sherds there is a small
perforation in the wall a little below the rim, and apparently
on one side only of the pot. This appears to have been
made before firing, when the paste was soft. Its true pur-
pose is unknown, but one suggestion put forward was that
it served as a steam-hole.

In addition to the straight-sided vessels a few sherds
of hard-baked sandy pottery with spangles of mica and
showing ia distinct neck and shoulder with punctate orna-
ment were found near the surface. These were slightly
younger than the rest and resembled some of the pottery
from All Commings Cross (Wilts), an Early Iron Age occupa-
tion site, regarded as Final Hallstatt (or Jogassian) dated
about 500 B.C.

The Ballintoy cave pottery possessed certain features
reminiscent of the late Bronze Age, and also showed
affinities with that of the Hallstatt period, an early
division of the European Iron Age, dated about 1000
to 500 or 400 B.C. There was a close resemblance of
some of the sherds to examples found in Scotland, and
especially to the Hallstatt pottery found at Scar-
borough, where its presence was thought to be due to the
earliest Celtic invaders in these islands some centuries
before 400 B.C., the culture having reached Britain by way
of the Lower Rhine and the Netherlands.

The Hallstatt civilisation appears to be practically
unknown in Ireland, though certain metal objects of the
Hallstatt type have been found. Those latter might have
been brought through trade relations or by occasional settle-
ments of foreigners among the aboriginal pre-Celtic people
and changes in ideas concerning the technique in pottery-
making that have filtered into the country in the same way
without an actual invasion of the Hallstatt people.

[Proe. B.N.F.C.
254

Large numbers of bones had been found in the course
of the digging at the Ballintoy caves. These belonged
mainly to small oxen, sheep, and pig, together with a few
belonging to horse, and there were some antlers of red deer.
Most of the bones had been split or broken, in some cases
ne doubt to make bone implements, but in most instances
in order to extract the marrow. ‘These bones were the
remains of animals slaughtered for food. Heaps of shell-
fish were also found: these belonged to common limpets
of large size, and two species of periwinkle. The bones and
jaws of cod and other fish were also met with, all showing
that the ecave-dwellers were not short of food.

Among the bone implements were some piercers and
needles, including a fine-polished example, two inches long,
with a perfectly formed eye. ‘There was also an interest-
ing portion of a double-ended and ornamented bone comb.

The most re-
markable and
unique find at
Potter’s Cave was
a roughly-fashioned
female figurine in
baked clay agreeing
in paste with some
of the sherds. This,
the first discovery
of its kind for Ire-
land, resembles a
Mother Goddess.
It is incomplete,
being four inches
high and two and
threequarter inches
across the shoul-
ders.. The* ears,
eyes, and mouth
are indicated by

clay; there is also
Sa a ee a round hole in
Photo: J. W. Jackson. the centre of the

Clay Figurine found at level O2. forehead. The arms
Height 4 ins. are broken and the
By courtesy of Vhe Irish Naturalists’ Journal. legs missing. The

breasts are well formed, and certain resemblances exist
between the figure and the statue menhir at St. Martin de

holes made in the.

a

1933-34.]
250

la Bellouse, Guernsey. Clay figures of a goddess have been
found in the Urnfield cultures of Hungary.

An interesting tanged flint point of the Bann type was
found at a depth of about six feet from the surface. It
differs in colour and patination from the other flints found
at that cave, and might be a derived specimen. It
resembles some examples from Culbane, Bann Valley,
figured by the lecturer in 1909.

Well below the Early Iron Age occupation of Potters’
Cave-some flint flakes were found in \association with a char-
coal layer, limpet shells, and a few animal bones. The date
of this early occupation was not yet clear. The raised-
beach deposits were not reached, though excavations were
made to a depth of over 10 feet.

Miss Gaffikin, R. J. Welch, J. A. S. Stendall, Colonel
Berry and H, C. Lawlor took part in the discussion which
followed.

ZOOLOGY DEMONSTRATIONS.

A desirable innovation was presented by the President
(Professor Gregg Wilson) when he gave a series of eight
lecture-demonstrations on Zoology, from 27th November,
1988, to 19th March, 1984, to members of the Club, in the
Zoological Lecture Theatre of Queen’s University, by kind
permission of the Vice-Chancellor (Sir Richard Livingstone)
and the Professor of Zoology (Dr. T. Thomson Flynn).
Forty members availed themselves of the opportunity to
gain a working knowledge of the animal kingdom. ‘To
traverse the whole subject from amoeba to the mammals
was a big undertaking in the space of eight evenings, but
Professor Wilson’s precision overcame all difficulties and an
unmense amount of desirable information was gleaned by
the member-students. To add to the usefulness of the
address from a Field Club point of view, various Members
gave brief talks on methods of collecting.

{Proc. B.N.F.C.
256

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual Meeting was heid in the Museum, College
Sguare North, on Tuesday, 17th April, 1934, at 8 p.m., the
President (Professor Gregg Wilson) in the chair. The
following Reports were presented :—

ANNUAL REPORT.

It is with pleasure the Comiittee place before you the
Seventy-first Annual Report of the Belfast Naturalists’
Field Club, after a very successful year,

At the end of this period the membership stands as
follows:—54 new members elected, 28 resigned or member-
ship lapsed, 7 deceased. The total number of members on
the senior roll now stands at 497, and on the junior roll 120,
making a total of 617 members.

During the year the Omagh Field Club, founded and
organised by Rev. E. M, Gumley, B.D., has been added
to our affiliated societies, making now five in all. These
affiliated Clubs are continuing to flourish and to increase in
usefulness; they have a membership of 696, which, added
to our membership, makes a grand total of 1,313 Field
Naturalists in Northern Ireland. |

As in past years several of our members, including our
President (Professor Gregg Wilson), Miss W. J. Sayers,
D. J. Carpenter, A. MI. Cleland, G. C., Reilly and
W. M. Crawford travelled to the various districts where these
Clubs operate and gave lectures. For their services in
doing so the Committee’s thanks are due.

The experiment of last year in holding a united con-
ference was continued this year, meeting at Portballintrae
from 29th September to 1st October.

It was decided to hold the next conference in Cooks-
town, on the invitation of the Tyrone Club, and to have a
united week-end Excursion to North Louth at the end of
May.

During the past winter a series of Demonstrations on
Zoology was given by the President in the Queen’s Univer-
sity, by the kind permission: of the Vice-Chancellor and
Professor Flynn. These demonstrations were most success-
ful and the attendance up to the limit allowed. Mr.
Stendall very efficiently acted as convener. It is hoped
that a similar series, on some other branch of Natural
Science, will be given next winter.

1933-34.]
257

During the year your Committee held eleven meetings,
and the attendances were as follows :—

C. R. Nodder a. | ti Ri. S. Wuepper 8
A. A. Campbell ol 4d, J. Uartieg i
Wm. Sweeney a. Lk Dr. Loughridge 7
J. A. S. Stendall ... 11 Miss Gaffikin 5
Professor Gregg Wilson 10 JD. J. Carpenter 5
A. M‘I. Cleland caf oth eh Orr ¥ |
Mea Crawtord; —... 10) Fd, Welch 5
Miss W. J. Sayers ... 9 Captain C. D, Chase . 4
Rev. W. R. Megaw... 9 Robert Bell i!
A. H. Davison he 8G” ON Ga i uanis 1
Mrs. Nodder ... 8 Professor Charlesw orth iL

We deeply regret to report the death of several members
whose names are given below, particularly 8. A. Bennett,
a former President and an Honorary Member, Dr. A.
D’Evelyn, who was for almost forty years an active member
of the Club and who, shortly before his death, conducted an
excursion to the Ballymena district, David EK. Lowry, also
an old member, W. A. Traill, of the Giant’s Causeway
Tramway Co., the father of the Club, being 58 years a
-‘member, having joined in 1875, and the Rev. W. F. John-
ston, Rostrevor, a Special Life Fellow of the Royal Entomo-
logical Society of London.

The Committee desire to thank the givers of prizes, who
were as follows:—-The President, C. R. Nodder, A. M‘T.
Cleland, W. M. Crawford, R. 8. Lepper and G. C. Reilly.

The summer programme was carried out successfully,
ali the excursions, especially the evening excursions, beine
well attended, the following being the list :—

May 6th—Coleraine and District (Jointly with Route Club) (whole
day).

May 19th to 2ist—Joint Excursion to Mourne Mountains (two days).

June 3rd—Moira and Aghalee (half day).

June 13th (Tuesday) — Drum Bridge to Shaw’s Bridge (evening).

June 17th—Tardree and Scawt Hill (half day).

June 24th—-Newtowncrommelin (whole day).

June 27th (Tuesday)—Cultra and Holywood (evening),

July ist—Ballyhornan (half day).

12th July Holidays—Boyne and Blackwater Valleys (three days).

July 25th (Tuesday)—Whiteabbey to Macedon Point (evening).

July 29th—Carlingford (whole day).

August 1st (Tuesday)—Ligoniel to Glengormley (evening),

August 12th—Ballymena District (whole day).

August 19th—Castle Espie (half day).

September 9th—Sixtowns and Lough Patrick (whole day).

September 23rd—Woodburn Glen and Carrickfergus (half day).

October 7th—Fungus Foray to Belvoir Park (half day).

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
258

The Annual Conversazione was held in the Assembly
Buildings on the 17th October, which was as fully success-
ful as those held in the past. The exhibits were numerous
and interesting, those of the Junior Division being of special
excellence. The President handed over to A. M‘I. Cleland
the Club Medal which had been awarded to him for his
scientific work.

The prizes won by the Junior Division members were
also handed over to the winners by the President.

The lectures delivered during the Winter Session were
as follows :—

Nov. 21—Presidential Address: ‘‘ The Insect Menace.”’
Dec. 5—Botanical Evening. Papers by Captain Chase,
Rev. W. R. Megaw and C. 8S. Bailey.
,, 19—Lantern Evening. Slides of Summer Excursions.
Jan. 16—Archaeological Evening. Paper by J. Skillen,
“ Sign Language.’’
Feb. 6—*‘ Notes of Botanical Tyavel,’’ by Dr. R. Ll.
Praeger.
,, 20—‘‘An Ulster Folk Recital,’ by 8. Henry.
Mar. 6—Geological Evening. Two short papers by A.
M'T. Cleland.
,, 20—‘‘ Strange Animals of Australia,’’ by Professor
Flynn.
,, 27—‘ The Stewart Letters,’’ by J. A. S. Stendall.
April 10—°** Exploration of Ballintoy Caves,’’ by Dr. J.
W. Jackson.
,, 17—Annual Meeting.

All these winter lectures were well attended and in
nearly every case illustrated by slides. At every meeting
an interesting discussion followed the lecture.

It had long been considered desirable that there should
be a badge for members; accordingly vour Committee have
had one prepared, which takes the form of the Club
emblem done in bronze with blue enamel lettering, broach
or stud attachment. Copies may be had from the Hon.
Secretary,. price 2/- each.

In conclusion, the Committee desire to express their
high appreciation of the services given by Dr. Gregg Wilson
while occupying the presidential chair. In addition to
giving the demonstrations on Zoology he has been indefatig-
able in furthering the objects of the Club, and materially
helped in the success of the year’s working. They also
desire to record their hest thanks to the Press for reports
of our excursions and meetings, and to the yarious

1933-34.]

259
scientific societies who supplied copies of their Pro-
ceedings, and lastly our warm thanks to the following for
kindness shown to us during our summer excursions :—
Mr., Mrs. and Miss Nicholson, Balrath, Bury, Co. Meath; ©
John Foley, Town Clerk, Navan; the late Patrick Flynn,
of Dinanew, Co. Down; Captain Ker, Portavoe; Captain
Traill, Ballylough; Mr. C. J. Agnew, Macedon; and Mr.
and Mrs. Watson, Ballyarton.

JOSEPH SKILLEN, Hon. Secretary.

eae So ne I FE DP LEE SIT RT BE IS IS BOER STE,
DECEASED MEMBERS.

Henry Adams.

S. A. Bennett.

Ay MEDD" Evelyn.
Victor G. Jennings.
Rev. W. F. Johnson.
D. E. Lowry.

W 2tAn Trail:

HON. LIBRARIAN’S REPORT.

The exchanges are regularly maintained. No addition
has been made to the list during the year. Efforts to com-
plete, where possible, the sets of Proceedings in the
Museum Library, continue as in other years, and decided
improvements have been effected.

The. List of Exchanges will be found at page 269.

W. M. Crawrorp, Hon. Librarian.

REPORT OF THE RECORDING SECRETARY.

ANTIQUITIES,

The lists of Ancient Monuments in Counties Tyrone
acd Londonderry recommended by the Advisory Com-
mittee for protection have been drawn up and will soon be
submitted to Government for approval.

It is hoped that it may be possible before long to begin
an illustrated survey of such 17th, 18th and 19th century
buildings in Northern Ireland as have special architectural
or historic interest.

Eventually one would wish to see a comprehensive
- antiquarian survey for Northern Ireland, in a series of
volumes, like those brought out by the Royal Commission
on Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland,

(Proc. B.N.F.C.

260
IXCAVATIONS.

The year has been marked by two important excava-
tions of very different types, organised and financed by
the Belfast Municipal Museum.

The first was the investigation of two caves near
Ballintoy, Co. Antrim, known as Park Cave and Potter’s
Cave, by J. Wilfrid Jackson, D.Sc., F.G.S., of Man-
chester Museum. Dr, Jackson was assisted by Miss M.
Gaffikin and Mrs. Anderson, Professor J. K. Charles-
worth and A. H. Davison.

A detailed preliminary report on the work, by Dr.
Jackson has appeared in I.N.J., vol. 4, no. 12, November,
1933, and an important paper by him on a Mesolithic Tanged
Flint Point of Bann Type, found at the entrance to a cave
near Ballintoy, in the I.N.J., vol. 4, no. 11, September,
1933. Further reports on the pottery and other finds are
awaited with special interest.*

The other excavation was that of the Horned Cairn at
Ballyalton, near Downpatrick, directed by those experienced
excavators, O. Davies and F. Estyn Evans, with the assist-
ance of other antiquaries.

FINDS.

Apart from objects found in the Ballintoy and Bally-
alton investigations, the finds of this year are not of special
interest. A few may be mentioned.

The late Dr. Alexander D’Evelyn discovered a very
small but perfect dolmen close to a farm house at Bally-
minstra, near Ahoghill, Co. Antrim, and conducted the
B.N.F.C. to it last August.

The Bann River finds, on exhibition at the Muni-
cipal Museum, though 24 in number, are not so striking as
those of previous years. They include :—

Stone:—Two polished hatchet heads, and a hammer
stone.

Bronze:—A spearhead with part of a wooden spear in
the socket, two swords (leaf shaped), a long dagger.

Iron:—A knife and an axe head,

The bronze ferrule of a crosier decorated in Manx style
with a vertebra pattern, and with lozenge and key pattern.

Some further arrangement for closer supervision of

finds in the Bann River seems most desirable.

*Since this was written Dr. Jackson has reported a most
important find, that of a clay figurine of the ‘‘Mother Goddess,’ the
first instance of its discovery in Ireland. See the Antiquaries
Journal, April, 1933. ‘‘A clay figurine from Ballintoy Cave,’’ by
Dr, J. Wilfrid Jackson, F.G.S.

R.S, Lepper, Hon, Recording Secretary,

1933-34. ]
261

REPORT OF BOTANICAL SECTION.

Forty-three members of the section have paid their sub-
scriptions. There were three sectional excursions during the
summer, all blessed with beautiful weather, and a Botanical
evening on 5th December, at which three short and most
varied and interesting papers were read :—‘‘Botanising in
Roumania,’’ by Capt. Chase; ‘‘How I Started Botany,’’ by
Rev. W. R. Megaw; and “‘Notes on the History of Botany,”’
by C. 8. Bailey. On June 6th, at Bellevue Rock Gardens,
there were 31 members present when Mr. Graham patiently
answered all and every question put to him by enthusiastic
gardeners. On August 26th, 26 members and friends climbed
Slemish, on a half-day excursion, Dr. D’Evelyn giving the
Secretary the benefit of his local knowledge. Owing to lack
of time Habenaria albida was not found, but quantities of
Devil’s-bit Seabious (Scabiosa succisa), Figwort (Scrophu-
laria nodosa), and Butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris) were
seen. The hedges were beautified by the scarlet fruit of
the wild Guelder Rose (Viburnum opulus). On September
2nd, in spite of it being the day of the T.T. race, 11 members
visited Portavoe, by kind permission of Captain Ker. At
Orlock Point, Sea Beet (Beta maritima) and Hairy Willow-
herb (Epilobium hirsutum) were noted, and in Portavoe
woods Saxifraga geum, Yellow Toosestrife (Lysimachia
vulgaris), as well as the commoner Purple Loosestrife
(Lythrum salicaria). In one part of the wood Angelica
sylvestris was present in great abundance. Rubus fruti-
cosa also being very plentiful, its juicy fruit proving most.
attractive. By close clinging to our garments the hooked
fruits of Enchanter’s Nightshade (Circaea lutetiana) gave
us an object lesson in seed dispersal. It may be stated
that the number present was in inverse proportion to the
interest shown and the work done. On the Club excursion
to Carlingford district on July 29th, the following plants
were gathered:—Horned Poppy (Glaucitum luteum), Sea
Radish (Raphanus maritimus), Elecampane (Inula
heleniuwm), and Swine’s Cress (Senebiera coronopus).

Me ae Te | Hon Secretaries.

REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

No regularly organised work has been undertaken by
the Section during the Session, but the subject of Geology
has been very much to the fore during several excursions.

On Saturday, 17th June, a strictly Geological Excur-
sion was organised by J. J, Hartley and R, Bell, during

F

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
262

the course of which the rhyolite and pitchstone exposures
at Sandy Braes and Tardree were visited, and several fine
specimens brought back, which are now in the Municipal
Museum. A halt was made near Scawt Hill, when J. J.
Hartley explained in detail the interesting features of this
remarkable voleanic exposure. Unfortunately time did
not permit of a near approach to the hill. | Kilwaughter
chalk quarries, perhaps the largest in Co. Antrim, were
also visited.

On Tuesday evening, 27th June, the members visited,
under the guidance of D. J. Carpenter, the exposures of
Permian strata to be seen at low water on the foreshore at
Cultra, Co. Down.

On Saturday, lst July, the members visited Bally-
hornan Bay and Benderg Bay, when A. M’‘I. Cleland was
able to secure four excellent photos of the most interest-
ing exposures of Calcreted Sands, Clays and Gravels to be
seen at these points.

On Tuesday evening, 25th July, under the guidance
of A. M‘I. Cleland, the members visited the foreshore at
Macedon Point, and examined the numerous exposures of
Triassic marls and sandstones to be seen here at low water,
penetrated by many basaltic dykes running in a general
N.W.-S.E. direction. Among these are the famous Cross
Dykes cutting each other at right angles, these dykes being
a classic feature of the Antrim side of Belfast Lough. In
addition many erratics were examined, among them a huge
mass of dolerite known as ‘‘ Ross’s Rock,’’ probably carried
from the neighbourhood of Fair Head, of an estimated
weight of 33 tons.

When the members visited Carlingford and Greenore
on Saturday, 29th July, an opportunity was given of ex-
amining the extensive section of Raised Beach to be seen at
the entrance to Carlingford Lough just short of Greenore.

On a subsequent visit to this Raised Beach on Friday,
Ist September, A. M‘T. Cleland found a number of masses
of hardened peat, each enclosing a lump of much rolled
and very fossiliferous Carboniferous Limestone.

On Saturday, 9th September, the members visited
Owenreagh Hill, Co. Derry, under the efficient guidance
of George Barnett. Here they were able to examine a
very interesting dyke of hornblende porphyry, of which
specimens were obtained. Also many erratics in green-
stone and granite.

Following the visit to Kilwaughter chalk quarries on
17th June, A. M‘I. Cleland examined these quarries on
various dates from September to November, and obtained

1933-34.
263

several excellent photos of the many interesting old water
courses so well exposed there. An account of these visits
may possibly be made later.

In May, 19338, the attention of A. M'I. Cleland was
drawn to an exposure of White Trap or Basalt revealed
during street widening operations below ‘‘ The Grove,”’
Shore Road. Of this dyke he was able to obtain samples
(from which a micro. section was afterwards prepared).
Later this dyke was examined in detail by J. J. Hartley,
who gave the result of his investigations in a paper
published in the J.N.J. in January, 1934 (vol. 5, p. 12).

Notrr.—This exposure is now covered and is no longer
accessible. The record in the J.N.J. is, therefore, another
instance of the benefit to science of such a Society as the
B.N.F.C.

On the 6th March, 19384, A. M‘I. Cleland presented
two short papers to the Club. One on ‘‘ The Induration
of Rocks by Heat,’’ and the second ‘‘Some Notes on Lough
Neagh.”’

at ee ak bas eae Hon. Secretaries.

REPORT OF ZOOLOGICAL SECTION.

Two excursions were held during the Summer Session,
and there was a fair attendance at each. The first excur-
sion was held on 10th June to Portmuck and Muck Island.
After a search for fossils in the Liassic beds at Portmuck,
the party proceeded to Muck Island where the coleopterists
and collectors of mosquito larvae immediately got busy.

The great attraction, however, was the bird life of the
island. It is the breeding place of a large colony of Herr-
ing Gulls, and nests with eggs and young were plentiful,
while the ledges of the cliffs were occupied by serried rows
of Guillemots and Razorbills. A pair of Ravens were
observed, and several nests of Red-breasted Mergansers
were found.

The second excursion was held on the 16th September
to Strangford Lough. At Ringhaddy, motor boats were
kindly placed at the disposal of the party by Drs. Unsworth
and Graham, and visits were paid to Limestone Rock and
Dunnyneill Island. A representative collection of sea
shore animals was made, including the large white
Trochus. In the glacial drift on the Islands numbers of
magnesian limestone blocks were noted.

J. S. Lovenrincer,

Hon. Secretaries,
JAMES ORR, }

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
264

REPORT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SECTION.

The Section held three field meetings. The first, on
22nd July, was at Ardglass. After examining an exten-
sive souterrain in the parish of Ballee, the party proceeded
to ‘‘ The New Works’ in the town. The original purpose
of these buildings, traders’ stores or guardhouses, and their
fortunes in later years, were explained. By courtesy of
the Golf Club and the Rev. Jasper Robinson and Mrs.
Robinson, ‘“‘Ardglass Castle’? was inspected, and its archi-
tectural features pointed out. Following a brief call at
Jordan’s Castle, the old church of Ardtole was visited,
where J. Skillen told all that is known of its history.

On 5th August, the Section visited Loughinisland dis-
trict. The first halt was at the ruins of Clough Castle,
probably an Anglo-Norman fortress built to guard the line
of communication between Downpatrick and Dundrum.
The legendary lore connected with the ancient rath on
which the Castle was erected was recounted by Colonel
Berry. The party then examined an exceptionally large
ring-fort, with a deep fosse, in the townland of Dinanew.
Proceeding to lLoughinisland, the ruins of the three
churches on the island were inspected, and their history,
as far as known, explained. The final halt was at the old
Buck’s Head Inn, where the associations of the placé with
the insurrectionary movements of 1798 and 1803 were de-
tailed.

The summer session of the Section was closed by a
ramble round ‘‘Old Belfast’’ on 16th September, under the
suidance of J, Skillen, who had the assistance of the late
Mr. D. A. Fee, J.P., and Mr. Henry French at the old
Clifton Street graveyard. The party, to the number of
over thirty, afterwards had tea together in the Locksley
Hall, when a very pleasant social hour was spent, and
various matters of interest to the Section were discussed.

An ever-increasing interest in the Section is evidenced
by the large attendances at the field meetings, and by the
accession. of sixteen new members during the year.

A. ALBERT CAMPBELL,

Hon. Secretari
Mary GAFFIKIN, retaries,

1933-34. |
265

REPORT OF SURVEY OF ANTIQUITIES
COMMITTEE.

During the past year interesting and useful work has
been done by the Survey of Antiquities in Northern Ireland.

The work of classifying and indexing the existing 562
Ordnance Survey Records for Co. Down has been finished
and work has begun on Co. Tyrone. Thanks are due to
Dr. Chart and the staff of the Public Record Office for their
kind assistance in this work.

There are now 32 voluntary workers on the list, and
the following contributions have been received from
them :—

Photographs. Plans. Reports.

Pranaing ‘Stones .............. 20 ~~ 5
HMAPEIRSETS. fer) ciciiea dah odes. -vvdeld ss 1 I 4
POMeM GITClES As... .l2ive.\ 5. $ ou 2
a eee 4] 4 4
Raths and Cashels ............ 33 6 29
ORC ee 38 — 3
REITING 9 a cocky alte pees ont — —_ 2
SU LESY Sead eR ers 51 — =
nomen “TOWers 2. ..:i<c.se.0s.- 19 = =
<0 Ss i a a 36
Other Antiquities ............. 48 _ 16
Rts ir oeerk, Fea Fess 263 11 101
Total (including previous

eA ee ane a eee 455 52 215

It is to be hoped that members of the Belfast
Naturalists’ Field Club will continue to take an active
interest in the Survey of Antiquities so that good work
may be done; photographs and plans, as well as descriptive
reports, are especially important.

M. GaFFIkin, Hon. Secretary.
REPORT OF JUNIOR DIVISION.

The number of Junior Members on the list is 120.
During the year 10 members have been transferred to the
senior list, 93 have been struck off for non-payment of
subscriptions, 9 have resigned, and 12 new members have
been elected.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
266

The Junior Division Committee met four times, one of
these meetings being called and held by the Junior com-
mitteemen themselves to arrange encursions during the en-
forced absence of the Secretary.

We are informed by the Youth Hostel Association of
Northern Ireland that to encourage youthful naturalists to
work in the countryside it has arranged to allow the use of
its hostels to parties of children in charge of an adult
member of the Association at the charge of sixpence a night
for each child and without membership fee being required.

The following excursions were held during the year :—

1933.

Wednesday, April 12th—Municipal Museum, talks on
zoology and botany.

Saturday, May 13th—Bellevue Zoo. Conductor, Dr. R.
H. Hunter.

Saturday, May 20th
Robert Bell.

Saturday, August 19th—Zoology, Orlock Point. Conductor,
Ranald MacDonald.

Saturday, August 26th — Geology, Scrabo. Conductor,
Robert Bell.

Saturday, September 9th—Carrickfergus. Conductor,
Ranald MacDonald.

Saturday, September 30th — Larne, botany and geology.
Conductor, E. N. Carrothers.

Saturday, October 7th—Fungus Foray.

Saturday, October 14th—Lagan, zoology and botany. Con-
ductors, Professor Gregg Wilson, Miss M. Rea,
E. N. Carrothers.

Tuesday, October 17th—Conversazione.

Saturday, October 21st—Week-end at Slievenaman Youth
Hostel.
Saturday, October 28th — Week-end at Straidkilly Youth
Hostel.
1934.
Wednesday, February 14th—TFinlay’s Soap and Candle

Works, followed by talk on Linen Production by
Mr. G. O. Searle, B.Sc.

Carnmoney Hill Quarry. Conductor,

W. aes Hon. Secretary.

1933-34. |
267

An amendment to Rule III, reducing the subscription
for the current year for members elected at the Conver-
sazione Meeting, was passed. Twenty-three new members
were elected.

The following office-bearers were elected for the Session
1934-35 :—President, C. R. Nodder; Vice-President, Joseph
Skillen; Hon. Secretaries, Joseph Skillen and William
Sweeney; Hon. Treasurer, Robert G. Henderson; Hon.
Librarian, W. M. Crawford; Hon. Recording Secretary, J.
A. §. Stendall; Hon. Secretaries of Sections—Botanical,
Captain C. D. Chase and Miss Kathleen Bourke ; Geological,
A. M'‘I. Cleland and J. J. Hartley; Zoological, J. S.
Loughridge and James Orr; Archaeological, Miss Mary
Gaffikin and A. Albert Campbell; Hon. Secretary Junior
Division, Mrs. C. R. Nodder; Ordinary Members of Com-
mittee (retire 1935), Rev. W. R. Megaw, R. 8. Lepper and
George C. Reilly; (retire 1986), D. J. Carpenter, Professor
_J. Kaye Charlesworth and R. J. Welch; (retire 1937), Miss
W. J. Sayers, A. H. Davison and Professor Gregg Wilson.

CLUB MEDALLISTS.

1923. William Swanston, F.G.S.

1924. Nevin Harkness Foster, F.L.S., M.R.I.A.
1925. Nathaniel Carrothers.

1926. Robert Bell.

1927. R. Lloyd Praeger, D.Sc., M.R.I.A.

1928. R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.I.A.

a No award.

1931. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.

19382. J. A. S. Stendall, M.R.I.A., M.B.0.U.
1933. A. M‘I. Cleland.

Alexander M‘Ivor Cleland joined the Club in 1894 and
can now be ranked among its oldest members. He has
served for many years as a member of Committee, being
elected Vice-President in 1917, and President in 1918,
which office he held for two years. From 1919 to 1922 he
filled the office of Honorary Secretary.

During the whole time of his connection with the
Club, Mr. Cleland has been a zealous worker in the Field,
especially inthe pursuit of knowledge relating to .the
geology of Northern Ireland, and has contributed many
important papers to the Club’s Preceedings and to the
Irish Naturalists’ Journal thereon.

{[Proc. B.N.E.C.
268

His researches have taken him into out-of-the-way
corners of our district, and have led to the discovery of
many. geological problems, which he has always attempted
to elucidate, his conclusions most frequently meeting with
the full approval of co-workers.

As a nature photographer, especially of geological sub-
jects, Mr. Cleland excels.

He has also given to the Club the benefit of his
researches in geology, as well as in other branches of Field
Club activity, in the form of lectures, invariably illustrated
by photographic slides of his own taking and making.

As a collector of geological specimens, Mr. Cleland has
invariably shown great discrimination, and has consider-
ably added to the instructional value of the scientific
collections in our Municipal Museum and in Queen’s Uni-
versity by his donations.

One of Mr. Cleland’s characteristics is tenacity of
purpose, which, combined with an innate good nature,
helpfulness, and ready approval of the work of others, has
made him a worker whom the Club may well and truly
honour. .

1933-34. 1

1932-33.

Peed Gs or ee ey

269)

LIST OF EXCHANGING SOCIETIES.

1933-34.

Barrow-in-Furness—Naturalists’ F.C. and Lit.
and Se. Association.
Belfast—Committee of Public Museums and
Art Gallery.
Committee of Public Libraries.
N.H. and Phil. Society.
Presbyterian Historical Society of
Treland.
Berlin—Zoologisches Museum der Universitat.
Birmingham—-N.H. and Phil. Society.
Bournemouth—Natural Science Society.
Brighton and Hove—N.H. and Phil. Society.
Bristol—Naturalists’ Society.
Brussels—Musée Royal d’Hist. Nat.
Buteshire—N.H. Society.
Caradoc and Severn Valley—Field Club.
Cardiff—Naturalists’ Society.
Carlisle—Natural History Society.
Chester—Society of Nat. Sc., Lit. and Art.
Down iand Connor—Historical Society.
Dublin—N.F.C.
Royal Irish Academy.
Royal Society of Antiquaries, Ireland.
Royal Zoological Society of Ireland.
Dumfriesshire and Galloway—Natural History
and Antiquarian Society.
Dundalk—County Louth Archaeological
Journal.
Eastbourne—N.H., Photographic and Lit.
Society.
Edinburgh—Geological Society.
Essex—Field Club.

1932-33.

|
1
i
1

ee en

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
270

1933-34.

I
I

I

ee

Kton College—Natural History Society.
Frankfort—Senckenbergische Bibliothek.
Glasgow—Royal Philosophical Society.
Glasgow and Andersonian Natural History and
Microscopical Society.
La Société Guernésiaise.
Halifax, Nova Scotia—Institute of Science.
Hertfordshire—N.H. Society and F.C.
Isle of Man—N.H. and Antiquarian Society.
Isle of Wight—Natural History Society.
Leeds—Philosophical and Literary Society.
Leicester—Lit. and Phil. Society.
Leyden—Rijks Ethnographisch Museum.
Liverpool—Geological Society.
Naturalists’ Field Club.
Llandudno, Colwyn Bay and District — Field
Club. ;
London—British Association.
British Museum.
Geologists’ Association.
Linnean Society.
Natural History Society.
Manchester—Geological Association.
Lit. and Phil. Society.
Microsopical Society.

Guernsey

Marlborough College—Natural History Society.

Mexico—Instituto de Biologia.

Neweastle-upon-Tyne—Natural History Society
of Northumberland, Durham and
Neweastle-upon-Tyne.

Norfolk and Norwich—Naturalists’ Society.

North Staffordshire—Field Club.

Northern Naturalists’ Union.

Oxford—Ashmolean Natural History Society.

Perthshire—Society of Natural Science.

Plymouth Institution and Devon and Corn-
wall N.H. Soc.

Stavanger—Staats Museum.

1933-34. |

271
1932-35. 1933-34.
1 | Swiansea—Scientific and Field Naturalists’
Society.
1 1 Toronto—Royal Canadian Institute.
if 1 Torquay—Natural History Society.
U.S-A.
1 — Boston, Mass.—Society of Natural History.
= 1 Chicago—Academy of Sciences.
| 1 Field Museum of Natural History.
1 — John Crerar Library.
1 1 Cineinnati—Lloyd Library.
ul 1 Madison, Wis.—Wisconsin Academy of

Sciences, Arts and Letters.
1 1 Milwaukee, Wis.—Public Museum.
—_ 1 New York, N.Y.—Academy of Science.
1 Philadelphia—Academy of Natural Sciences.
— Portland, Maine—Society of Nat. History.
— Rochester, N.Y.—Academy of Science.
— §t. Louis, Mo.—Academy of Sciences.
iL Missouri Botanical Garden.
1 San Diego, Cal.—Society of Natural History.
1 San Francisco, Cal.—California Academy of
Sciences.
i — Staten Island, N.Y.—Institute of Arts and
Sciences.
= — Tuft’s College, Mass.—EHaton Memorial
Library.
Washington—U.S. Geological Survey.
Government Printing Works.
National Museum.
Smithsonian Institution.

a
a

272

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278
RULES
OF THE

Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club.

As amended at Annual Meeting held 17th April, 1934.

if
That the Society be called ‘‘ THE BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB.”

i:

That the object of this Society be the practical study of Natural
Science and Archaeology in Ireland.

Te

That the Club shall consist of Ordinary, Junior, Life, Correspond-
ing, and Honorary Members. Not more than twenty-five Ordinary
Members shall be elected half-yearly. Ordinary Members shall be
proposed and seconded by two existing Members on a Nomination
Form to be obtained from the Honorary Secretaries. These proposals’
shall come before the Committee of the Club, who shall vote by ballot
Tor or against acceptance, The names of the accepted candidates
shall be submitted for election half-yearly—at the Annual Meeting in
April and the Annual Conversazione in October.

Ordinary Members shall pay annually a subscription of Six
Shillings, and shall on election pay an Entrance Fee of Five Shillings.
If elected at. the autumn meeting, the subscription shall be half the
ordinary Annual Subscription for the current year. Members who
are twelve months in arrear in their subscriptions shall not receive
any further circulars or other printed matter, and those who are
two years in arrear shall cease to be members of the Club.

That the composition fee for Life Membership be Four Guineas.

Junior Members, who must be between the ages of ten and
twenty-one years, shall form a Division of the Club, and may be
elected at any meeting of the Club. Each member between the ages
of ten and eighteen years shall be required to pay an Annual Sub-
scription of One Shilling, and between the ages of eighteen and
twenty-one years an Annual Subscription of Two Shillings and
Sixpence.

On attaining their majority they shall become Ordinary Members
without having to be elected or having to pay an Entrance Fee, but
shall pay the Annual Membership Subscription of Six Shillings.

Junior Members shall receive printed matter of General Meetings
of the Club at the discretion of the Honorary Secretary of the Junior
Division, who shall be required to have obtained the consent of the
lecturer or conductor of any Meeting before arranging for notices of
such meeting to be sent to Junior Members. Junior Members shall
not be entitled to receive Proceedings and Annual Reports of the Club.
Junior Members shall not have power to vote, except within the
Committee of the Junior Division. The Junior Division shall have
a Committee composed of eight Members of the Club, five of whom
may be Junior Members. The Chairman and Honorary Secretary
of the Junior Division shall be annually appointed by the General

{[Proc. B.N.F.C.
274

Committee. The Junior Division Committee shall report at each
meeting of the General Committee through its own Honorary Secre-
tary. The expenses of the Junior Division shall be a charge on
general funds, and shall be regulated by the General Committee.
Subscriptions shall be paid to the Honorary Treasurer of the Club.

TV.

That the Honorary and Corresponding Members shall consist of
persons of eminence in Natural Science, or who shall have done some
special service to the Club; that such Members may be nominated by
any Member of ‘the Club, and on being approved by the Committee,
may be elected at any subsequent Meeting of the Club by a majority
of the votes of the Members present That not more than two
Honorary Members be elected in any one year. That Corresponding
Members be expected to communicate a paper once within every two
years,

Vv

That the Officers of the Club be annually elected and consist of a
President, Vice-President, Treasurer, Librarian, one or two Secre-
taries, and a Recording Secretary, together with the Secretaries of the
various Sections of the Club and Honorary Secretary of the Junior
Division. That the office of President or that of Vice-President
shall not be held by the same person for two years in succession.
That the President, Vice-President, General Secretaries, and Treasurer
be ex-officio members of Sub-Committees,

Vai.

That the General Committee shall consist of the above-named
officers with nine ordinary members of Committee, and shall hold at
least eight meetings during the year; five persons to form a quorum.

That three ordinary members of Committee shall retire annually
in order of seniority, those retiring being ineligible for re-election for
one year. The retiring President, if not elected to a Section Secretary-
ship, shall be one of the three new ordinary members added to the
Committee each year. Should any ordinary member of Committee fail
to attend at least three of the Committee meetings held during the year
his or her place may be considered vacant and other member elected to
fill the position. 'No ordinary member of Committee shall hold the
post of Secretary in any of the Sections. That in the event of a
vacancy occurring in the General Committee a new member may be
co-opted to fill such vacancy for the remainder of the year.

That nominations for ordinary members of Committee shall be
sent in writing to the Secretaries on or before the 21st day of March
in each year. That the privilege of nominating members of Com-
mittee shall be held by all Ordinary and Life Members of the Club.
That the names of those members so nominated shall be. published on
the circular convening the Annual Meeting, at which the Ordinary
Members of Committee shall be elected by ballot. That should the
necessity arise the retiring members of Committee shall be balloted
for.

VII.

The Committee may from year to year appoint Sectional Secre-
taries and Committees, as may be considered desirable, to further
original investigations in any one or more departments of the Club’s
work. Members desiring to join any Section shall pay an additional
subscription of One Shilling to the Secretary of the Section (such

1933-34.]
275

subscription to be used for the benefit of the Section). No financial
responsibility to be incurred by any Sectional Secretary, Sectional
Committee, or any Officer of the Club without the previous approval
of the Club’s Committee.

VIII.

That the members of the Club shall hold at least Six Field Meet-
ings during the year, in the most interesting localities, for investigating
the (Natural History and Archaeology of Ireland. That the place
of meeting be fixed by the Committee, and that five days’ notice of
each Excursion be communicated to Members by the Secretaries.
That each of the Sectional Secretaries shall be made responsible for
the running of one Regular Excursion, the programme to provide
study in the subject appertiaining to the Section, and that any
additional Special Excursions shall be arranged by the Secretaries of
the Sections concerned.

IX,

That regular Monthly Meetings be held during the Winter Session
from November till April, inclusive, for the purpose of reading
Papers; such Papers as far as possible to be original, and to treat of
the 'Natural History and Archaeology of the district. That the Papers
to be read be secured by a Standing Organising Committee, consisting
of the Hon. Secs. of the Club, together with the Sectional Secretaries
and a Chairman. That between the Regular Monthly Meetings of
the Club Special Meetings open to all Members of the Club may be
held, at which Papers of specialised interest would be discussed. That
the Sectional Secretaries shall each be responsible for the providing
of a programme for one Regular and one Special Meeting, one Regular
and one Special Meeting to be arranged by the Hon. Secs. Any
extra Meetings shall be arranged by the Organising Committee, if
desired. That the programme for the Winter Session shall be com-
pleted by the date of its First Meeting and issued to all Members.
That each notification announcing a Regular Meeting or Excursion
shall also serve to notify Members of the next Special Meeting or
Excursion,

D4

That the Committee shall, if they find it advisable, offer for com-
petition Prizes for the best collection of scientific objects of the
district; and the Committee may order the purchase of maps, or other
scientific apparatus, and may carry on geological and archaeological
searches or excavations, if deemed advisable, provided that the entire
amount expended under this rule does not exceed the sum of £10 in
any one year.

That the General Committee may offer from time to time such
prize or prizes as they may deem desirable for competition among
Schools in or near Belfast.

4

That the Annual Meeting ‘be held during the month of April,
when the Report of the Committee for the past year, and the
Treasurer’s Financial Statement shall be presented, the Committee
and Officers elected, Bye-laws made and altered, and any proposed
alterations in the general laws, of which a fortnight’s notice shall
have been given, in writing, to the Secretary or Secretaries, considered
and decided upon. The Secretaries to give the Members due notice
of each intended alteration,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
276

XII.

Members of other Irish Field) Clubs, residing temporarily or
permanently in or near Belfast, may be enrolled as Members of the
Club without election or entrance fee on production of a voucher of
membership of another Club, and without subscription for the current
year, on production of a receipt showing that such subscription has
been paid to another Club. Failing the production of such receipt,
the usual subscription for the current year to be paid to the Treasurer
on enrolment. The names of Members so admitted to the Club to be
published with the notice of meeting following the date of their
enrolment.

XII.

That, on the written requisition of twenty-five members, delivered
to the Secretaries, an Extraordinary General Meeting may be called,
to consider and decide upon the subject mentioned in such written
requisition,

Daas

That the Committee may be empowered to exchange publications
and reports, and to extend the privilege of attending the Meetings and
Excursions of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club to ‘Members of
kindred societies, on similar privileges being accorded to its Members
by such other societies.

RULES FOR THE CONDUCTING OF EXCURSIONS.

I. The excursion to be open to all Members, each one to have the
privilege of introducing two friends. The time for commencing as
many as possible of the Half-day Summer Excursions to be not prior
to 2 p.m.

If. A Chairman to be elected as at ordinary meetings.

If. One of the Secretaries to act as Conductor, or, in the
absence of both, a Member to be elected for that purpose.

1V. No change to be made in the programme, or extra expense
incurred, except by the consent of the majority of the Members
present.

V. No fees, gratuities, or other expenses to be paid except
through the Conductor.

VI. Every Member or Visitor to have the accommodation assigned
by the Conductor. Where accommodation is limited, consideration
will be given to priority of application.

VII. Accommodation cannot be promised unless tickets are
obtained before the time mentioned in the special circular.

VIII. Those who attend an excursion without previous notice
will be liable to extra charge, if extra cost is incurred thereby.

IX. No intoxicating liquors to be provided at the SRF: of
the Club,

1933-34. ]

Any

277

LIST OF MEMBERS.

changes of address should be at once notified to the Honorary

Secretary, Mr. Joseph Skillen, 25 Stranmillis Gardens, Belfast.

The dates prefixed to the names of Members signify year of election.

This List comprises the names of all persons who were Members
at 31st March, 1934, and whose names are still on the Register of
Membership at time of going to press. It does not include the names
of deceased Members.

1914.
1934.
1883.

1890.
1880.

1932.
1926.
1929.
1929.
1933.
1923.
1931.

1926.
1903.
1893.

1923.
1932.
1932.
1915.
1932.
1917.
1922.
1931.
1911.
1930.
1930.
1922.
1912,

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Charlesworth, Professor John K., D.Se., Ph.D., F.G.S.,
Queen’s University, Belfast.

Jackson, J. Wilfrid, D.Se., F.G.S., Manchester Museum,
Manchester.

Praeger, R. Lloyd, D.Sc., B.A., B.E., M.R.I.A., 19 Fitzwilliam
Square, Dublin.

Skillen, Joseph, 25 Stranmillis Gardens, Belfast.

Welch, R. J., M.Sec., M R.I.A., 49 Lonsdale Street, Belfast.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.
Barnett, George, Sixtowns, Draperstown.

Foster, Rev. Canon George, B.D., Strangford.
The Hon. Secretary of the Limavady Naturalists’ Field Club.

do. do. Londonderry do. do.
do. do Omagh do. do.
do. do. Route do. do.
do. do. Tyrone do. do.

LIFE MEMBERS.

Rohleder, Dr. Herbert P. T., Ntroako Concessions, Bekwai,
Ashanti.

Stelfox, A. W., A.R.I.B.A., M.R.I.A., 14 Clareville Road,
Rathgar, Dublin.

Wilson, Alex. G., J.P., M.R.I.A., London.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

Acheson, F. W., 37 Osborne Park.

Adair, James, 5 Sunbury Avenue.

Aird, Mrs. Annie, Clonsilla, Antrim Road.

Aird, Hugh, 10 King Street.

Albin, Herbert, 236 Ravenhill Road.

Alderdice, R. Sinclaire, 9 Wellington Place.

Alexander, Kyle M., 30 Kelvin Parade.

Anderson, F. G. H., M.A., Brooklands, Annadale Avenue.
Anderson, Miss S. M., 4 Church View, Holywood.
Anderson, Mrs. N., Ballyhosset, Downpatrick.

Anderson, Miss W. F. E., 47 Brookhill Avenue.

Andrews, J. D., Uraghmore, Comber.

Andrews, Dr. Marion B., D.P.H., Orsett, Derryvolgie Avenue.

G

1927.
1927.

1932.

1927.
1927.
1932.
1929.
1929.
1924.
1926.
1923.
1932.
1928.
1932.
1935.
1933.
1924.

1930.
1914.
1928.
1929.
1923.
1898.
1923.
1931.
1893.
1933.
1922.
1923.
1924.
1916.
1922.
1929.
1923.
1928.
1933.
1929.
1699)

1933.

1927.

1932.

1921.

1921.

1933.

1933.

1927.

1909.

1929.
1891.
1904.
1923.
1923.

1922.

1933.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.

278

Annesley, Frazer M., Kathmore, Portadown.

Armstrong, J. I., M.Sc., Imperial College of Science, South
Kensington, London, S.W.7.

Asher, H. M. F., Campbell College.

Bailey, C. S., M.A., Methodist College.

Baker, George E., A.C.A., Lismacue, Belmont Road.

Bamford, Miss Fthné, Grosvenor, Galywally Park.

Beattie, Robert, Horse Shoe House, Ballysillan.

Beattie, Mrs. Robert, do. do.

Beatty, C., J.P., Ledlie Viulla, Coalisland.

Beck, Miss Louise, M.Sc., 63 University Road.

Bell, David 8., High Street, Carrickfergus.

Bell, Miss E. M., 23 Rugby Road.

Bell, N. G., The Hut, Whitehouse.

Bell, Philip S., B.L., R.M., Santander, Larne.

Benson, Ronald H., 29 Luxor Gardens.

Benson, Mrs. EK. ie do.

Berry, ‘Colonel R. G. Sh thie, MR.LA., F.R.S.A.1., Ardaluin,
Newcastle, Co. Down.

Bingham, Mrs. A. B., 86 Redcar Street.

Bird, Miss, 5 Courtland Avenue, Norbury, S.W. 16.

Black, Dr. Josephine, 15 College Gardens.

Black, Thomas, 27 Agnes Street.

Blackwood, Reginald W. H., J.P., 24 University Square.

Blackwood, Miss Sarah, 6 College Green.

Blair, John Ue cole) Ophir Gardens.

Bourke, Miss Kathleen M., B.Sc., 13 University Avenue.

Poyd, Miss E. S., Springfield Lodge, King’s Road, Guernsey.

Boyd, Hugh A., M.A., Castle Street, Ballycastle.

Boyd, J. St. Clair, Chatsworth, 12 Malone Road.

Boyd, Miss K. St. Clair, do. do.

Boyd, Richard R., 2 Alliance Avenue.

Bradley, Miss L. T., Haypark House, Knock.

Brown, James R., M.A., E.Sc., 32 Maryville Park.

Brown, Miss Sarah, Craiglea, Holywood.

Brown, W. P., B.A., LL.B., Beresford House, Coleraine.

Buchanan, Miss Norah K., 1 Winston Gardens, Knock.

Burgoyne, Frank J. P., Linenhall Library.

Burns, Wm. G., 116 Walmer Street.

Burrowes, W. B., F.R.S.A.I., Ballynafeigh House.

Byrne, Miss Kathleen, 18 Florenceville Avenue.

Cairns, Hugh, B.Sc., Mountcairn, Comber.

Caldwell, R. D., Heatherton, Killagan P.O., Co. Antrim.

Campbell, A. Albert, F.R.S.A.L, Drumnaferrie, Rosetta Park.
Campbell, Mrs. A. Albert, do. do.
Campbell, Henry, 8 Onslow Gardens.

Campbell, Mrs. May, do.

Campbell, Miss H., Methodist College.

Campbell, John, Albert Brickworks, Carrickfergus.
Campbell, Langford, 65-67 Corporation Street.

Capper, J. Malcolm, 20 Bedford Street.

Carmody, The Very Rev. W. P., M.A., Downpatrick.
Carpenter, D. J., A.R.C.Sc.L., Sharnhen, Greenisland.
Carrothers, E. N., 7 Fitzwillian Street.

Cassidy, William, "14 Cadogan Park.
Chamberlain, ie B.A., 17 Kilhorne Gardens, Knock,

~———

1933-34. |

279

Chambre, Mrs. N., Northland Row, Dungannon.
Chandler, W. P., 32 Sunningdale Park.

Chandler, Mrs. W. Pe do.

Chase, Miss Bessie, 226 Stranmillis Road.

Chase, Captain C. D., M.C., M.A., Campbell College.
Cheyne, H. H., Roseneath, Bangor.

. Christy, William, 8 Edenderry Gardens.

Churchill, Miss, 54 Hamilton Road, Bangor.

Clarke, George W., M.B.E., Notting Hill, Malone Road.
Clarke, John O., 2 Wellington Place.

Clarke, Miss Maud, 431 Lisburn Road.

Clarke, R. E. L., B.A., B.E., 42 Railway Street, Lisburn.
Cleeland, Mrs. Mabel, 15 Eglantine Gardens.

Gleland, Alex. M‘I., 28 Green Road, Knock.

Cleland, Mrs. Annie, do. do.

Cleland, James, Brooklyn, Holywood.

Cody, Christopher, Cogry, Doagh.

Coey, Henry, Downshire Park, Carrickfergus.

Cole, Francis J., Ardmara, Greenisland.

Collins, Miss Nora, 42 Fitzwilliam Street.

Colton, John M., Lisbawn, Hawthornden Road.
Common, R. H., B.Sc. a) ME ‘Agr., Tynemouth, Larne Harbour.
Connolly, AS E., Conalan, Church Road, Newtownbreda.

. Convery, Thomas H., 53 Botanic Avenue.

Copeland, William J., Coolattin, Balmoral.

Corry, The Honourable Cecil, Castle Coole, Enniskillen.

Cowan, Samuel, 57 Corporation Street.

Cowden, William, 46 Clhiftonpark Avenue.

Cowie, James, 394 Antrim Road.

Craig, Miss Isa, Willowpark, Whiteabbey.

Crawford, C. H., Rathdune, Downpatrick.

Crawford, Lieut.-Colonel F. H., C.B.E., Cloreen, Malone Road.

Crawford, W. M., B.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., Orissa, Marl-
borough Park S.

Crawford, Mrs. Mary I., Orissa, Marlborough Park S.

Cromie, A. G., Seeburg, Castle. Avenue.

Cromie, Miss Maude, do. do.

Crothers, Miss, 7 Easton Crescent.

Cunningham, Josias, R.N.V.R., M.B.0.U., Drinagh,
Kensington Road.

Cunningham, Mrs. Isobel, Drinagh, Kensington Road.

Cunningham, Miss M., 67 King’s Road, Knock.

Cunningham, Miss M. E., F.R.S.A. is Glencairn Cottage,
Larne.

Cunningham, Rt. Hon. Samuel, Fernhill.

Cupples, Miss Diana, 124 Malone Avenue.

Cupples, Miss Edith, 124 do.

Cuthbert, Rev. Alex., M.A., Rocklands Manse, Carrickfergus.

Dallas, Miss, 2 Bloomfield Gardens.

Davin, Miss Adelaide G., D.Sc., Glenmore Lodge, Lambeg.

Davison, Alex. H., F.R.S.A.I., 1 Salisbury Villas, Salisbury
Avenue.

Davison, Mrs. Alex. H., 1 Salisbury Villas, Salisbury Avenue.

Deans, Samuel A., L.D. 8., 141 Ormeau Road.

Deans, T. M., B. A., RED: , Academy House, Rosetta.

Devlin, Miss Jacqueline, Donard View House, Downpatrick.

Dickey, Dr. Will:am, 86 Antrim Road.

1921.
1922.
1921.

1931.
1922.
1922.
1933.

1908.
1928.
1931.

1932:

1927.

1927.
1921.

1928.
1923.
1908.

1924.
1930.

1932.
1927.

1924.
1930.
1928.

1932.

1897.

1906.
1927.

1932.
1929.
1928.
1930.
1931.
1928.
1928.
1923.
1903.
1924.

1924.

1929.
1930.

1927.

1933.
1917.
1921.
1931.
1926.
1930.
1921.
1921.
1929.
1935.
1922.
1924.
1891.
1895.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
280

Dinsmore, J. A. &.. Island House, Greenisland.

Dobbin, Miss, 60 University Street.

Doggart, Henry, 29 Sicily Park.

Donnan, John, Glenlea, Central Avenue, Portstewart.
Douglas, John, Helen’s Bay,

Downer, W. H. N., Shanklin, Dunmurry.

Duffin, Frank, Rokeby, Deramore Park.

Duncan, W., Friends’ Provident Buildings, 58 Howard Street.
Dunlop, Miss May L., 142 University Street.

Dunlop, Miss Minnie, Chichester Gardens.

Dunn, Mrs. H. Lihan, Rainswood, Bloomfield.

Dunne, Herbert E., 3 Saxton Road, Great Crosby, Lancs.
Dunne, Mrs. Edith M., do. do. do.
Dunwoody, BY... e540 "Marine Parade, Holywood.

Eason, H. J., F.R.A.L, 144 Agincourt Avenue.

Elliott, Miss Annie, B.A., Ardroe, Bloomfield.

Elliott, E. J., 4 Bain’s Place.

Elliott, Miss Isabel, Belfast Shorthand Institute, Royal Avenue.
Elwood, Thomas, Beechwood, Eastleigh Drive.

Erskine, Miss Nessie, 6 Cedar Avenue.

Ewing, John, M.D., Saxonia, Strandtown.

Fallon, Mvs., 25 St. James’ Park.

Ferguson, Miss A. L., 116 Balmoral Avenue.

Ferguson, Miss Elizabeth, 8 Ashdene Drive, Glandore Avenue.
Ferguson, Mrs., M.B.E., Silversprings, Templepatrick.
Finlay, Miss A. M., Kells, Abbott’s Langley, Herts.

Finlay, Arch, H., A.C.G.I., A.I.E.E., Willesden, Holywood.
Fisher, Ernest, Inisglas, Greenisland.

Fisher, Mrs. Ernest, do. do.

Fisher, Miss Nova, The Public Museum, Liverpool.
Fleming, W. M‘K., 20 Knutsford Drive.

Flynn, Miss K., Clonlee, St. James’ Park.

Flynn, Professor Thomson, D.Sc., Queen’s University.
Forbes, Thomas, 51 Marlborough Park Central.

Forbes, Mrs. Thomas do.

Foster, Alex. R., M.A., Belfast Royal Academy.

Foster, Mrs. N. EL, Hilltown House, Hillsborough.

Frame, Miss H., 15. Skegoniel Avenue.

Frame, Miss M., do. do.

French, Henry, Lisanore, 382 Antrim Road.

Gaffikin, Miss M., 21 Deramore Drive.
Gardiner, Miss E. R., 21 Chlorine Gardens.
Gardner, Miss M. L.., 2 Sans Souci Park.
Gibson, Mrs., Bonnington, Lansdowne Road.
Gibson, Samvel, J.P., Summer Hill, Dunmurry.
Gillies, Miss J. Eileen, Galgorm Road, Ballymena.
Glasgow, Henry L., Cookstown, Co. Tyrone.
Glassey, Samuel D., Macosquin, Coleraine.
Glendinning, R. G., Lennmoxvale, Malone Road.
Gore, W., F.R.S.A. ., Municipal College of ne ai
Gracey, Walter, Kilrea, Co. Derry.
Graham, Archibald, Botanic Gardens Park.
Graham, Miss M. E., 241 Sundridge Terrace, Mountpottinger.
Graham, Mrs. Sarah, 138 Dunluce Avenue.
Green, Mrs. Isaac, Hawthornden, Knock.
Green, W. A., F.R.S.A.I., Dunmore, Antrim.

1933-34.]

1920.
1917.
1901.
1918.
1901.
1924.
1929.
1932.
1924.
1924.
1924.
1923.

1926.
1926.
1926.
1928.
1930.
1930.
1930.
1930.
1931.
1932.
1925.
1924.
1930.
1931.
1933.
1933.
1933.
1876.
1922.
1933.
1932.
1933.
1932.
1935.
1905.
1895.
1904.
1903.
1928.
1929.
1921.
1914.
1926.
1926.
1932.
1927.
1922.
1929.
1929.

1927.
1930.
1930.
1923.
1909.

281

Greenham, Miss J. C., 10 Westland Road.

Greeves, J. R. H., B.Sc., Coolnashee, Crawfordsburn.
Greeves, J. Theodore, Nendrum, Knockdene Park.
Greeves, O. V., Colin House, Dunmurry.

Greeves, W. Leopold, Rockfield, Dundonald.

Gregg, Rev. W. J., B.A., 8 Wheatfield Gardens.
Gregg, Mrs. Deborah, do.

Gribbon, John, Sunnyside, Lough Road, Lurgan.
Griffith, Henry A. ‘ae Belleville, Cliftonville Road.

Griffith, Miss Grace A., do. do.
Griffith, Miss K. H., do. do.
Grimshaw, Reginald W., Galwally Park.

-Haffern, William, 23 St. Ives Gardens.

Hale, Thomas, 5 Mervue Street.

Hall, Miss Janie M., Moyrusk, Moira.

Hamill, Miss Nana, 42 Sans Souci Park.

Hamilton, John, 1 Kinnaird Terrace.

Hamilton, Mrs. ‘John, do.

Hamilton, W. #H., Hillside, Antrim Road.

Hamilton, Mrs. W. i: Oe do. do.

Hammond, Miss M., The Library, Queen’s University.
Handley, George, 30 High Street, Holywood.

Hanna, Mrs. 8. M., 5 Salisbury Villas, Salisbury Avenue.
Harbinson, Miss Margaret, Doonvarna, Lansdowne Road.
Harper, J. O., 76 Rushfield Avenue.

Hartley, J. J., M.Sc., oe University.

Henderson, R. G., F. CA , 190 ‘Limestone Road.
Henderson, Mrs. R. G., do.

Henry, Fred. W., The Carlton, Donegall, Place.

Heron, F. Adens, D.L., F.R. S.A. I., Maryfield, Holywood.
Heron, Miss E., do. do.
Hewitt, John H., B.A., 45 Malone Road.

Hewton, J., 3515 Ormeau Road.

Hill, Miss Hebe, Hillhall, Bloomfield.

Hill, Miss Maude R., do. do.

Hill, Dr. Thomas E., 406 Ravenhill Road.

Hobson, Mrs., Aitennach, Crawfordsburn.

Hogg, Alex. R., 67 Great Victoria Street.

Holland, Frank J., Fairytl, Osborne Gardens.

Holland, Miss, Highbury, Cadogan Park.

Holmes, Miss M., Denholme, Diamond Gardens.
Horscroft, George, Botanic Gardens Park.

Houston, H. S., Slievmara, Jordanstown.

Houston, James D., ‘Northern Bank House, Kilrea, Co. Derry.
Howard, S. R., 53 Donegall Place.

Huddlestoe, Miss M. I., 51 Lisburn Road.

Hughes, Miss Gertrude, 225 Duncairn Gardens.

Hughes, Joseph, 28 Peel Street.

Hunter, Dr. J. A., Kirkinner, Balmoral Avenue.
Hunter, Pr, RK. oH. 20 Haypark Avenue.

Hyslop, James L., 97 Bawnmore Road.

Jackson, James, Winona, Princes Gardens, Larne.
Jackson, Miss K. N., Martinez Villas, Bloomfield.
Jackson, Miss E. D., do. do.
Jackson, M., Colin View, Maze, Hillsborough.
Jenkins, W. A., Seahornan, Ardglass.

{[Proc. B.N.F.C.
282

Johnston, E. C., F.R.S.A.I., Lyncote, Helen’s Bay.
Johnston, F. W., The Lodge, Spa, Ballynahinch.
Johnston, Miss Jean, Fortairn, 711 Antrim Road.
Johnston, Miss M. B., do. do.

Johnston, Miss Mary F., Mount Oriel, Bloomfield.
Johnston, T. J., 134 Somerton Road.

J ohnston, W. I 45 Pretoria Street.

Johnston, Miss G., 6 University Street.

Jones, Mrs. Amy S., Thorndene, 408 Ravenhill Road.
Jones, Miss Amy E. E., do. do.

Keenan, Miss Mary, 86 Falls Road.

Keiller, W., 7 Abercorn Street.

Keith, 8S. 8., 180 Crumlin Road.

Kerr, Thomas, M.A., Zoology Department, Queen’s University.
Kevin, Miss Kathleen, B.A., 8 University Street.

Killen, Mrs. James, M.A., Parkmore, Co. Antrim.

Kitchen, Gilbert I., 25 Kelvin Parade.

Knox, Miss F. B., Roxburgh, Ranfurley Avenue, Bangor.

Laird, James D., 163 Grosvenor Road.

Larmor, Mrs. Ida, Fairyhill, Dunmurry.

Lauder, William, Public Library, Donegall Road.

Law, William, 52 Hopefield Avenue.

Lawlor, H. C., M.A., M.R.I.A., 14 Windsor Avenue.

Lawlor, Mrs. H. C., do.

Lawrie, Mrs. E. D., 12 Park Drive, Bangor.

Lee, Miss E., 121 Crumlin Road.

Lepper, George C., B.A., 72 High Street.

Lepper, Francis Alfred, New College, Oxford.

Lepper, R. 8., M.A., LL.M., F.R.Hist.8., F.R.S.A.I., Elsinore,
Crawfordsburn.

Lewars, David B., 17 Dundela Gardens.

Liggett, Miss Margaret M., 109 The Mount.

Logan, James, M.A., F.R.G.S., Greystone, Ravenhill Park.

Loughridge, James, 52 Elmwood Avenue.

Loughridge, J. 8., B.Sc., M.D., F.R.C.S., 52 Elmwood Avenue.

Lowry, Miss A., 188 Upper Newtownards Road.

Lowry, James, Llewellyn Avenue, Lisburn

Lyons, Rev. R. N., 16 Malone Park.

Maconochie, Rev. D. H., B.A., B.D., The Manse, Holywood.

Maconochie, Mrs. D. H., The Manse, Holywood.

Macoun, Mrs. S. M., 184 Malone Road.

Magowan, Arthur, Glynn, Chichester Park.

Magill, Mrs. Edith, 47 Knock Road.

Maguinness, Miss Kathleen, 42 Cabin Hill Gardens.

Major, Miss Anna M., ‘Ulai, Holywood.

Major, Miss Olga, do. do.

Malcolm, Miss Susan, Downshire Road, Holywood.

Malcomson, Herbert T., M.B.O.U., 32 Arthur Street.

Marshall, Rev. Prof. R. L., M.A. LL.D., Magee College,
Londonderry.

Marshall, Miss M. E., 82 Ardenlee Avenue.

Martin, Mrs. Kathleen R., 17 College Gardens.

Martyn, Douglas, 30 Orient Gardens,

Masterson, Miss, 93 Wellesley Avenue.

Matchett, Miss C., 40 Lansdowne Park.

1933-34. ]

1915.
1925.
1923.
1923.
1927.
1920.
1917.
1930.
1930.
1923.
1933.
1921.
1932.
1922.
1922.
1932.
1928.
1923.
1931.
1928.
1922.
1923.

1927.
1923.
1929.
1933.
1909.
1915.
1922.
1921.
1931.
1917.
1932.
1931.
1924.
1913.
1921.
1931.
1926.
sy @
1914.
1923.
1906.
1933.
1922.
1922.
1932.
1917.
1912.
1932.
1901.

1930.
1926.
1933,

283

Mawdsley, Miss, 28 Green Road.

Maxwell, Miss Isabella; 10 Luxor Gardens.

Maxwell, Joseph, J.P., Fierna, 77 Osborne Park.
Maxwell, Miss F. eo do. do.

Maxwell, W. C., A.R.I.B.A., 3 Wellington Place.

Megaw, I. J., Dunavon, 21 Knockdene Park South.
Megaw, Rev. W. R., B.A., M.R.1 A., The Manse, Rosetta.
Melville, Miss Dorothy, Charis, Ballygomartin Road.
Melville, Miss Kathleen, do. do.

Mercer, Professor 8S. P., Hanging Leaves, Carrickfergus.
Miller, Miss Letitia F., Brookwatson, Nenagh, Tipperary.
Milligan, Dr. C. J., Dispensary House, Ligoniel.
Milligan, F. Orr, Farrenshane House, Antrim.

Mills, Fredk. A. C., 12 St. Jude’s Avenue.

Moffatt, James A., 2 Chelmsford Place, Larne Harbour.
Moffatt, Dr. Grace Ky, DP:E.; | ‘do. do.
Mooney, Miss Helena, ‘15 Ailesbury Drive.

Moore, Kenneth M., The Finaghy.

Mortimer, John &., "200 Ravenhill Road.

Murdoch, Wm. J., 152 Salisbury Avenue.

Murray, B., 628 Ravenhill Road.

Muskett, A. E., M.Sc., A.R.C.Sc.L., 232 Stranmillis Road.

M‘Aleese, John, Longland, Whitehouse.

M‘Aleese, Miss Margaret T., Kilcreen, Holywood.
M‘Alister, W. G., Mount View, Dromore, Co. Down.
M‘Cammon, Miss Hester M., 10 College Green.
M‘Cance, James, 302 Antrim Road.

M‘Carthy, Mrs., Freshford, Knock.

M‘Carthy, Miss A., 46 Stranmillis Road.

M‘Carthy, W. J., Ashley, Alexandra Park, Holywood.
M‘Cleery, John M., Ava House, Old Cavehill Road.
M‘Devitt, H., 115 High Street, Holywood.
MacDonald, David, Castle Road, Comber.

MacDonald, Ranald, 94 Antrim Road.

M‘Donnell, Miss Kathleen P., 110 Cullingtree Road.
M‘Dowell, Miss E., The Lodge, Dundela Avenue.
M‘Gladery, R., The Brickworks, Springfield Road.
M‘Gowan, J. H., 8 Shandon Park West, Bangor.
M‘Gregor, Miss Sarah E., 12 Eglantine Avenue.
M‘Ilroy, R. J., 32 Pandora Street.

M‘Kay, Miss E. W., B.Sc., 5 Ardbana Terrace, Coleraine.
M‘Kibbin, Fredk. W., F.A.I., 9 Donegall Square South.
M‘Kinney, Miss M. A. C., Sentry Hill, Carnmoney.
M‘Kisack, Alfred M., 9 Mowntpleasant.

M‘Kisack, Miss M. K. do.
M‘Knight, Wm. J., 69 Marlborough Park South.
M‘Knight, Miss oe do.

M‘Meekin, A. J.P., Cogry House, Doagh.
M‘Meekin, Miss A. M., Sunnyside, Carnmoney.
M‘Meekin, Tae She jun., do. do.
MacRae, Kenneth, 829 Lisburn Road.

Napier, ‘Miss, Bungalow Hostels, Stranmillis.
Neill, Miss M., Rhanbuoy Park, Carrickfergus.
Nicholson, Miss Maude Steele, Royal Victoria Hospital,

1930.
1923.

1923.
1898.
1923.
1926.
1929.
1933.
1931.
1931.
1931.
1930.
1926.
1932.
1903.
1933.
1930.
1922.
1924.
1929.
1921.

1916.
1907.
1931.
1933.
1919.

1933.
1923.
1931.
1925.

1932.
1926.
1933.
1932.
1921.
1921.

1928.

1930.
1922.
1909.

1927.

1930.

1913.
1917.
1920.
1924.

1932.

1929,
1932.
1926.

1932

[Proe. B.N.F.C
284

Noble, Miss Margaret, 24 The Mount.

Nodder, Charles R., M.A. (Cantab.), The Corner House,
Lambeg.

Nodder, Mrs. Winifred, The Corner House, Lambeg.

Orr, James, M.B.0.U., 64 Great Victoria Street.

Orr, R. J., Crawfordsburn.

O’Kane, John, 127 Mulholland Terrace, Falls Road.

Patrick, J., 76 Shandon Park.

Peacock, Mrs. Emma H., Madison House, Cavehill Road.

Pears, John B., Woodlands, Holywood.

Peden, W. J., 27 Ashgrove Park.

Plenderleith, Miss C., 9 Fortfield Terrace, Greenisland.

Pollock, Mrs. E., 67 King’s Road.

Pollock, Rt. Hon. H. M., D.L., M.P., 18 Windsor Avenue.

Pollock, Miss Mary M., Lisbreen, Larne Harbour.

Pooler, "Rev. Charles Ko D.D., D. Litt., Carnbin, Whitehouse.

Povey, Kenneth, M.A., Queen’s University.

Prenter, J. D., iin Nid, Ormiston Crescent.

Pringle, Alex., 1 Clarence Street West.

Puroe, James, 35 Ravenhill Park.

Purdy, Charles E., Oakleigh, Newtownbreda.

Pyper, James B.A., 30 Cranmore Avenue.

Rea, Miss L. C., Salem House, Sydenham.

Rea, Miss M. W., M.Se., do. do.

Reavey, RR. H. we 31 Meadowbank Street.

Reid, Miss Gretta, 24 Cranmore Avenue.

Reilly, George Carr, A.M.I.Min.E., M.I.Mech.E., 229 Cregagh
Road.

Reilly, Mrs. George Carr, 229 Cregagh Road.

Reilly, George E., C.E., 18 Salisbury Gardens.

Reilly, Grier, 229 Cregagh Road.

Rhynehart, John G., B.Sc., F.R.C.Sc., Ministry of Agri-
culture, Stormont.

Rice, Mrs. Margaret, 141 Ormeau Road.

Richardson, J. S. W., Woodhouse, Bessbrook.

Robb, Frank A., J.P., Ardnagrena, Whitehead.

Robb, S. A., 128 Cliftonpark Avenue,

Robinson, W. R., 58 Ravenhill Park.

Robinson, Miss L., 16 Kingsmere Avenue.

Robinson, Wm. H., 687 Upper Newtownards Road.

Rollins, Miss F., 25 Park Avenue, Bangor.

Ruddell, Miss B., Lake View, British, Crumlin.

Russell, Nelson, Strathmore, Lisburn.

Rutherford, E. D., M.B., Ch.B., Woodlawn, Cherryvalley,
Knock.

Rutherford, Miss Florence, 198 Limestone Road.

Savage, W. E. J., 8 Lincoln Avenue.

Sayers, Miss W. de, B.A., Bartragh, Cherryvalley Park.
Sayers, Miss J. B., do. do.

Sayers, Miss M., 61 Clonlee Drive.

Scott, Miss J. E., Grasmere, Knockvale Park.

Searle, G. O., B.Sc., Research Institute, Lambeg.
Sefton, A. Burton, St. Aubyns, Deramore oe

Sefton, Thomas W., do.

Seymour, W. R. rae M.A., Inchmarlo, Spee Park,

1933-34. |

1931.
1932.
1930.
1926.
1926.
1925.
1921.
1905.
1921.
1933.
1921.
1920.
1924.
1930.
1933.
1927.
1910.

1911.
1923.
1904.
1923.
1930.

1933.
1932.
1894.
1929.
1924.
1922.

1922.
1930.
1928.
1926.
1932.
1933.
1932.
1931.
1930.
1933.
1925.
1921.
1932.
1904.

1931.

1928.
1919.
1933.

1933.

285

Shanks, E., 3 Galwally Park.

Sharpe, A. N., Hollybank, Ravenhill Road.

Shaw, Miss A. E., 58 Westland Road.

Shaw, Miss M. E., do.

Shaw, Miss Esmé, 12 Wolseley Street.

Shearer, Thomas, 5 St. Jude’s Avenue.

Shiels, Edward, Summer Hill, Bangor.

Shiels, Rev. Father J. F., P.P., Ballygowan, Co. Down.

Shortt, James, Willmount, Lisburn.

Siggins, G. C. H., Ministry of Education, Stormont.

Sinclair, Robert, 48 Waring Street.

Small, Professor J., D.Sc., M.R.I.A., Queen’s University.

Smyth, John, M.A., LL.B., Donard, Cregagh.

Smyth, Miss H., 4 Knockdene Park Central.

Speer, Miss Frances J., Presbyterian Hostel.

Standfield, ‘Miss Henrietta, 31 Virginia Street.

Stelfox, Mrs. A. W., B.Sc., A.R.C:Sc.I., 14 Ciareville Road,
Rathgar, Dublin.

Stendall, J. A. Sidney, M.R.I.A., M.B.O.U., 42 North Parade.

Stendall, Mrs. J. A. S., do.

Stephens, Captain J. Kyle, J.P., 13 Donegall Square North.

Stewart, Albert K., 14 Mount. Eden Park.

Stewart, J. B., M.B., L.R.C.P., Portglenone.

Stewart, Jack H., c/o Devonshire Hotel, Newtownards.
Stewart, Miss Marion, Pinetree House, Hillsborough.
Stewart, W. J., M.P., 105 Baker Street, London, W.1.
Storey, Fredk., Maormar, Cultra.

Swan, H. P., Ardeelan, Buncrana, Co. Donegal.
Sweeney, William, 105 Cliftonville Road.

Taylor, Frank, St. John’s, Marino.

Thompson, Alex., 406 Lisburn Road.

Thompson, Ernest W., Tullymore School, Broughshane.
Thompson, John D., 110-111 Scottish Provident Buildings.
Thompson, Samuel D., Tir-na-Nog, Helen’s Bay.

Tomb, David, 53 Marlborough Park North.

Tomb, John J., Bellaghy P.E.S., Killagan.

Topping, William, 53 Haddington Gardens.

Tripp, Miss A. G., 20 College Green.

Turner, Alex., Stranmillis Training College

Turner, Edmund, A.R.C.Sc.1., 3 Sandhill Gardens.
Turner, Samuel, Jun., Ballyskeagh, Barnett’s Road.
Turtle, L. I., 88 Belmont Road.

Turtle, W. Haydock, Lumeah, Malone Park.

Unwin, F. R., 43 Adelaide Park.

Wall, John J., J.P., Antrim Estate Office, Glenarm.

Warnock, Miss A. M‘C., M.A., 13 Cromwell Road.

Waterhouse, Professor Gilbert, Litt.D., F.R.G.S., 92 Malone
Road.

Waterhouse, Mrs. Gilbert, M.A., 92 Malone Road.

1913.
1932.
1925.
1924.
1927.
1924.
1933.

1933.
1927.
1933.
1927.
1928.
1929.
1927.
1930.
1917.
1923.
1925.
1901.

1904.
1931.
1923.
1901.

1933.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
286

Watson, Mrs. F. W., B.Sc., 10 Cranmore Gardens.

Weatherup, W. J., B.Sc., 98 Malone Avenue.

Webb, Miss E. M., Rath House, Shandon Park.

Wegg, George R., Glynn Villas, Larne.

Weir, Miss M. K., Bangor Collegiate School, Bangor.

Weyms, David, The Moorings, Dunmurry.

Whelan, C. Blake, M.A., Barrister-at-Law, Glenside Low,
Castlereagh.

Wherry, Miss Irene, Chelsea, Balmovral.

White, Miss Jeanne M., M.Sc., 18 Carleton Street, Portadown.

White, Miss Marion, 41 Rosetta Park.

Whyte, Mrs. Elizabeth F., 10 Orient Gardens.

Whyte, Miss Eileen A., do.

Wightman, James A., 52 Hanover Street, Portadown.

Wilkinson, Miss D. H., 25 Ashley Avenue.

Williams, G., M.Sc., Queen’s University.

Williamson, James, J.P., Sandown Park, Knock.

Willis, Miss A., 3 Avonmore, Balmoral.

Wilson, Miss A., 28 College Park Avenue.

Wilson, Professor Gregg, M.A., M.R.I.A., D.Sc., O.B.E.,
Transy, Beechlands, Malone Road.

Wilson, Mrs. Gregg, Transy, Beechlands, Malone Road.

Witherow, Cunningham, 95 Great Victoria Street,

Woodburn, Rev. J. B., M.A., D.D., 9 Harberton Avenue.

Workman, W. H., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Lismore, Windsor

Avenue.

Young, Miss Emily M., High Street, Carrickfergus.

O

JUNIOR MEMBERS.

Bairnsfather, Evelyn, 8 Eileens Gardens, Windsor Park, Belfast.
Begley, George, 113 Antrim Road, Belfast.

Bell, James, High Street, Carrickfergus.

Black, Thomas, 27 Agnes Street, Belfast.

Black, Andrew, 12 Seabourne Parade, Belfast.

Bolton, Felicity, 40 Ulsterville Avenue, Belfast.

Bonifacio, John, 98 Deramore Avenue, Belfast.

Boyd, John, Ballyhenry, Carnmoney.

Clarke, Michael, 42 Railway Street, ‘Lisburn.

Clarke, Eleanor, 42 Railway Street, Lisburn.

Cleeland, Marjorie, 13 Eglantine Gardens, Belfast.
Cleeland, Martyn, 13 Eglantine Gardens, Belfast.

Cody, Sheila, Cogry, Doagh, Co. Antrim.

Cole, Jean, 109 University Gardens, Belfast.

Conelly, A. E., 49 Delhi Street, Belfast,

Cormack, Margaret, 37 Castlereagh Place, Belfast.
Cormican, Terence, 11 Eblana Street, Belfast.
Crawford, Agatha R., Easthope, Bawnmore Road, Belfast.

D’Arcy, Margaret, 61 Haypark Avenue, Belfast.

Deane, Campbell Douglas, ‘‘ Threave,’’ Newtownbreda, Belfast.

Deans, Joan, 141 Ormeau Road, Belfast.
Deans, Phyllis, 141 Ormeau Road, Belfast.

1933-34.]

1931.
1933.

1928.
1932.
1932.
1932.
1930.

287

Downer, Margaret, Chrome Hill, Lambeg Lisburn.
‘Duffin, George, ‘‘ Rokeby,’ 3 Deramore Park, Belfast.

Faris, Kathleen, ‘‘ Rosebank,’’ Marlborough Park, Belfast.
Ferguson, Kathleen, 104 Seacliff Road, Bangor, Co. Down,
Finlay, J. Frazer, 62 Castlereagh Street, Belfast.
Forbes, Helen, 70 Salisbury Avenue, Belfast.

Forsythe, Betty, 8 Mountpleasant, Stranmillis, Belfast.

Garrett, Ethel, ‘‘ Hillview,’’ Barnett’s Road, Knock.
Glendinning, Francesca, 1. Lennoxvale, Malone Road, Belfast.
Glendinning, Priscilla, 1 Lennoxvale, Malone Road, Belfast.
Glendinning, Barbara, 26 Sans Souci Park, Belfast.
Glendinning, Joan, 26 Sans Souci Park, Belfast.

Glendinning, Mary, 26 Sans Souci Park, Belfast.

Gordon, John, Billy and Agnes, 130 Eglantine Avenue, Beltast.
Gotto, Robert V., 20 Adelaide Park, Belfast.

Gribbon, Derwent, 27 Glandore Gardens, Belfast.

Hanna, Joan, ‘‘ Mayfield,’? Dunmurry.

Hanna, Margaret, Farm Hill, Dunmurry.
Hassan, Suzanne, 64 Rugby Road, Belfast.
Henderson, Stanley, 4 Kirkliston Drive, Belfast.
Henderson, Shaemus, 4 Kirkliston Drive, Belfast.
Hislop, Nan, 35 Ulsterville Avenue, Belfast.
Hogg, Elsie, 17 Eglantine Avenue, Belfast.
Holohan, Annie, 10 Skegoniel Drive, Belfast.

Irwin, Margaret, 29 University Square, Belfast.

Johnston, John, 105 Ardenlee Avenue, Belfast.
Johnston, Louis, 105 Ardenlee Avenue, Belfast.
Johnstone, Helen, 134 Somerton Road, Belfast.

Kearney, Paul, 97 Limestone Road, Belfast.
Kearney, Ethna, 97 Limestone Road, Belfast.
Kearney, Gerald, 97 Limestone Road, Belfast.
Kernaghan, Sam, 46 Salisbury Avenue, Belfast.

Lepper, Frank, ‘‘ The Warren,’’ Upper Colwyn Bay, N. Wales.
Lord, Sheila, 18 Woodvale Gardens, Belfast.
Lord, Eileen, 18 Woodvale Gardens, Belfast.

MacDonald, Angus, 94 Antrim Road, Belfast.

Martin, Hazel, ‘‘Rosebank,’’ Whiteabbey.

May, Ernest Langton, ‘‘ The Sheiling,’’ Sutton, Co. Dublin.
Maultsaid, Norah, Glengormley, Whitewell, Belfast.
M‘Clintock, Eva, ‘‘ Oakmount,’’ Drumbeg, Belfast.

M‘Cloy, Elinor W., 17 Wellington Park, Belfast.

M‘Glue, Kathleen, 106 Mountcollyer Street, Belfast.
M‘Collum, Kathleen, 4 Mileriver Street, Belfast.

M‘Cready, Robert, 16 Camberwell Terrace, Antrim Rd., Belfast.
M‘Cullagh, Murray, 28 Wyndham Street, Belfast.

Mitchell, Francis, Eglantine Rectory, Hillsborough.
Montgomery, W. E. (Mr.), Methodist Manse, Moira, Co. Down.
Moore, Tilhe, 26 Calvin Street, Belfast.

Murray, H. Nicol, 3 St. Jude’s Avenue, Belfast.

1930.
1930.
1929.

1931.
1931.
1926.
1932.

1932.
1930.
1930.
1932.

1928.
1929.
1930.
1930.
1930.
1931.
1930.
1926.
1932.
1930.
1929.
1925.
1929.
1932.
1933.
1932.
1929.
1930.
1931.

1931.
1929.

1930.

1931.
1931.
1931.
1931.
1930.
1930.
1934.
1930.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
288

Nelson, Dorothy, 290 Donegall Road, Belfast.
‘Nelson, Edna, 290 Donegall Road, Belfast.
Nodder, Charles D., Ormiston, Campbell College, Belfast.

Olley, Robert, ‘‘ Ollerton,’’ The Green, Dunmurry.
Olley, Harry, ‘‘ Ollerton,” The Green, Dunmurry.
Orr, Brian, 35 Ardenlee Avenue, Belfast.

Orr, Nan, 136 Mountcollyer Street, Belfast.

Purce, Norman, 23 College Gardens, Belfast.
Quan, John, 19 Landscape Terrace, Belfast.
Rhind-Martin, A. M., 47 Adelaide Park, Belfast.

Savage, Rita, 20 Vicinage Park, Belfast.

Searle, Tony, Flitcham Abbey, Norfolk.

Searle, Beatrice, Flitcham Abbey, Norfolk.

Searle, David, Sedburgh College, Yorks.

Shaw, Anne, Bank House, 1 Earl Street, Belfast.
Shaw, Mary, Bank House, 1 Earl Street, Belfast.
Shaw, Patrick, Bank House, 1 Earl Street, Belfast.
Sloane, Joan, 59 Ponsonby Avenue, Belfast.

Smith, Marjorie, Riddell Hall, Belfast.

Smith, William, 2 Grasmere Gardens, Cavehill Road, Belfast.
Spiller, Brian, 34 Mountcharles, Belfast.

Stendall, ILeshe, 176 Ormeau Road, Belfast.

Steven, Alistair, 60 Ulsterville Avenue, Belfast.
Steven, Isabel, 60 Ulsterville Avenue, Belfast.
Steven, Robert, 60 Ulsterville Avenue, Belfast.
Stewart, John and Sarah, ‘‘Inglemede,’’ Ardenlee Ave., Belfast.
Stewart, James, 21 Sydenham Gardens, Belfast.
Stewart, Winnie, 267 Ligoniel Road, Belfast.
Stoneley, Michael, 58 Ulsterville Avenue, Belfast.
Sweeney, Peggy, 183 Cliftonville Road, Belfast.
Swinson, Percy, 83 Upper Newtownards Road, Belfast.

Taylor, Pauline, 72 Roseleigh Street, Belfast.
Teuton, Thomas, 19 Ravenhill Park Gardens, Belfast.
Thompson Gerald, 12 Ravenhill Parade, Belfast.
Tweedie, Peggy, 9 Stranmillis Gardens, Belfast.

Walby, Gerald, 56 Dublin Road, Belfast.

Walby, Leonard, 56 Dublin Road, Belfast.

Ward, Ruby, ‘‘ Oakmount,’? Drumbeg, Dunmurry.

Ward, Sybil, ‘‘ Oakmount,’’ Drumbeg, Dunmurry.

Webb, Shirley, 1 Kensington Road, Knock, Belfast.
Webb, Joan, 1 Kensington Road, Knock, Belfast.
Wilson, Eleanor, 11 Stranmillis Gardens, Belfast.

Wright, Eileen, ‘‘ Inveresk,’’ Connsbrook Avenue, Belfast.

PRESENTED
29QJUN1955 .

a

mo . PRESEN TED

9DEC 1938 f 6 on
PROCEEDINGS (|=
.. AND .. a
ANNUAL REPORTS
’
PARTS
_ SERIES Il Vil, VIN,
VOL. IX. 1934735>
1835-36.

FOR CONTENTS SEE INSIDE COVER.

PRINTED FOR MEMBERS ONLY.
PRICE OF EXTRA COPIES TO MEMBERS 32/-.

CONTENTS.

List of Officers, 1934-35 a a A Ea aa
Excursions :—Giant’s Sconce and Altikeeragh; North Louth ;
Scrabo ; Monlough ; Ballintoy ; Botanic Gardens :
Ellis’s Cut; Galway ; Giant’s Causeway ; Bellevue
Zoological Gardens ; Ballymacormick Point ; The
Flush ; Portaferry ; Baronscourt ; Benburb ; Saint-
field Demesne
Conterence of Field Clubs ...
Conversaione :
Papers :—‘‘ Word Lore and Field C lub Interests hcl R. ‘Nodder,
Lantern Nishit aoe
“Pond Life ’’—Professor "Gregg V Wilson, M. A., M.R.I. A.,
D.Sc., O.B.E. ; :
Geological Night
Club Survey of Antiquities é ;
“Researches on Bogs and Other Recent Deposits a
A. Farrington, B.E.
“Dalriada in Stone, Story and Song Fee ‘Henry,
F.R.S.A.I. ie
‘“ Geology for Beginners ay i “Welch, M. inn M. Ree A.
Botanical Night ... :
“Exploration of Ballintoy Caves "— Dr. Io we ‘Jackson,
DiSc, EGE:
Visits to Munic ipal Museum and Art Gallery .
Botany Demonstrations ; ae
Annual Meeting ‘
Club Medallists
Statement of Accounts

List of Officers, 1935-36
Excursions :—Limavady and Roepark ; : Sallagh Braes and ani
Hill; Enniskillen and Lough Erne; Cave Hill;
Newry and Slieve Gullion ; Ballyhornan and Ben-
derg ; Gortin Glens; Dublin; Browndod ; Port-
muck ; Knocknadona and Dromore ; River Lagan ;
Kilkeel ; Rosapenna ; Massereene Park :
Conference of Field Clubs ... Pt
Conversazione .
Papers :—‘*‘ Some Reminiscences ’ ay Skillen :
‘Romance of Flowers ”’-—-D. J. Carpenter, A. R. CSc ity
‘* Geological Tour of Great Britain’ (Part I)—A. M'‘T.
Cleland : te as is oh te
Zoological Evening a * ia re
“ Prehistoric Archaeology of Tyrone? L@, Davies, M.A.
“The Relations of Geology to Field Botany ’’—Dr.
R. LI. Praeger, D.Sc., B.A., B.E., M. RUTsAS Goss
“ Geological Tour of Great. Britain ’ ” (Part II)—A. M‘T.
Cleland : ae 4 on ‘
Geology Demonstrations.
Annual Meeting : 2
Club Medallists
List of Exchanging Soc ieties
Statement of Accounts
Records ;
List of Membe rs

PAGE
290

325
333
334
337
337

337
337
337

339

340
340
340
348
349
352
353
362

Te

PROCEEDINGS
AND ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB

For the Year Ending 31st March, 1935
(SEVENTY SECOND YEAR)

PART VII.
P4293.

SERIES Il.
VOLUME IX.

EDITOR:
W. M. CRAWFORD, F.R.£E:S,, F.z.S,

SEVENTY-SECOND YEAR, 1934-35.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President:
CHARLES R. NODDER, o.a.
Vice-President :
JOSEPH SKILLEN.
Hon. Treasurer :
ROBERT G. HENDERSON, F.c.4., 17 Castle Place, Belfast.
Hon. Librarian:

W. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S.,
Orissa, Marlborough Park South, Belfast.
Hon. Recording Secretary :

J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A.

Hon. Secretaries Botanical Section :
Capt. C. D. CHASE, m.c., M.A.

MISS KATHLEEN BOURKE, B.sc.
Hon. Secretaries Geological Section :
A. Mel. CLELAND.

J. J. HARTLEY, M.sc.

Hon. Secreatries Zoological Section :

J. S. LOUGHBRIDGE. B.sc., M.D., F.R.C.S.
JAMES ORR, M.B.0.v.

Hon. Secretaries Archaeological Section:
MISS MARY GAFFIRKIN.

A, ALBERT CAMPBELL, F.B.S.A.1.
Hon. Secretary Junior Division :
Mrs. C. R. NODDER.

Members of Committee :

Retire 1935. Retire 1936.
Rev. W. R. MEGAW, B.a., D. J. CARPENTER, 4.R.C.Sc.L.
M.R.I.A. Prof. J. KAYE CHARLES-
R. S. LEPPER, M.A., 1.L.M., WORTH, op.sc., M.R.I.A.,
F.R.HIST.SOC. F.G.S.
GEO. C. REILLY, m.1.M.5. R. J. WELCH, M.sc., M.R.1.A.

Retire 1937.

MISS W. J. SAYERS, B.a.

A. H. DAVISON, F.z.s.A.1.

Prof. GREGG, WILSON, 0.8.E.,
M.A., D.SC., M.R.I.A.

Honorary Secretaries:

JOSEPH SKILLEN, 25 Stranmillis Gardens, Belfast.
WM, SWEENEY, 105 Cliftonville Road, Belfast,

291

PROCEEDINGS.
SUMMER SESSION.

GIANT’S SCONCE AND ALTIKEERAGH.

Date—Saturday, 12th May, 193%. Conductors—S. D. Glassey and
J. Skillen. Number present, 100.

The inaugural excursion was a united one, the London-
derry and Route Clubs joining forces with the Belfast Club
at Coleraine, to visit the Giant’s Sconce and Altikeeragh.

Over one hundred members and friends were present
at the excursion.

The party proceeded to Knockmult and the Giant’s
Sconce, two linked elevations.

The Sconce has been identified as the dun of ‘‘ Cheteren
of the Brilliant Deeds,’’ a famous Red Branch Knight.
Knockmuit is extremely interesting owing to the fact that
the prehistoric cultivation is plainly to be seen, for the
terraces are almost perfect. On the top of the Sconce
S. D. Glassey gave an interesting talk on the archaeology
of the place, and pointed out that here existed an early
fortified Pictish town, constructed also as a sanctuary.

The next stopping place was Altikeeragh, where Mr.
Alex. Atiken, a local resident interested in archaeology,
exhibited at his house some flints and pottery.

NORTH LOUTH (UNITED EXCURSION).

Date—25th to 27th May, 1934. Conductors—Col. R. G. Berry and
J. Skillen. Number present, 70.

The party arrived at Rostrevor on Friday evening.
Next morning a start was made for the ‘‘ Border,’’ and,
soon after that, Moyry Castle was reached, and there the
party was met by some members of the Louth Archaeological
Society, with whom they inspected the old Border castle.

|Proe. B.N.F.C.
299

From here a pleasant walk brought the party to Faughart,
where stands an ancient ruined church, and which is also
the birthplace of St. Brigid. Thence on to Dundalk to visit,
cn the way, Dundalgan, the reputed birthplace of Cuchulain
and one of the most historic sites of the North. Leaving
Dundalk the following places were visited in turn: Louth,
Ardee and Ballymascanlon (to view the Proleck Dolmen,
probably the largest of its class in Ireland). After this,
buses were mounted again for the long climb over the
Carlingford Mountains, back to Newry and Rostrevor.

After dinner a meeting was held when Miss Sayers and
Dr. Praeger gave talks on the more interesting botanical
finds of the day.

On Sunday, the morning was free while, in the after-
noon, there was an excursion by bus to Greenore district,
to see the raised beach. At night the party departed for
their respective homes.

SCRABO.

Date—Saturday, 2nd June, 1934. Conductors—J. J. Hartley and
Rev. W. R. Megaw.

The party went by rail or private car. . The Triassic
sandstones of Scrabo, their ripplemarks, sun-cracks, rain-
pitting, etc., were examined and the conditions under which
they were deposited were discussed. The dolerite cap, to
which the preservation of Scrabo is due, was also seen.

Tea was partaken of at the Monument, before the return
to Belfast.

MONLOUGH.

Date—Tuesday (evening), 12th June, 1934. Conductors—D. J.
Carpenter and George C. Reilly.

There was a good attendance and when the vehicles
arrived near the lake D. J. Carpenter gave a talk on birds
likely to be seen.

There was a marked absence of fresh water mollusca
along the shores of the lake, but other pond fauna were well
represented and included Dytiscus marginalis, Acilius
sulcatus, Gyrinus natator.

Marsh plants were present in variety and among those
secured were Veronica scutellata, Potentilla palustris,
Menyanthes trifoliata, Elaeocharis palustre, etc.

1934-35.
293

BALLINTOY.

Date—Saturday, 16th June, 1934. Conductors—Dr. J. W. Jackson
and G. C. Reilly. Number present, 50.

The chief object of the excursion was to visit the
excavation work going on at the caves at Ballintoy under
the superintendence of Dr. Wilfrid Jackson, F.G.S., of
Manchester Museum, and his volunteer lady helpers.

Last year’s operations were described at pp. 252-255
ante.

The members were privileged to see the work in progress
and at a considerably advanced stage. An ancient potter’s
hearth had been disclosed about five feet below the surface,
and a still deeper cutting extending to sixteen feet in depth
revealed evidence of the existence of four distinct occupa-
tional periods, each containing bones, teeth, shells, flints,
and pottery peculiar to its own period. A choice collection
of these objects was placed on exhibition, in addition to a
plaster cast of the small ‘‘ Mother Goddess,’’ which was
figured in last year’s Proceedings at page 254.

A rather interesting and very timely point was made
regarding this by the production of a London journal
wherein are published several photographs of recent
‘“ Megiddo ’’ discoveries, one of which tallies in almost all
respects with that unearthed at Ballintoy by Dr. Jackson.

The ancient kitchen sites at Whitepark Bay were also
examined under the leadership of Dr. Jackson, who
demonstrated the methods adopted in working over such
sites. :

Following tea at Carrick-a-Rede Hotel, a short business
meeting was held, C. R. Nodder (President) in the chair,
and four Junior members were elected. On the homeward
journey, via the Antrim Coast Road, many objects of
interest were pointed out.*

*For a fuller report vide p. 312 post.

BOTANIC GARDENS.

Date—Tuesday (evening), 19th June, 1934. Conductors—Geo.
Horscroft and A. Graham.

Over 40 members took advantage of this tour through
the Gardens under the leadership of the Superintendent and
Assistant Superintendent, notwithstanding somewhat
inclement weather. The party was conducted first through
the propagating houses, then on to the large conservatory

{[Proc. B.N.F.C.
294

with its wealth of bloom. Following, a visit was made to
the recently-constructed rock garden, lavish in alpines, each
in its allotted space and carefully labelled. Here the con-
ductors imparted much interesting and valuable information.
‘The even more recent heath garden was inspected, together
with rose garden and herbaceous borders.

EULIS s .CuUrT.

Date—Saturday, 30th June, 1934. Conductors—Rev. W. R. Megaw
and J. Skillen. Number present, 50.

Cranagh Bridge, on the Lagan—Lough Neagh Canal,
was the place where the walk to Ellis’s Cut was to begin,
and the bridge was reached after what was a not unpleasant
delay caused by a wrong turn on the narrow road; here the
party proceeded on foot about a mile or so down the tow
path of the canal. All along this stretch was a paradise
for the botanists. The banks of the canal for the distance
traversed were fringed with high sedges, iris, and many
other water-loving plants, and many of the party took the
opportunity of collecting samples of some of the rarer species
for their herbariums. Zoologists were also kept busy
collecting animal life, which was numerous and varied. At
the end of the canal is Ellis’s Cut, the last lock before Lough
Neagh. Near here, within the space of a mile and a half,
three counties meet, Antrim, Down, and Armagh. There
is a delightful little bay at this place called Shan Port, and
round its margin the party wandered, some collecting, some
resting, but all enjoying the sylvan beauty of the lough
shore. After a short stay the conductor’s whistle summoned
the members together for Lurgan, where an excellent tea
was enjoyed at the Brownlow Arms Hotel.

GALWAY.

Date—12th to 16th July, 1934. Conductor—Dr. R. LI. Praeger.
Number present, over 100. ;

Belfast members of the Naturalist Field Club, number-
mg about 70, left on the 12th July, travelling by train to
Dublin and thence by bus to Galway. On arrival at Dublin
members of the Dublin Field Club, with Dr. Praeger, the
conductor throughout the excursion, joined up.

Galway was reached after an interesting run of about
two hours, and here some members of the Limerick Club
were in waiting, as well as some members of Belfast and

1934-35.]
295

Dublin Clubs, who had arrived in private cars, bringing the
numbers to over 100. As the evening was late and some
time was occupied in settling down for the stay it was ‘‘ and
so to bed,”’ like the immortal Pepys.

Next morning, Friday. 13th, the party was early astir
for the journey to Connemara, leaving the Royal Hotel by
special buses for Recess via Oughterard. The morning was
gloriously fine and the visibility good, the whole appearance
of the country being delightful with lakes and moorlands
and the Twelve Pins towering upwards in the distance. At
Recess, headquarters was fixed for the day on the shores
of Glendalough Lake, and most of the members proceeded
to climb Lisoughter (the Western Fort), 1,314 feet high, to
the Connemara marble quarries and on to the summit.
Others were content to wander up the valley botanizing,
ete. It was surprising to find an almost complete absence
of bird life; even the swallow tribe and the common gull
were conspicuous by their absence. After a sandwich lunch
lake bathing was enjoyed by some, and others further
explored the lake shore. Later buses were boarded for
Galway. After dinner a meeting was held (C. R. Nodder,
Belfast President, in the chair), when a paper was read
by J. Skillen, Hon. Secretary, on the history of Galway.
Dr. Praeger summed up the botanicai result of the day’s
work and gave a brief programme of the following day’s
proceedings.

On Saturday morning. the buses left at 9.30 to drive
around the head of Galway Bay, where a brief halt was
made at Kinvarra to visit the castle. This fortress is a fine
example of a Norman keep with enclosed bawn, and is
preserved by Senator Gogarty, the owner, who had kindly
given permission for the visit. The road was then taken
for The Burren, which requires to be seen to be believed,
the mountains rising direct from the sea for some 1,100 feet,
and up to their summits the carboniferous limestone extends,
bare of all covering and standing grey and naked to the sky,
a frozen mountain of stone, like an illustration of Dante’s
inferno.

After lunch a move was made for Fanore Bridge, where
there are extensive sand dunes running down to the open
Atlantic, with the Aran Islands just opposite, and here some
time was spent in hunting for plants, insects, etc. On the
way back to Galway a halt was made to visit Corcomroe
Abbey.

{Proc. B.N.F.C.
296

After dinner, J. P. Bruncker (President, Dublin Club)
and others gave a talk on the plants collected during the
day, and J. J. Hartley (Belfast Club) on the geology of the
district.

The next day beg Sunday, 15th July, the forenoon
was free from any official programme, but a small group of
members were taken round the city by the Honorary
Secretary of the Belfast Club.

On the way back to the hotel a stop was made at the
University, where the Dean of Residence (Rev. Dr. Hynes)
very kindly accompanied the party through the building,
end the ethnographical museums.

After lunch an excursion was held up the north-east
side of Lough Corrib, and in addition to the field work
done three abbeys were visited, the first being Claregawley,
a Franciscan monastery founded in the 13th century by
the Friars Minor; and then Ross Abbey, also a Franciscan
House—this building is in fine preservation, the cloister with
its arcade being about perfect—and, lastly, the celebrated
abbey of Cong, erected for the Order of Augustinians by
Rory O’Connor, King of Ireland, in the 12th century. The
Cross of Cong of this abbey is perhaps the finest existing
specimen of Irish art, and is now in the National Museum.

Arriving back at Galway the usual business meeting was
held and bags packed for departure in the morning. Monday
morning saw the party leave Galway with regret and with
warm feelings toward a kindly and hospitable people. The
way to Dublin was through Mullingar, where lunch was
served, and Dublin was reached in time for the 6.40 train
home.

GIANT’S CAUSEWAY.

Date—Saturday, 21st July, 1934. Conductor—A. M‘I. Cleland.
Number present, 20.

The party went by train and bus as far as Tonduff,
thence on foot to Hamilton’s Seat, on the eastern slope
ot Pleaskin Head, where the members rested and refreshed
themselves, while the conductor gave a brief talk on the
chief geological features in view and about to be visited.

Thereafter the party followed the path along the edges
of the various heads of the cliffs, getting magnificent vistas

1934-35.]

of their many bays and inlets, seen best from above, and
in due course reached their bus again at the Causeway.
Tea was served on the train. The weather during the whole
afternoon was glorious.

BELLEVUE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS.

Date—Tueday (evening), 24th July, 1934. Conductors—R. H.
Hunter and J. S. Loughridge.

A-very pleasant evening was spent going round the
various cages and enclosures and listening to instructive
talks by the conductors.

BALLYMACORMICK POINT.

Date—Saturday, 28th July, 1934. Conductors—Professor Gregg
Wilson and J. Skillen.

The object of this excursion was to study the animal
jife in the rock pools along the coast. During the winter
Professor Gregg Wilson had given in the Queen’s University
a series of lectures to the members of the Club on zoology,
and this excursion was to examine some of the animals
he had dealt with in his lecture in their habitats.

The seashore, Dr. Gregg Wilson pointed out, contained
abundance of food which attracted an astonishing variety
of marine species, ranging from the minute saline mosquito
to the soft-bodied jelly fish, a foot or more in diameter,
and shell fish which had evolved a calcareous house to
protect their soft parts. Some of these shell fish have the
vegetarian, others the carnivorous habit.

After some pleasant hours spent on these researches
a return was made to Bangor, where a refreshing tea was
enjoyed. Dr. Gregg Wilson having been warmly thanked,
the special bus left for home, which was reached at an
early hour.

THE FLUSH.

Date—Tuesday (evening) 7th August, 1934. Conductor—
James Orr.

The excursion consisted in a walk from Ligoniel tram
terminus to Glengormley. and thence home by tram.

{[Proc. B.N.F.C.
298

PORTAFERRY.
Date—Saturday, 18th August, 1934. Conductor—J. Skillen.

On arrival of the party at Ardkeen, after passing
through Newtownards and Kirkcubbin, Mr. H. J. Lennon,
a native of the Ards, was in waiting and acted as a very
informative and efficient conductor for the day. A walk
from the main road up Ardkeen hill followed. Alongside
stands the ancient church, now a ruin, the burial place being
still used, as recently-erected headstones testify. Leaving
this place a short stop was made at Lough Doo to give the
botanists an opportunity to examine the flora.

The next place to be visited was the castle and church
of Castleboy or what remains of them.

Proceeding onwards the ancient church of Slanes was
reached. Slanes was the term used in St. Patrick’s day
for a holy well, an adjunct nearly always found at a
Patrician foundation. The well here has now disappeared.
A souterrain is close by the ruined church. It is described
by Harris in his Survey of Down. There now only remains
the circular terminal chamber which is easy of access.

On the way to Tara fort, a field in Knockumalder (the
hill of the eagle), where stone-lined graves were found,
was pointed out and a stop was made to examine a standing
stone at Millen Bay and a stone circle consisting of eleven
stones forming a ring 60 feet in diameter. It is hoped that
some time in the future this circle will be excavated as
it seems to be a virgin spot.

The next place visited was Tara, a fine ringed fort
standing on a hill 150 feet high. From here a magnificent
view was obtained of the Lower Ards and Strangford Lough.

Then Templecowey was visited to inspect the ruins of
the Church of St. Quinton situated on the sea shore.

Arriving at Portaferry an excellent tea was enjoyed,
and afterwards the castle of the Savages and Templecranny
old church were seen and what is known about them related
by Mr. Lennon.

On the way home a stop was made at the Abbacy.

Before leaving a meeting was held (J. A. S. Stendall
in the chair), when a warm vote of thanks was passed to
Mr. Lennon for his kindness in conducting the party. This
ceremony and the journey home terminated the excursion.

1934-35.]
299

BARONSCOURT.

Date—Saturday,1st September, 1934. Conductors—A. A. Campbell
and J. S. Loughridge. Number present, 40.

The party travelled by train to Newtownstewart, where
they were met by Mr. W. Ross Henderson, J.P., a member
of Derry Field Club.

On the way from the station the old bridge, built in
1727, was noticed, as was the adjacent site of an O’Neill
castle at ** Pigeon Hill.’’ Proceeding to the Corn Market,
to which access was accorded by Mr. Galbraith, the Stewart
Castle was inspected.

Mr. Henderson then led the way to the Parish Church
to see the memorial (1634) of Lady Montgomery, of the
Ards, mother of the historian of the Montgomery family.

Harry Avery’s Castle, an O'Neill fortress on an
eminence overlooking the town and the valley of the
Mourne, next claimed attention.

Walking into the town again, down a quiet old country
lane, a fleet of cars in waiting including: private cars pro-
vided by many good friends, were soon filled and Barons-
court was reached in a few minutes.

Entering the demesne, the first stop was at “* The
Bower,’ a picturesque little kiosk on the shores of one of
the three lakes in the demesne, so that the vista through
the old trees might be admired. The avenue to the Castle
is well wooded, and the masses of ferns, etc., on the way
delighted the botanists. Mercurialis perennis (Dog's
Mercury) was found in the grounds.

Lunch was partaken of on ‘‘ The Milky Hill,’’ after
which Mr. Henderson conducted the party through the
gardens and round through the woods to the ruins of the
old Plantation castle at Derriewoone. Gathering later in
-front of the estate manager’s house a start was made for
Newtownstewart, visiting on the way a most interesting
Bronze Age burial place at Ballyrennan.

After tea a short business meeting was held, Miss
Sayers, B.A., presiding, when thanks were expressed to
the Duke of Abercorn for permission to visit the demesne;
to Mr. Henderson for his indispensable services in con-
nection with the excursion; to the various friends who had
provided cars; and to Messrs. F. L. Hood and R. Galbraith
for courtesies extended. A Junior Section member was
elected. The return journey to Belfast was made by train.

[Proc. B N.F.C.
300

BENBURB.
Date—Saturday, 15th September, 1934. Conductor—J. Skillen.

It was a lovely autumn morning and it felt good to
be alive with a beautiful drive in prospect through parts
of Armagh and Tyrone. At Portadown the road to Lough-
gall and Charlemont was taken. All along this road there
seemed to be a continual orchard, the heavily-laden
branches covered with apples. A bountiful harvest was in
evidence on every side, the fields literally crowded with
golden stooks of corn, and the autumnal tints in the trees
were a warning of the departing summer.

At Charlemont, the site of the historic fort which
formerly stood there, and which was burned down in the
recent troubles, was visited.

A walk across the bridge brought the party to Moy,
a pretty little village built in quadrangular shape by a
former Lord Charlemont on the model of a Continental
town. Leaving that place, Benburb was soon reached, a
pretty hamlet with its village pump surmounted by a sun-
dial. Here was seen the castle of Shane O’Neill. The
situation is a beautiful one, the ruins standing on the top
of a limestone cliff 120 feet high, with the turbulent Black-
water River flowing at its base.

From Benburb the road was taken to Battleford Bridge,
the scene of the battle of Benburb in 1646 between General
Monroe and Owen Roe O’ Neill in the war between Charles I.
and the Parliament, which had spread to Ireland.

Leaving Battleford Bridge, the next stop was at the
site of the battle of the Yellow Ford in 1598 between Hugh
O’Neill and Marshal Bagnal.

Leaving here time permitted a visit to the Palace of
Emania, now known as the Navan Fort.

At Armagh the two cathedrals were visited. At the old
cathedral the Dean of Armagh very kindly conducted the
party around, and also during a hasty visit to the celebrated
library.

After tea a stop was made on the way home to visit
the Observatory, where the party was courteously received
by the Rev. W. F. A. Ellison, the astronomer in charge.
After signing the visitors’ book and returning warm thanks
to Mr. Ellison for his kindness, the party left for home,
after a very instructive and enjoyable excursion.

1934-35.]
301

SAINTFIELD DEMESNE.

Date—Saturday, 6th October, 1934. Conductors—H. Cairns
and N. Carrothers.

This demesne was visited for purposes of a fungus
foray by kind permission of Rev. Blackwood-Price.

The weather militated against the attendance, but those
who did defy the rain spent a fruitful time in the demesne.
and later the sky brightened and the rain ceased.

The Junior Division, in care of Mrs. Nodder, Honorary
Secretary, was well represented, and full baskets of the
various fungi found in the woods were brought home to be
shown at the Club’s coming Conversazione.

ANNUAL CONFERENCE AT COOKSTOWN.

The Third Annual Conference of Field Clubs in
Northern Ireland was held from 28th to 30th September,
1934, at Cookstown. There were present members from
Belfast, Route, Limavady, Omagh, Londonderry, and
Tyrone Clubs.

The first meeting of the conference was held on the
evening of their arrival and was presided over by the Belfast
I’'resident (C. R. Nodder), as he did at subsequent meetings.
After the chairman had welcomed the members he invited
Thomas Greer (the Tyrone Club Secretary) to open the
discussion set down on the agenda on “‘ Nature Reserves.’

Mr. Greer appealed for reserves to be set aside, such
as bogland for flora preservation. Other suggestions were
for the preservation of remuants of the ancient forests
which formerly covered Ireland and their fauna.

Subsequent speakers included Miss W. J. Sayers
A. H. Davison, H. P. Swan, Colonel Berry, Rev. E. M.
Gumley, Dr. Ll. Praeger, and H. L. Glasgow (President
T'yrone Club).

Co-operation between the various Clubs was the next
matter discussed. the speakers being, in addition to those
already mentioned, Wm. Crawford, W. P. Brown, and
W. D. Cousins.

Colonel R. G. Berry then gave an address on ‘‘ The
Divine King,’’ pointing out that in primitive societies the
king was looked on as a god, a belief handed down through
the ages,

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
802

Before separating, the chairman returned the thanks
of the Conference to the Tyrone Club and especially to
J. D. Hopper for the trouble taken in organising the
Conference.

H. L. Glasgow was also thanked for the guide he had
prepared to Cookstown and district in connection with the
Conference, copies of which had been given to each
member.

Early next morning the members were astir for a long
day excursion, and, leaving Cookstown, the road was taken
tc Donaghmore to examine the High Cross standing in this
pretty village.

Moving on through Castlecaulfield, the next stop was
at Seskilgreen to examine the megalithic remains and the
celebrated stone ornamented with spirals and concentric
circles, S. D. Glassey giving a most interesting and
informative talk.

Proceeding onwards, Cecil Demesne was reached and
lunch enjoyed. This demesne is a lovely place, well
wooded and well watered, a river flowing down alongside
the main drive. It lies under the shadow of Knockmany
Hill, which was ascended after lunch. The climb was steep
and arduous, the path leading up through the young conifer
plantations of the Government of Northern Ireland, but
when the top was reached the labour of ascending was
forgotten in the magnificent view.

On the top of Knockmany is a great prehistoric cairn
which has been much written about by archaeologists.
The stones of the cairn, protected by an unnecessarily high
and close wooden railing, are ornamented with circles,
spirals, etc., as at Seskilereen and New Grange. Would
that these mysterious scribings could be deciphered!

Knockmany was left with reluctance and the road
taken to Clogher and Dungannon, but time only permitted
a call at the Church of the Volunteers.

After dinner a further meeting was held in the Technical
School lecture hall, which took the form of a conversazione.
The Tyrone Club had a fine display of exhibits, from the
stone Celts of Neolithic man to samples of coal from the
newly-opened mine in the neighbourhood.

The scientific results of the day were discussed: plant
life, by Miss W. J. Sayers and Dr. Ll. Praeger; geology,
by A, H, Davison and Thomas Greer; a talk on Querns

1934-35.]
303

was also given by H. P. Swan. An excellent tea was most
hospitably provided by the Tyrone Club, the meeting con-
cluding at a late hour, having first decided to hold the
Conference next year at Londonderry, and the united
excursion in May to Enniskillen.

On the last day of the Conference the forenoon was
free from official arrangements, and for the afternoon it
was decided to divide the members into two excursion
parties, one group in the care of A. Albert Campbell to
visit the celebrated Ogham stone on the foothills of the
Sperrins, and the other, with J. Skillen as conductor, to
visit Arboe.

After dinner at night the members departed to their
various homes.

iProc. BN F.C.
304.

WINTER SESSION.

The authors of the Papers, of which abstracts are given,
are alone responsible for the views expressed therein.

CONVERSAZIONE.

The Winter Session began with a Conversazione held
in the Assembly Hall, Fisherwick Place, on Tuesday, 16th
October, 1934, at which there was a very large attendance
of members and friends, including representatives from the
Dublin, Route, Omagh and Tyrone Clubs. Tea was served
from 6.30 to 7.45 p.m.

The Exhibits included :—

Borany.—Miss M. W. Rea, Myxomycetes; Queen’s
University (Agricultural Department), Some plant diseases
and the organisms which cause them; Rev. W. R. Megaw,
Living Mosses; Miss W. J. Sayers, Lime-loving and Lime-
avoiding Plants; Capt. C. D. Chase, Some Mediterranean
Flowers; A. Turner, Common Conifers: how to identify
them; C. R. Nodder, Types of Fruits in the Rose Family.

GroLtocy.—Miss Nora Fisher, Series of Fossils from
Kstuarine Clay Deposit at Greenisland, Co. Antrim; A. M‘I.
Cleland, Eocene, Greensand and Liassic Fossils; Mrs. Mina
Davison and J. J. Hartley, Cushendun Crystals; Alex. H.
Davison, Rocks met with on 1934 excursions; Granite
intrusions near Aberdeen.

Zootocy.—W. M. Crawford, Indian Butterflies, Beetles
from the Lennoxvale Pond Survey, Pair of Peregrine
Falcons; Belfast Municipal Museum, Life History Cases of
Plant Galls; C. D. Deane. James Orr and J. A. S. Stendall,
Birds of the Shore in natural setting: Lennoxvale Pond
Survey Exhibits; Ranald MacDonald, Exotic Land and
Freshwater Mollusca and living Paludestrina jenkinsi Smith
from Belfast Waterworks; R. J. Welch, Xerophile land
shells; R. M. Leman, M.S.R., Radiograms of Tortoise,
Mouse (enlarged), Passion Flower; Radium needles and
heart; A. M‘I. Cleland, Cuttle Bones and Curved Limpets
(Selsey Beach, Sussex), Echinoderms (8. Pacific), Burrow
of Karthworm.

ARCHAEOLOGY.—The President, Flakes, Implements and
Pottery; Club Survey Committee, Map showing distribution
of Megaliths in Counties Antrim, Armagh, Down and

1934-35.]
305

Tyrone, noted to date, together with Models of typical
Megaliths; Dr. Stewart (Portglenone), Inscribed Quern tops,
ete.; Angus J. MacDonald, Stone Implements, etc., from
North of Ireland; J. Theodore Greeves, Bronze Knife from
near Con O’Neill’s Castle, Castlereagh.

Microscopy.—Miss K. Bourke and G. C. Reilly.

PuotocrapHy.—Dr. R. H. Hunter, Photographs (in-
largements) of Animals at Bellevue Zoological Gardens;
A. R. Hogg, Night Photographs of Italian and Spanish
Gardens at Mount Stewart. and Slides of Excursions of
B.N.F.C.; A. M‘I. Cleland, Cave Hill, Shaw’s Bridge,
Minnowburn, Donard Demesne; Miss W. J. Sayers, Snap-
shots of West of Ireland; J. S. Loughridge, the Mournes
(Infra-Red Photograph); R. J. Welch, Irish Ethnography.

MiscELLANEous.—Miss Lily C. Rea, Native Malay and
Burmese Silver; William Savage, Facsimile of the oldest
known Harp in Europe, commonly called the O’Brien
Harp, Engravings; Miss N. Mawdsley, Two Samplers, one
signed and dated 1776, one unfinished.

Junior Division Exursits collected during this year.—
Divis Plants, Seila and Eileen Lord; Chrysalids, George
Burns; Antrim Flint Implements, Derwent Gribbon;
Norfolk Gun Flints, Margaret Downer; Autumn Fruits,
Owen Clarke; Surprise Exhibit, Eleanor Clarke; Ferns and
Seaweeds, Dorothy and Edna Nelson; Living Irish Ferns,
Pressed Foreign Ferns, A day’s natural history work in
Spring, Summer and Autumn, Felicity Bolton; Irish Shells,
Fruits, Leslie Stendall; Minerals from Carnmoney, Bryce
Duffin; Holiday Photographs, Suzanne Hassan; Photographs
of Ulster Birdlife, Campbell D. Deane; Death’s-Head Hawk
Moth from Lisburn, Wasps’ Nest, C. D. Nodder; Land and
Freshwater Sheils, Antiquarian Photographs, etc., Noel
Gregg; Fossil Fish (Drain’s Bay). Geological Specimens,
Shells, T. C. Tuton; British Shells, Ethel Garrett; Butter-
flies and Moths, Vivian Gotto and David Searle; Living
Zoological Exhibit, Tony Searle; Essays on Ancient Forts,
by several Junior Members; Coins and Tokens, Roy
Henderson.

Frienps’ Scuoot, Lissurn.—Natural History Society
Exhibit by invitation of the B.N.F.C. General Committee;
Survey of Ringdufferin Estate: Bird Census Map H.
Hobson, Vegetation Map S. Harding; Bird Census Map ot

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
306

F.S.L. Grounds, E. Webb; Drawings of Bird Families:
Tit Family D. Green, Finch Family B. M‘Cleery, Crow
Family M. Lamb and J. Walker; Common Nests of the
Crow Family, W. Sinton and F. Mitchell; Heron’s Nest
(one of largest British Birds). B. Hobson; Golden Crested
Wren’s Nest (smallest British Bird), R. Henning; Nests of
Shellduck, Grouse, Curlew and Rock Pipit, B. Simpson;
Model of Housetop with Nests of Swift, House Sparrow.
House Martin, Swallow, Starlmg, J. A. Benington, B.Sc.
(Hon. Sec. of Society); Moths and Butterflies, M. Lamb
and S. Harding; Conifers with Cones, P. Baillie and J.
Tyler; Cocoons, P. Mayes and D. Houston.

The Business Meeting began at 8.45. The Hon.
Secretary announced the names of 25 new members and
two junior members, who were unanimously elected.

The President (C. R. Nodder), amid loud applause, then
presented the Club Medal to Professor Gregg Wilson.

The prizes for the junior division exhibits were awarded
as follows:—Two equal prizes for exhibit of living zoology,
Tony Searle and George Burns; botanical exhibits, Felicity
Bolton, Dorothy and Edna Nelson, Leslie Stendall; exhibits
of general natural history interest, T. C. Teuton, Derwent
Gribbon, C. D. Deane, Vivian Gotto, Ethel Garrett and
Eleanor Clarke.

Certificates were awarded to Sheila and EKileen Lord.
Owen Clarke, Margaret Downer, Brice Duffin, Noel Gregg,
David Searle and Felicity Bolton.

A special certificate of merit was awarded to the
Natural History Society of the Friends’ School, Lisburn.

The evening concluded with a display of slides of the
summer excursions shown by Mr. A. R. Hogg.

WORD LORE AND FIELD CLUB INTERESTS.

The first ordinary meeting of the session was held on
Tuesday, 6th November, 1934, at 8 p.m., when the
President (C. R. Nodder) delivered his Presidential Address
on the above subject. Dr. R. Ll. Praeger was in the chair.

A little thought, said Mr. Nodder, would show that some
of the most interesting subjects for study were to be found
at. the border-lines between various fields of knowledge.
Thus archaeology and geology met and provided many
fascinating problems all the way from the period of the Ice

1934-35.]
307

Age down to the dawn of history. Botany, geology, anil
zoology must all contribute to the study of the problems of
the distribution of plants and animals and endeavour to
answer such questions as to why the blue-eyed grass was
found in America, in Greenland, and in Ireland, but not in
Great Britain.

The study of the ancient migrations of peoples involved
both the archaeologist and the philologist. It was probably
correct to say that the latter had contributed at least as
much-as the former in this connection.

Philology, or word lore, was of great interest in itself
quite apart from its relation to other subjects. ‘“‘ A good
dictionary, particularly an etymological dictionary, is not a
dry-as-dust compilation. We may indeed often find some
sly humour in the definition of a word. The following
definition is taken, word for word, from the Concise Oxford
Dictionary—’ Mondayish—(of clergy) indisposed as result of
Sunday work; (of others) slack as result of Sunday
holiday.’ ”’

C. R. Nodder was warmly thanked for his address.

LANTERN NIGHT.

A meeting was held in the Old Museum on 20th
November, 1934, at 8 p.m., when lantern slides of the
summer excursions were shown.

POND LIFE.

At a meeting held in the Old Museum on 4th December,
1934, at 8 p.m., Emeritus Professor Gregg Wilson delivered
a lecture on the above subject, the President (C. R. Nodder)
being in the chair.

The lecturer began by discussing the pecularities of
pond animals that result from the conditions in which they
live, and contrasted the inhabitants of the pond and those
of the sea-shore. The absence of tides in ponds and the
comparative calmness of the water accounted for many of
the differences. But in the ponds there are dangers to life
arising from frost and drought. and devices abound to secure
survival of species in spite of these. The plants and animals
of the pond were surveyed, and in each case it was shown
that besides the real water organisms there are immigrants
from the outerworld. Series of these intruders were found
to show progressive adaptation to the new environment,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
308

The devices adopted by insects and other air-breathers to
effect respiration while under water were specially studied.
It was also shown that there are indications that both plants
and animals have produced emigrants, which have become
more or less adapted to life on dry land. The lecturer
claimed that we have in ponds some remarkable illustrations
ot the restlessness and adapability of life.

Besides the President those speaking to the lecture
were J. A. S. Stendall, Rev. W. R. Megaw, A. H. Davison
and D. J. Carpenter.

GEOLOGICAL NIGHT.

This meeting was held in the Old Museum on Tuesday,
18th December, 1934, at 8 p.m., when the Report of the
Delegate to the Centenary Meetings of the Edinburgh
Geological Society was presented. Papers were also read
on “‘ Neo-anthropic Belfast, or Ups and Downs,” by A. H.
Davison; ‘* Underground connections between Lough Mask
and. Lough Corrib, Co. Galway,’’ by J. J. Hartley;
‘ Kilwaughter Quarries,’’ by A. M'‘T. Cleland.

CLUB SURVEY OF ANTIQUITIES.

The work of this Survey formed the object of a meeting
held in the Old Museum on Tuesday, 22nd January, 1935,
at 8 p.m., the President (C. R. Nodder) being in the chair.

The project was first mooted by Professor Charlesworth
during his presidency of the Club, and his energy launched
the work. The maps have been prepared by Miss Gaffikin,
organiser of the survey, who has worked untiringly for
tour years.

Miss Gaffikin said the maps were based primarily on
the Ordnance Survey Report of Antiquities and the sites
taken from the six-inch maps in the Public Record Office.
For the map of ring forts, crannogs, and cashels the old
1884 O.S. maps had been consulted, as they marked
numerous forts which had since been destroyed. In addition
tc the official records the Club’s maps also represented the
excellent work of the survey in reporting hitherto unknown
and unmarked antiquities. The maps must be regarded as
preliminary. Even since they were handed in to be photo-
eraphed another tour of inspection had necessitated the
alteration of one mark and the addition of others,

1934-35.)
309

If they represented the work already accomplished they
also represented the work that was still to be done. With
regard to megalithic monuments and earthworks the terms
‘‘ cairns ’’ and “‘ fort ’’’ covered a variety of types, and
any uncertainty as to the exact nature of an antiquity should
be reported and a thorough investigation made, if possible,
by an expert.

That occasion, concluded Miss Gaffikin, might be a
fitting opportunity to acknowledge a debt of gratitude to
Dr. Chart and the staff of the Public Record Office for
affording facilities in the use of records, maps, etc. Thanks
were also due to the Curator and staff of the Belfast
Municipal Museum. ‘The Club also owed a debt to the
helpers in the country districts, whose invaluable work had
contributed so materially towards the success of the survey.

EK. Estyn Evans, M.A., F.S.A., of Queen’s University,
who spoke on the survey from an ethnographical and
geographical aspect, remarked upon the geographical and
general scientific interest of the maps prepared. The work,
he said, had happily coincided with a period of intensive
excavation of antiquarian sites, so that it was now possible
to check the conclusions drawn from distributional evidence
by the actual cultural finds made. In particular, a primary
class of megalithic monument dating from 2000 B.C. had
been ‘‘ discovered’’ and assigned to its chronological
horizon. Northern Ireland proved to be by far the richest
region in any country north of Spain in that respect. Twenty-
four monuments had been identitied, and there were prob-
ably still more unclassified.

That alone was a scientific achievement of the first rank.
The maps showed that these and other early monuments
were confined to the upland areas of the province.
Gradually as forests were cleared man came to occupy the
lowlands, but no appreciable advance was made until the
early days of iron, from 500 B.C. Then the maps suddenly
displayed a modern appearance, with the settlement areas
clustering in the lowlands. Already, however, the human
geography of Ireland was marked by the extreme dispersion
ot habitations, a feature to which the name ‘‘ Celtic ’’ had
been applied by students of demography. That was a
subject of great interest in its bearing on social conditions;
the village of South England, with its system of agrarian
co-operation, was apparently alien to Ireland, and so was
the town, which was the historical expression of advancing
village growth. In so many wavs the maps helped the

(Proc. B.N FC.
810

student of social history; it might be said that they forced
the ‘‘ Dark Ages ’’ of Ireland’s development into so-called
historic periods for which there was as yet no scientific
check upon the semi-legendary records of pre-Norman days.

One of the three maps so far completed illustrated the
early days of Norman penetration, for which the archaeo-
logical evidence consisted of earth mounds known as mote-
and-baileys. The location of the areas first settled by the
Anglo-Normans was illuminating. While naturally largely
coastal, because of the Anglo-Normans coming from over-
seas, they showed a concentration in the South Antrim area
which foreshadowed the development of industrial centres
in later centuries.

The talk was illustrated by lantern slides of the maps
so far prepared and of antiquities ‘‘ discovered.”’

Professor Charlesworth and others spoke subsequently.

RESEARCHES ON BOGS AND OTHER
RECENT DEPOSITS.

A meeting was held in the Old Museum on 5dth
February, 1935, when A. Farrington, B.E., gave a lecture
on the above subject. The President (C. R. Nodder) was
in the chair and there was a large attendance.

Mr. Farrington spoke of the great value of the researches
started during 1934 by a committee representative of many
branches of science and of all parts of Ireland. The scope
of the research embraced an investigation of all recent
deposits, peats, clays, raised beaches, and river gravels,
and called in the aid of geology, botany, zoology and
archaeology. All these sciences would benefit equally.

The lecturer went on to describe the earlier investiga-
tions in Ireland, noticing particularly the remarkable work
done 40 years ago by Dr. R. Lloyd Praeger on the clays of
Belfast Lough and the raised-beach of Larne.

The object of the research, he said, was to examine the
plant remains, leaves, seeds, and pollen, and the animal
remains occurring in the beds of clay. etc., When this

had been done it would be possible to identity the different
layers and to show what beds in one part of the countr ¥
corresponded with those found elsewhere.

1934-35.]
311

Ultimately a scale might be worked out by means of
which it would be practicable to assign definite dates to the
formation of the various beds, and so to proceed to a clear
understanding of the history of the flora and fauna of
lreland. In this connection the work of the archaeologist
was of the greatest importance, for it was by using the
finds of archaeological objects as a basis that accurate
dates might be discovered.

The lecturer described the various methods used and
gave a summary of the work done during 1934, when over
40 sites were examined, eight of them in Northern Ireland.
Thirty of these sites were of archaeological and the
remainder of natural historical interest, the most important
of the latter being the well-known deposit at Ballybetagh,
in south County Dublin, where many remains of the Irish
elk had been found.

The National Museum, Dublin. supplied a compre-
hensive list of recent discoveries of archaeological objects,
which formed the basis of the survey. The majority of
the Northern sites were examined under the guidance of
Mr. C. Blake Whelan, M.A., the remainder being worked in
conjunction with the Harvard Archaeological Expedition.
The research was led by Professor K. Jessen, of the Royal
University of Copenhagen, one of the foremost Huropean
authorities.

The Committee intended to continue the work for two
years more, by which time, it was hoped, the research would
be firmly established in Ireland. The training of selected
students was one of the chief aims for which the Committee
was founded.

The thanks of the Club, proposed by Professor J. K.
Charlesworth, seconded by C. Blake Whelan, were passed
with acclamation and conveyed to Mr. Farrington by the
President.

DALRIADA IN STONE, STORY AND SONG.

A meeting was held in the Old Museum on 19th
February, 1935, at 8p.m., when Samuel Henry, F.R.S.A.I.,
gave a lecture on the above subject. The President (C. R.
Nodder) was in the chair.

There was a large attendance of members and friends,
who listened with great delight to a racy survey of the past
history of Dalriada, as exemplitied in song and story. ‘he

[Proc. B.N.E.C.
ake

lecture was enriched by a large number of beautiful slides
and Mr. Henry accompanied his songs on his violin.

In addition to the President, the lecture was spoken
to by J. Skillen and J. A. S. Stendall.

GEOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS.

At a meeting in the Old Museum on 5th March, 1935,
at 8p.m., R. J. Welch delivered a lecture on above subject,
the Vice-President (J. Skillen) being in the chair.

The lecture was given in the lecturer’s inimitable style,
and was illustrated with many beautiful slides of scenery
and geology, mostly of his own taking. It covered the
whole range of geology which can be studied so well in the
topography of the two counties of Antrim and Down, to take
only the areas in close proximity to Belfast.

The speakers to the lecture were A. M'‘J. Cleland,
J. A. 8. Stendall and Dr. Gita Ram. Director of the Lahore
Museum, India.

BOTANICAL NIGHT.

On Tuesday evening, March 26th, 1935, three short
talks on Botany were given to the Club by members of the
Botanical Section. H. M. F. Asher spoke about ‘‘ Chromo-
somes and Genes,’’ Alex. Turner dealt with ‘‘ The Romance
of a Packet of Seeds,’’ while Miss Frances Adams gave an
account of her visit to “‘ Linnaea.’’ the Alpine Biological
station near the Great St. Bernard.

EXPLORATION OF BALLINTOY CAVES.

At a meeting held in the Old Museum on 9th April,
1935, at 8 p.m., Dr. J. Wilfrid Jackson, of Manchester
Museum, gave a lecture on further cave explorations at
Ballintoy, the President (C. R. Nodder) being in the chair.

Dr. Jackson said that during the first fortnight of June,
1934, excavations had been resumed at Potter’s Cave,
Ballintoy, Co. Antrim, the site of the discovery in 1933 of
the unique clay figurine of a mother goddess, now in Belfast
Museum. The excavations were to the west of the sestion
examined in 1988, and were again made possible through
a grant from Belfast Corporation.

On the removal of one foot of blown sand and four feet
of chalk-rubble a layer of charcoal debris and dark earth

1934-35. |
j13

nine inches thick was found to overlie many large stones,
which on futher examination proved to be the remains of
a large pottery kin. The structure was irregular and built
in two rows of large slabs of chalk and basalt boulders, and
from the material surrounding it numerous sherds of Iron
Age pottery were obtained. The usual debris of food,
several flint flakes, and potters’ clay were also found.

Another most interesting find in the cave was a flat
bone implement, perhaps a piercer of some kind. In a
deep pit sunk below the level of a stone fireplace charcoal
layers were found to contain animal bones, limpet shells,
but no pottery. The presence of a great thickness of chalk-
rubble indicated severe climatic conditions at the time of
its accumulation. One felt tempted to correlate it with
the change from the warm and dry conditions of the
Neolithic and Bronze Ages to the wet and cold climate
of the closing phase of the Bronze Age, roughly 700 B.C.

The lecturer then described further finds in a small rock
shelter to the west of Potters’ Cave which included sherds
of Iron Age pottery, flint blades, and a polished bone tube.
The recurrence of flint blades seemed to indicate the con-
tinued use of essentially the same type of implement from
the Neolithic Period. Another coastal cave at Sandy Port,
Ballintoy, was excavated and proved to be one of the most
important and interesting of the coastal caves, as it was
quite undisturbed except at the entrance. It was in chalk
and had an opening in the roof at the south side, from which
it was called Chimney Cave. The finds in front were
difficult to correlate with any particular cultural level, but
on working forward a most interesting section of deposits
was obtained. On an occupation floor under 18 inches of
blown sand bones and teeth of ox and sheep, shells of
limpets, numerous head bones of cod, and many sherds
of Iron Age pottery were found. At six inches below the
occupation layer a remarkable crazy-pavement of large chalk
slabs and basalt boulders was encountered. This covered
an area of about 80 square feet.

Like the pottery, the flint-flakes in general agreed with
those of the kitchen middens of Whitepark Bay, and the
evidence suggested an occupation of a certain level of the
cave by migrants from Whitepark Bay. Those early cave-
dwellers, probably primitive fishing-folk, had found plenty
of raw material for their implements among the pebbles
of the raised beach fringing Sandy Cove and had an
abundant choice of food.

[(Proc. BN.F.9.
314

VISITS TO THE MUNCIPAL MUSEUM AND
ART GALLERY.

On four successive Saturday afternoons, from Ist to
22nd December, members of the Club. in large numbers,
attended at the Museum, Stranmillis Road. The Museum
staff acted as conductors. Exhibits in geology, zoology,
botany and archaeology were examined and short descriptive
lectures given. The fourth visit on the 22nd was to the
Art Gallery.

BOTANY DEMONSTRATIONS.

In continuation of the Demonstrations commenced
last year (in the Department ot Zoology), a set of four
lectures on ‘‘ Ten Groups of Plants ’’ were delivered in the
Botanical Laboratory, Queen’s University, by Professor
James Small, D.Sc. These took place on 14th, 21st and
28th January, 1935, and 4th February, at 8 p.m. The
lectures were well attended.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual Meeting was held in the Old Museum,
College Square North, on Tuesday, 16th April, 1985, at
8 p.m., the President (C. R. Nodder) in the chair. The
Reports which follow were presented and were all unani-
mously adopted : —

ANNUAL REPORT.

The Committee have much pleasure in presenting their
Seventy-second Annual Report and have again to record
a very successful Session in every department of the Club’s
work. The number of members at present on the register
is as follows:—3 Life Mernbers. 5 Honorary Members,
7 Corresponding Members, 511 Ordinary Members, 1382
Juniors—total, 658.

A list of those members who have died during the past
year is appended to this report. ‘Their deaths we deeply
regret, particularly that of Robert Bell, an Honorary
Member and a Medallist of the Club, which he jomed in
18938, 42 years ago, and whose interest in the Club and
work on Geology and Anthropology are familiar to all.

1934-35. |
315

The Honorary Secretaries of our five affiliated Clubs
also report good progress. The united excursions (two held
last year) and the Annual Conference at Cookstown gave
an opportunity of discussimg matters of mutual interest.

The following members of Committee gave lectures
in the various towns where the Clubs meet: —The President,
Miss W. J. Sayers, Rev. W. R. Megaw, D. J. Carpenter,
A. M‘I. Cleland, J. Skillen, Prof. Charlesworth, J. A. 5.
Stendall, R. J. Welch and Prof. Gregg Wilson. These
lectures were much appreciated by the affiliated Clubs, and
our thanks are due to the above named for their services
willingly given.

During the year ten meetings of Committee were held,
the following being the attendances :—

Miss Bourke 7 Dr. Loughridge 8
A. A. Campbell 10 Rev. W. R. Megaw . 6
D. J. Carpenter 4 C. R. Nodder Lee kG
Prof. Charlesworth 2 Mrs. Nodder Len ady
Capt. Chase 4 James Orr Ae
A. M'I. Cleland 7 G. C. Reilly 8
W. M. Crawford 7 Miss W. J. Sayers 10
A. H. Davison 9 J. Skillen tv iG
Miss Gaffikin 6 J. Ay S. Stenddll ... 10
J. J. Hartley 3 Wn. Sweeney eS:
R. G. Henderson 9 R. J. Welch Pe aula
R. 8. Lepper if Prof. Gregg Wilson ... 9

During the winter four lectures on ‘‘ The Groups of
Plants ’’ were given in Queen’s University through the
kindness of the Vice-Chancellor and Professor James
Small, D.Sc., who delivered the lectures. The Committee
thank all who helped, particularly Dr. Small for the time
and trouble taken in preparing the lectures and providing
microscopical slides for illustration.

The summer programme was carried out in its entirety
and the good fortune of the Club in the past, in respect of
weather, held good during the excursions.

Our representative at the Centenary Meeting of the
Edinburgh Geological Society was A. M'‘I. Cleland,
who gave, at one of our winter meetings, an interesting
report of the proceedings.

The Winter Session opened with the Annual Conver-
sazione which was held in the Assembly Buildings. The
attendance, we are pleased to report, was much above the
average, the exhibits being numerous and interesting.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
3516

The lectures delivered during the winter half of the
session have been described on preceding pages. It may be
noted that two of them were in connection with the Club’s
Survey of Antiquities and the Quaternary investigation, two
avenues of research which have recently been opened. The
lectures were illustrated with iantern slides and well
attended.

In conclusion the Committee desire to record their
best thanks to the Press for reports of our excursions and
meetings, and to the various scientific societies who have
supplied us with copies of their publications, also to the
following for kindness shown to us during our summer
excursions:—Rev. FE. H. Blackwood-Price, W. Ross
Henderson, J.P., H. J. Lennon, N. Boyd, Esq. (for
permission to visit the mansion grounds and the ancient
castle at Benburb), H. G. Tempest, and Rev. Father
M‘Kee, C.C., of Dundalk, and Mrs. Mary E. Hackett, of
the Dublin Club.

J OSEPH ae rion.
Wn. Sweeney, | Secretaries.

DECEASED MEMBERS.

Michael C. Andrews.

Robert Bell.

Prof. John Earls.

David Gilchrist.

W. H. Lavery.

H. C. Montgomery.

Miss Charlotte M. MacCullough.
Dr. Robert F. Scharff.

(ee RE EPI EE ES
HON. LIBRARIAN’S REPORT.

The work continues as usual and the list of Exchanges
is maintained as in former years.

Further progress has been made in completing sets
that were found deficient and another large number has
been bound, so that the books are gradually getting more
and more convenient of access.

The exchange list will be found at page 349.

W. M. CRAWFORD.

1934-35.]
317

REPORT OF HON. RECORDING SECRETARY.

The records of a fairly eventful year have mostly
already appeared in print and many may be familiar to
members. Notwithstanding, my duty as Recording Secre-
tary is to place a concise report before you dealing with
all such matters and this I do in the hope that it will not
only satisfy but act as a stimulus to members as a whole,
especially to those who are fortunate enough to possess
the energy of youth.

ZooLtocy.—(For details regarding Beetles, Butterflies
and Moths and Birds, see the special pages of records at
page 353 = post.—Ed.)

Professor Gregg Wilson continues his useful work on
the study of mosquitoes, and during last summer members
were able to assist in making an investigation of Lennoxvale
pond under the Professor’s guidance. While no outstanding
records were made, the few energetic members who availed
themselves of this opportunity were amply rewarded by a
substantial gain in knowledge.

Borany.—Rev. W. R. Megaw has added a new station
for the Parsley Fern, Cryptogramme crispa Br., in Co.
Down, on the slope of Cloughmore, near Rostrevor.

The same worker has noted 19 new vice-county moss
records, most of which were gained while taking part in the
iong Excursion to Galway.

Carex contigua Hoppe.. a rare sedge in our area, is
recorded from several stations near Greenisland, Co. Antrim,

by Miss Nora Fisher.

In view of a projected new edition of the Flora of N.E.
Ireland, in which Dr. R. Ll. Praeger will primarily be
interested, a splendid opportunity now presents itself for
the field botanists to do some useful work. Dr. Praeger
will need all the help he can get and I suggest that a special
effort should be made to this purpose.

ARCHAEOLOGY.—Several excavations have been under-
taken during the year by members of the Club and others
in Ulster, with excellent results, descriptions of which have
either appeared or are due to appear in various Journals.
I cannot refrain from specially mentioning Miss Gaffikin’s
wonderful service in the field of archaeology; to her we owe
a debt of gratitude,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
818

Another investigation that looras large in Ireland to-day
is what is known as the Quaternary Research, which
constitutes a rare combination cf biology, geology and
archaeology. Very little progress has been made in Ulster
as yet but a rather heavy piece of excavation work is con-
templated in the near future in a bog near Downpatrick.
Some volunteers will be necessary for supervisory work and
those responsible for the project should find little difficulty
in obtaining them from a Club so large as ours.

It seems to me very unfortunate that out of a member-
ship such as the Club has, there are comparatively few
working members. This, I believe, is not altogether due
to lack of interest but rather of opportunity, arising from
a variety of causes with which the Club as a whole can and
should grapple. It is no use saying there is no longer
any place for the amateur now that the professional has
encroached to such an extent upon his preserves. Such a
view is fallacious as is fully evidenced by work that has been
done by some of our more active members within the past
year.

I do say, however, that more systematic field work
should be done in both Zoology and Botany.

J. A. S. STENDALL.
BOTANICAL SECTION.

Twenty-seven members paid subscriptions to the
section. Two excursions were arranged during the
summer : —

Rowat.iane, SAINTFIELD.—July 7th, 19384. <A party of
384 members and iriends travelled by motor-coach to
Rowallane demesne. By the kind permission of Mr. H.
Armytage Moore, a very enjoyable afternoon was spent in
the rock gardens.

The very rare variety rhystophylla of the moss
Catharinea angustata was found at the rock garden by Rev.
W. R. Megaw. This plant was found in 1908 by the late
Canon Scott near Saintfield. It has not been found any-
where else in Ireland. In Britain it is recorded only from
Sussex.

Cicuta virosa (Cowbane) was another interesting find.
This plant belongs to the Umbelliferae family and is
poisonous; the roots have been mistaken for parsnips,

1934-35.]
319

Lampec to Lispurn.—August 25th, 1934. This
excursion was held jointly with the Archaeological Section.
The party went by train to Lambeg. then walked along the
Hagan Canal to Lisburn. (Much interest was shown in the
“ bottle garden ’’ at Chrome Hill.) Plants noted along the
canal included:—Lycopus europaeus, Stachys palustris,
Alisma plantago, Butomus umbellatus.

KATHLEEN Bourke, Hon. Secretary.

*REPORT OF SURVEY OF ANTIQUITIES.

The idea of a Club Survey of Field Antiquities was first.
mooted by Professor J. K. Charlesworth when President of
the Field Club, and it was his energy that got the scheme on
foot. The results so far achieved are of the highest scientific
value. No less than 500 great stone monuments of the
Neolithic and Early Bronze Age have been listed and their
distribution mapped on one-inch Ordnance sheets. The
numbers of Iron Age remains recorded for the Six Counties
probably approach 2,000. We are thus enabled to prepare
maps showing the inhabited areas of the various periods;
these maps have been drawn by Miss M. Gaffikin, the
organizer of the Survey, who reported at the meeting on
the present position of the undertaking.

REPORT OF THE GROLOGICAL SECTION.

There is not very much to report for the Session,
though the subject of Geology has not been overlooked.

On Saturday, July 21st, the Club made an excursion
to the Giant’s Causeway, walkinz along the top of the
cliffs as far as Pleaskin Head. ‘This is always a profitable
and pleasing tour, as there is no more magnificent stretch
of cliff scenery on the Antrim coast than the short course
from Pleaskin (400 feet) to the Causeway, head rising
beyond head, and bay after bay opening out.

On Monday and Tuesday, 8rd and 4th September,
A. M‘I. Cleland attended, as the appointed delegate of the
Club, the Centenary Meetinys of the Edinburgh Geological
Association. The session was a most interesting one,
including addresses by delegates from Canada, New
Zealand, Sweden, Norway, etc.; aiso a splendid geological
tour around Edinburgh. The hospitality extended to the
delegates by the Edinburgh people was beyond all praise.

A. MI. Cuetanp, \ , Hon.
J. J. HARTLEY, ! Secretaries,

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
320

REPORT OF SECTION OF ZOOLOGY.

Eight members paid subscriptions to the Section during
the year.

The work of the Section us a whole has been disappoint-
ing, but individual members have done a good deal of work.

Excursions were held to Monlough and Ballintoy.
The Galway Club excursion supplied a variety of
material.
JAMES ORR, Hon.
JAMES S. LovGHRIDGE, pee Neen

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SECTION.

The Archaeological Section held three field meetings
during the summer, all of which were well attended.

On 28rd June a visit was paid to Nendrum, calling at
Sketrick on the way home. General regret was felt at the
gradual disintegration of Sketrick Castle by an overgrowth
of ivy.

The Section met at Greyabbey on 11th August, and,
following a general account of its origin and history, a
detailed examination was made of the remains of this
interesting Cistercian foundation.

The Botanical and Arzhaeological Sections held a
combined excursion to Lisburn on 25th August.

On 22nd January the Section provided the programme
for a meeting of the Winter Session.

The Archaeological Section now numbers 83 members,
11 of whom joined during the year.

A. ALBERT CAMPBELL, } Hon.
Mary GAFFIKIN, Secretaries.

REPORT OF JUNIOR DIVISION.

The total number of junior members on the list is 117,
the number resigned during the year being 10, new members
elected 15, and those struck off for non-payment of sub-
scriptions 10.. The number transferred to the senior list
is 13.

The outstanding features of the year’s work were the
number of very good exhibitions of the unaided work of
individual junior members at the Conversazione and, in
February last, the success of a special junior Conversazione

1934-35.]
321

suggested and sponsored by A. H. Davison, who is Chairman
cf the Junior Division Committee. At this meeting junior
members brought their collections and had intimate talks
about them with Miss Rea, Messrs. Welch, Davison,
Skillen, Carpenter, Stendall, Nodder, J. A: Benington, and
Angus and Ranald Macdonald.

The meetings held during the year were: —

1934.

April 14—Farrell’s Fort. Conductor, E. N. Carrothers.

May 19—Botanical walk to Holywood. Conductor, Capt.
Chase.

June 2—Royal Ulster Agricultural Society Show at Bal-
moral.

Sept. 8—The Mourne slopes and shore at Ballagh, Co.
Down. Conductor, A. H. Davison.

Sept.22—Carnmoney Fort. Conductor, Angus Macdonald.

Oct. 6—The Club Fungus Foray. Saintfield.

Oct. 13—The Lagan and grounds of Lambeg and Glenmore

houses.

Oct. 16—Conversazione.

1935.

Feb. 25—Special Junior Division Conversazione in Old
Museum.

March 9—Footsteps of St. Patrick excursion. Conductor,
A. H. Davison.

W. Nopper, Hon. Secretary.

CLUB MEDALLISTS.

1923. William Swanston, F.G.S.

1924. Nevin Harkness Foster, F.G.S., M.BR.I.A.
1925. Nathaniel Carrothers.
1926. Robert Bell.

1927. R. Lloyd Praeger, D.Sc., M.R.1.A.
1928. . J.-Welch, M.Sc., M.R.1.A.

R
as } No award.
1931. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.
1932. J. A. S. Stendall, M.R.I.A., M.B.O.U.
1983. A. M‘I. Cleland.
gS

1934. rofessor Gregg Wilson, M.A., M.R.1.A., D.Se.,

O,B,E,

322

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PROCEEDINGS
AND ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB

For the Year Ending 31st March, 1936
(SEVENTY THIRD YEAR)

PART VIII.
1935-36.

SERIES Il.
VOLUME IX.

EDITOR:
W. M. CRAWFORD, F.R.E:S., F.Z.S,

324

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

SEVENTY-THIRD YEAR, 1935-36.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President:
JOSEPH SKILLEN.

Vice-President :
A. H. DAVISON, ¥-.R.s.A.1.

Hon. Treasurer:
ROBT. G. HENDERSON, F.c.a., 17 Castle Place.

Hon. Librarian:
W. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S.
Orissa, Marlborough Park S., Belfast.

Hon. Recording Secretary :
J. A. S. STENDALL, M.B.1.4.

Hon. Secretraies Botanical Section :
Capt. C. D. CHASE, m.c., M.A.
Miss KATHLEEN BOURKE, B.sc.

Hon. Secretaries Geological Section:
A. McI. CLELAND.
J. J. HARTLEY, msc.

Hon. Secretaries Zoological Section :
J. S. LOUGHRIDGE, B.sc., M.D., F.R.C.S.
JAMES ORR, M.B.0.v.

Hon. Secretary Archaeological Section :
A. ALBERT CAMPBELL, F.n.s.A.1.

Hon. Secretary Survey of Antiquities Committee :
Miss MARY GAFFIKIN.
Hon. Secretary Junior Division :
Mrs. C. R. NODDER.

Members of Committee:
Retire 1936. Retire 1937.
D. J. CARPENTER, 4.R.c.sc.L. Miss W. J. SAYERS, B.a.
Prof. J. KAYE CHARLES- Emeritus Prof. GREGG WILSON,
WORTH, D.Sc., M.R.1.A., O.B.E., M.A., D.SC., M.R.1.A.
F.G.S. HUGH CAIRNS, B.sc., M.AGR.
R. J. WELCH, M.sc., M.R.1.A.
Retire 1938.
Miss FE. BARRY.
hk. MacDONALD.
C. R. NODDER, M.A.

Honorary Secretaries :

W. G. R. SKILLEN, 25 Stranmillis Gardens.
WM, SWEENRY, 105 Cliftonville Road,

PROCEEDINGS.

Oo—

SUMMER SESSION.
Oo

LIMAVADY AND ROEPARK.

Date—Saturday, 4th May, 1935. Conductor—The President.
Number present, 60.

This excursion was a joint one with the Derry and
Route Clubs. The party left the Old Museum, College
Square North, and took the road through Ballymena, Cully-
backey, and Kilrea to Garvagh. At the latter town the
party were met by S. D. Glassey, of the Route Club, who,
along with the President (Joseph Skillen) acted as
conductor for the day.

The next stop was at Ballintemple to visit the site of
St. Adamnan’s Church. The church is said to have been
founded in the seventh century. Close by is the site of an
extraordinary souterrain dwelling recently discovered. It
is different from the usual souterrain in that it had been
cut out of solid rock and appears to have been a habitation
instead of a temporary shelter or hiding-place. Several
chambers have been explored, and they have several
resemblances to Skara Brae, the underground village
recently discovered in the Orkneys, such as projections from
the walls, apparently for beds. Domestic utensils have also
been found, including the bottom stone of a quern;
altogether this structure is an enigma to the antiquary.

The next stop was at the well-known Augustinian Priory
at Dungiven, which contains the Norman-type tomb of
Cooey O’Cahan. The Priory is now listed as an ancient
monument and is well cared for.

_ Leaving this place the high mountain road was taken to
Limavady, and at the summit a halt was called for lunch,
close to a deep gorge known as the ‘‘ Pot of Legavannon.”’
After lunch P. G. White, of the Limavady Club, gave a talk
on the geology of this chasm, showing how it was formed

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
326

from the overflow of a glacial lake situated on the top of the
mountain.

The party next proceeded to Mulkeeragh to visit a
megalithic monument, consisting of two burial chambers
linked up by a stone circle. Here 8. D. Glassey gave a
talk on horned cairns and their associated structures.

After a visit to Drumcreatt, a bee-hived shaped mound,
probably of prehistoric origin, the party took the road for
Limavady. Tea was provided at the Technical School,
presided over by the lady members of the Limavady Club,
and was greatly enjoyed. W. D. Cousins apologised for the
unavoidable absence of the President (M. M. MacCausland,
H.M.L.), and thanks were returned on behalf of the Belfast
members by their President.

A start was made for home through Dungiven and the
Pass of Glenshane, and Belfast was reached in the midst
of the Jubilee illuminations, a fitting close to an enjoyable
day.

SALLAGH BRAES AND SCAWT HILL.

Date—Saturday, 18th May, 1935. Conductors—Miss W. J. Sayers
and J. J. Hartley. Number present, 50.

The botanists first ascended Knockdhu (1,100 feet), the
northern extremity of the semi-circular range of hills
which constitutes the Sallagh Braes. It was disappointing
to find that the Alpine plants characteristic of the basalt
were very backward, probably owing to the continued
drought, a circumstance which also explained the entomo-
logists’ lack of success in their search for the tarns on the
summit. Dryas octopetala was not found in bloom, but
Arenaria verna and Saxifraga hypnoides were found, the
latter abundant not only on the hills but by the roadside.
After tea the party climbed the south end of the Braes,
passing fields covered with Orchis mascula, Ophioglossum
vulgatum, Botrychium Lunaria and Polystichum aculeatum
were also noted.

The archaeologists not only explored the fine seven-
chambered souterrain at the foot of Knockdhu, but
discovered an unrecorded stone avenue, with 22 stones in
alignment, apparently leading to a cairn.

1935-36.]
327

ENNISKILLEN AND LOUGH ERNE.
(United Excursion. )

Date—Friday, 24th to 26th May, 1935. Conductors—Dr. R. LI.
Praeger and the President. Number present about 75.

The Belfast contingent left the Old Museum, College
Square North, in charge of the President (J. Skillen), and
after a pleasant drive of about three and a half hours reached
Enniskillen, where the rest of the party were in waiting. It
required the accommodation of three hotels owing to the
numbers present. Some of the Belfast members had to
proceed eight miles farther to “‘ Lough Erne Hotel.’’

Next morning an early start was made to visit the
islands in Lough Erne, the party embarking at the west pier
in the motor boat ‘‘ Enniskillen ”’ to pick up the contingent
who were staying at ‘‘ Lough Erne Hotel,’’ Killydeas.

This was reached after a sail of about three-quarters of
an hour. Soon all were on board, and the bow was turned
for Devenish Island, where the ecclesiastical ruins were
inspected, consisting of the High church, the splendid
Round Tower, said to be the largest and most handsome in
Treland, and St. Molaise’s bed, the said bed being evidently
the stone coffin of some long- departed ecclesiastic.

Once more on board, the boat was headed for Killydeas,
where, at the Hotel, the midday meal was enjoyed on the
lawns, with a glorious view of the lough and its wooded isles
spread out below. Leaving here for White Island the party
was joined by Lady Dorothy Lowry-Corry, who had kindly
agreed to act as guide on the Island.

The boat then headed for Castle Archdale demesne,
kind permission having been given by Colonel Archdale to
‘land there and visit the gardens. Mrs. Archdale was in
waiting to show the visitors around, and a pleasant hour was
spent in the gardens, which included a rock garden.

Leaving here, the way over the lake was taken back to
Killydeas and Enniskillen. Later, all having assembled,
a meeting was held about eight o’clock in the spacious
Council Chamber in the Town Hall, kindly lent by Mr.
Proctor, Chairman of the Urban Council. ‘The President
of the Belfast Club having taken the chair, welcomed all
present.

Afterwards Dr. Praeger gave a talk on the topography
of the district. This talk was a very interesting one,

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
328

particularly about the discovery and exploration of the
limestone caves in Florencecourt demesne. Some geological
question having been asked and answered Dr. Praeger, along
with Miss W. J. Sayers, referred to some interesting plants
collected during the day.

Next day being Sunday the forenoon was free. Many
members attended to their religious duties. Some visited
the fine Cathedral, where Dean MacManaway courteously
received those who visited it.

After luncheon the buses were mounted for Florence-
court. Arriving at the entrance to the demesne there was
a delightful walk of about a mile to the Marble Arch, which
is the name given to the final exit from the limestone of an
underground river. Rising on the Cuilcagh Mountain in
its descent it reaches the soluble limestone, then runs
underground through caves which it has excavated to the
final exit at the Marble Arch.

The descent to the great cavern is one of extreme
difficulty. Five only of the whole party, including one
plucky lady, reached the great stalactite cavern with its
river flowing through. Buses were then mounted for
Enniskillen, then tea, packing, and departure for home, with
the usual farewells.

CAVE HILL.

Date—Tuesday evening, 28th May, 1935. Conductor—J. A. S.
Stendall.

Members met at the Cavehill Road bus terminus at 7
p.m., and proceeded to the Old Quarry. En route the varied
plant life was examined, while the geological features were
pointed out as a sequence of rocks rising from the Triassic
sandstones exposed on the Antrim shore of Belfast Lough,
to the volcanic basalt capping the rocks of the Cretaceous
period.

NEWRY AND SLIEVE GULLION.

Date—Saturday, 8th June, 1935. Conductors—Miss W. J. Sayers
and Professor J. K. Charlesworth. Number present, 29.

Plant collecting was badly hampered by heavy rain,
which rendered the projected study of the water plants of
the Newry Canal and river almost impossible. However,
a station of Generium phaeum was found near Hillsborough,

1935-36. |
329

and by the Newry Canal Ranunculus Lingua, Mimulus
Langsdorfii, Lycopus europaeus, Solanum Dulcamara and
Valeriana sambucifolia were seen, as well as abundance of
Oenanthe crocata and Oenanthe Phellandrium. Near the
canal Lamium album was plentiful, and in the water great
masses of Ranunculus aquatilis in bloom and Callitriche
verna and hamulata were noted. On the shore of Lough
Briclan, the low level of the water revealed the great
rhizomes of the yellow and white water lilies which bloomed
on the surface, and at the water’s edge Ranunculus Flam-
mula and Nasturtuim palustre were in flower. ‘The Dun of
Dorsey, an imposing earthen mound of quite unusual size
and shape, gave rise to much speculation, and by its pro-
minence in the landscape furnished a striking contrast to
the section of the Black Pig’s Dyke which was afterwards
visited.

BALLYHORNAN AND BENDERG BAYS.

Date—Saturday, 15th June, 1935. Conductors—J. S. Loughridge
and C. R Nodder.

The party travelled by bus to Ballyhornan, where were
seen the good exposures of “‘ calcreted ’’ sands and gravels,
which have been cemented together by lime from percolating
water. Both here and at Benderg the botanists and
entomologists pursued their various interests. At Ardglass
Jordan’s Castle was visited.

GORTIN GLENS.

Date—Saturday, 29th June, 1935. Conductors—Rev. E. M. Gumley,
J. J. Hartley and R. J. Welch. Number present over 50.

The party travelled to Omagh by G.N. Railway, and
thence by bus.

Just before reaching Gortin Gap J. J. Hartley
stopped the party and pointed out the main geological
features of the area between it and Omagh, explaining that
an enormously thick mass of ice coming from the Donegal
ice centre, in melting, provided large quantities of water
which had to find an outlet somehow, so, finding the easiest
way was north, it gradually cut a deep gorge through the
rather friable mica-schists and fell down into another big
glacial lake at a much lower level, the Gortin Valley of to-
day. The upper lake must have been at least 350 feet deep,
six times as deep as the central area of Lough Neagh.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
330

Once more in the motors, the party was soon at Lislap
House, or Castle, as it is sometimes called, now a burnt out
ruin. Here over an hour was allowed for lunch and
botanising.

Shortly after leaving Lislap the party dismounted again
near the View Point and walked through the Gap almost to
the road to the Gortin Lakes, two of five mountain tarns on
the hills high above Gortin village.

At 5.80 they moved on to Gortin for tea, served by
Miss Mary MacSwiggin in the Parochial Hall by the kind
permission of the rector of Gortin. A very short business
meeting was held after tea—the President (J. Skillen) in
the chair—when a cordial vote of thanks was passed to the
rector for his courtesy.

DUBLIN.

Date—Thursday, 11th, to Saturday, 13th July, 1935.

In honour of the Jubilee of the Dublin Naturalists’
Field Club a large party from Belfast travelled to Dublin
by train, and the same evening there was a Conversazione
at the Royal Irish Academy, with many interesting exhibits.

The Jubilee meeting proper of the Dublin Naturalists’
Field Club was held on Friday night in the same place, Dr.
R. Lloyd Praeger presiding.

Dr. Praeger, welcoming the delegates, said that for over
forty years he had been himself a member of the Dublin
Naturalists’ Field Club, and for fifty years he had been a
member of the senior club in Belfast.

The Field Club movement had originated in Belfast.
They owed it to professor Haddon that the Dublin Club
had been established fifty years ago. Its first president was
Professor Edward Percival Wright, and since that time the
Club had had a number of other distinguished men as
presidents.

Joseph Skillen, President of the Belfast Naturalists’
Field Club, said that they had 1,400 members in the North
of Ireland. He congratulated C. Wentworth Allen, Hon.
Secretary of the Dublin Club, who had organised their very
pleasant excursions. The Dublin and Belfast Clubs should
have more such united excursions.

W. S. Laverock, Liverpool Naturalists’ Field Club; J.
J. Hartley, Geological Society of London; Miss C. E.

1935-36.]
331

Longfield, of the London Natural History Society; and Wm.
Rennee, of the Glasgow and Andersonian Natural History
and Microscopical Society, also addressed the meeting.

Earlier in the day there had been alternative excursions
to Glendalough to the south and the Boyne Valley to the
north.

’ Saturday morning was devoted to alternative short
excursions, to the Zoological Gardens, the National Museum,
and the Botanic Gardens at Glasnevin.

BROWNDOD.

Date—Tuesday (evening), 23rd July, 1935. Conductors—Miss M.
Gaffikin and A. H. Davison.

The members taking part travelled by motor coach. The
principal object of the excursion was to inspect the recently
excavated horned cairn at Browndod. On the way, the rock-
cut soutrerrain at Ballymartin was visited.

PORTMUCK (ISLANDMAGEBE).

Date—Tuesday (evening), 30th July, 1935. Conductor—A. M‘I.
Cleland.

The motor bus left the Old Museum Building at 6.15
and went direct to Portmuck to examine the cretaceous beds
exposed there at low tide. The return journey was made by
Brown’s Bay and the lower road, passing the Druid’s Altar.

KNOCKNADONA AND DROMORE.

Date—Saturday, 3rd August, 1935. Conductor—A. M'‘I. Cleland.

The excursion party left the Old Museum at 2 p.m., and
had for its chief objects the inspection of the chalk quarry
at Knocknadona, the Brookmount gravel pit, and then the
rhyolite quarry at Islandderry. Return was made by
Dromore.

RIVER LAGAN.

Date—Tuesday (evening), 13th August, 1935. Conductors—Miss
E. E. Barry and J. A. S. Stendall.

A bus conveyed the party to Drum Bridge, whence a
walk along the towpath brought them to Shaw’s Bridge, a
walk providing good hunting ground for both botanists and
zoologists.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
332

KILKEEL.

Date—Saturday, 24th August, 1935. Conductors—A. H. Davison
and J. A. S. Stendall.

Members left the Old Museum in two buses, and in
glorious weather. This excursion was over the only road
which crosses the Mourne range, and at the Deer’s Meadow,
a flat tableland in the heart of the Mournes, a talk was
given by A. H. Davison on the geology of the mountain
range. A halt was also made where a stone with labyrinthine
markings was recently found, and here J. A. S. Stendall
explained how it was discovered and removed for sate
custody to the Belfast Municipal Museum. Tea at Kilkeel
and a visit to the sea for marine zoology ended an interesting
and instructive excursion, Belfast being reached by way
of Clough and Ballynahinch.

ROSAPENNA.

Date—Saturday, 7th September, 1935. Conductors—The President
and R. J. Welch.

The party left Belfast by the 8.15 a.m. train for
Strabane, whence motor coaches covered the 40 miles
to the Rosguil Peninsula Rest House, the route lying
through Ramelton and Milford to the winding Mulroy Fiord,
where fine vistas of Fanad were seen through the Cratlagh
Woods. Passing through Carrigart, a stop of 10 minutes
was made to let the party see a fine exhibit of Donegal
tweeds, an open air exhibit in the main street of the little
town.

On arrival at the Rest House the various sections of the
party scattered for a three and a half hours’ collecting before
tea at 4.15.

Some went to see all that remains of Lord Boyne’s
house and garden, overwhelmed by drifting sand, the light
foraminiferous sand of the Tramore dunes which gives to-day
such fine golfing turf.

Others of the party visited the contorted quartzite cliffs
of very ancient rocks, or hunted for primitive man’s food
shells and stone implements in the famous ‘“‘ kitchen-
middens ”’ on the golf links near the hotel. The route home
was vid Barnsbeg, Kilmacrenan and Letterkenny. Belfast
was reached at 10 o’clock.

1935-36. ]
333

MASSEREENE PARK.

Date—5th September, 1935. Conductor—A. E. Muskett.

The Fungus Foray, which has been a feature of the
summer programme for some years, was held in Massereene
Park. The collections made were not very extensive owing
to destruction of timber in the demesne, but some interest-
ing varieties were secured.

ANNUAL CONFERENCE AT DERRY.

Almost 200 members attended the annual Northern
Conference of Naturalists’ Field Clubs which opened in Derry
on Friday, 27th September, 1935, the Belfast, Route,
Limavady, Tyrone and Omagh Clubs being represented.
There were also visitors from the Dublin Naturalists’ Field
Club.

The Melville Hotel was the Conference headquarters,
and J. Skillen, President of the Belfast Club, presided.
A warm welcome was given to the Conference by A. J. Irwin,
President of the Derry Club, which was acknowledged by
Mr. Skillen.

Miss E. M. O’Neill, B.A., of Derry Club, opened the
scientific proceedings with a lecture on the Peninsula of
TInishowen and its many fine archaeological and antiquarian
remains. The lecture was illustrated by a series of lantern
slides by Hugh Weir. Following the address many exhibits
of stone implements, geological specimens, coins, medals,
etc., were inspected.

On Saturday the party made a tour of the Peninsula,
taking the east coast route through Moville, the first stopping
place being at the ruins of the military fortress, Greencastle.

Afterwards the Carrowmore Crosses were visited at the
Monastery of Both-Chonais, also a bullaun stone and some
souterrains or ancient Irish underground dwellings. A short
talk on the history of the crosses and the monastery was
given by Miss O’Neill.

The next visit was to the old church of Cloncha, where
Harry P. Swan described its history and the grave slab on
which is sculptured a cross surrounded by a caman, ball, and
floriated ornament. At Bocan Parochial Hall the party was
welcomed by Rev. Father M‘Kenna, P.P., and shown the
ancient Celtic bronze bell of St. Boden. The history of the
bell was related by Father M‘Kenna, Mr, Swan and Rev,
Canon Duncan, of Lifford,

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
334

After being entertained by the ladies of the Derry Club
the party visited a very fine stone monument, which may be
the chamber of a horned cairn, and is known as the Temple
of Doon. It was described by Messrs. Glassey and Swan.
Next they visited Carndonagh Crosses, described by Canon
Duncan, and the famous calereted shelly-sands of Pollan Bay
dunes, near Ballyliffin.

The members then motored to Buncrana, where they
were entertained at tea by Mr. and Mrs. H. P. Swan, and,
before leaving, inspected Mr. Swan’s fine collection of Irish
and other antiquities.

At the Conference in the evening Coleraine was
unanimously selected for the 1936 meeting, and Cushendall
as headquarters for the May excursion.

Dr. R. Ll. Praeger and Miss Sayers named any interest-
ing plants found, while the former gave a talk on the plants
of the Peninsula and their geological history. Sam Henry, of
the Route Club, and others also spoke on the area visited,
while Dr. J. Wilfrid Jackson, of Manchester Museum, gave
a short lecture on his diggings at the Ballintoy Caves, and
exhibited a number of the objects of interest found.

There was no official programme on Sunday, but several
of the party climbed the steep isolated hill on which stands
Ireland’s finest cashel, a dry-built circular stone fort, the
famous Grianan of Aileach, now a Free State national
monument.

WINTER SESSION.

The authors of the Papers, of which abstracts are given,
are alone responsible for the views expressed therein.

CONVERSAZIONE.

The Winter Session opened with the Annual
Conversazione held on 15th October, 1935, in the Assembly
Buildings. Tea was served from 6.80 to 7.45 p.m.

The attendance was equal to that of previous years and
the exhibits both numerous and interesting. At the business
meeting the President welcomed the members and their
friends, and expressed his appreciation of the high standard
of the exhibits. Twenty-one Senior Members and five
Junior were elected. Thomas Greer (Hon. Secretary Tyrone
Club) was made an Honorary Member, and J, A. Benington,

1935-36. ]
335

Friends’ School, Lisburn, a Corresponding Member. The |
prizes won by Junior Members were distributed by the
President, Joseph Skillen.

The exhibits included :—

Botany.—Archibald Graham, uncommon Fruits; Miss
Eleanor Barry and Miss Kathleen Bourke, Water Plants;
Miss F. M. J. Adams, some microscopic preparations show-
ing different types of plant crystals; Miss W. J. Sayers,
studies in colour of wild flowers found in Norway and pressed
specimens of the same; Rev. W. R. Megaw, Fruiting
Mosses; C. R. Nodder, Botany Note-books; C. 8. Bailey,
Fruits and Seeds; Municipal Museum and Art Gallery, cases
illustrating the life history of the fern; Miss M. W. Rea,
Geaster (fungus) from Norwich.

GEOLOGY.—Queen’s University (Department of
Geology), maps and models illustrating the corries of Co.
Kerry; map showing the distribution of the Tertiary Dykes
in N.E. Ireland; plant remains from interbasaltic beds of
Portrush; A. H. Davison and R. G. Henderson, rocks,
diagrams and maps illustrative of the Rosapenna and Derry
Conference Excursions; A. M‘I. Cleland, silicified chalk
from North Downs, Kent; de-silicified flints from North
Downs, Kent; samples of Ludlow “‘ bone bed’’ from
Craven Arms, Shropshire; Lower Cambrian trilobites from
Comley, Shropshire; Silurian trilobites from Winstanstow,
Shropshire; Geological Photographs; indian corn grown in
Knock, Belfast; R. J. Welch, Holocene fossil land shells
from Rosapenna sand-dunes.

Zootocy.—R. MacDonald, Haliotis sp. California; edible
Trish land Mollusca; C. D. Deane, photographs of Ulster
bird-life; some ground-nesting birds in their natural habitat ;
Regurgitation (pellets of birds); R. J. Welch, Holocene
shells from the Lough Foyle shell-banks; land shells,
Rosapenna area; living Planorbis corneus from River Lagan
and Mountstewart; lantern slides, geology, ethnography,
archaeology, Rosapenna area; J. A. S. Stendall, sectional
mollusks; some unusual birds’ eggs; W. M. Crawford,
water-beetles; Indian butterflies; Goliath Beetle from
Central Africa; Miss M. W. Rea, Mycetazoa.

ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY.—Municipal Museum
and Art Gallery, scale model of Goward Horned Cairn; R.
D. Caldwell, small bronze socketed axe; iron axe; clay pipe
of curious shape; A. Watson Lindsay, Ogham stone cast,
Dunalis souterrain, Coleraine; stone with remains of Early

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
336

Tron Age iron drill broken in it; pottery flints and bones
found in Dunalis souterrain; plan and sections of Dunalis
souterrain, in detail, drawn to scale and coloured; photos of
interior Dunalis souterrain, also photos of stone outcrops
bearing distinct iron drill marks, believed first of kind
discovered; W. A. Green, rushlight candlesticks and crusie
lamps, Irish and Italian; Angus MacDonald, stone imple-
ments from sandhill sites; G. Kelly, lock of Ferryquay
Gate, Londonderry, at the time of the siege (lent by Mrs.
Kennedy-Skipton, Saintfield).

PuotoGraPuy.—R. J. Welch, contorted cliffs and caves,
Rosapenna; A. R. Hogg, Mountstewart gardens by night, a
40in. by 380in. print; John B. Pears, series of full
plate photographs, with notes on objects and places shown;
Miss May L. Dunlop, photographs of places of historic and
scenic interest visited at various times by B.N.F.C.; J. 5.
Loughridge, natural history photographs in colour.

MIscELLANEOUS.—-Miss M. Gaffikin, map of the anti-
quities of Mayobridge district; C. D. Chase, nature study
map of Campbell College; W. Erskine Mayne, display of
scientific books relating to the activities of the Club.

Junior Division Exuisirs (Collected during this
year).—Mourne Mountains pottery, Hon. Secretary Junior
Division; Some Belfast butterflies, George Burns; Sketches
of birds, C. D. Nodder; land, marine and freshwater shells,
antiquarian photographs, etc., Noel Gregg; British and
West African butterflies and moths; mimicry, crysalids,
lava from Teneriffe, Vivian Gotto; grasses, wild flowers,
seaweeds, geological specimens, Dorothy and Edna Wilson;
local wild flowers, illustrated report on Giant’s Ring, fresh-
water mollusks, etc., autumn fruits, Felicity Bolton; shells,
Jean M‘Veigh; rock salt to table salt, G. B. Duffin; marine,
land and freshwater shells, Viola Benson; British trees,
leaves, flowers and fruits, Iris Benson.

Friends’ School, Lisburn, Natural History Society,
Hon. Secretary, J. A. Benington, B.Sc.—Cliff-nesting sea
birds with nests and eggs in natural surroundings; N.H.S.
photographic album; bird migration map, Joan Walker,
Bebe Simpson, Pat Baillie, Joan Tyler, Helene Henning;
nesting box, R. Henning, R. Bell; bird table and shelter, B.
Hobson, H. Monteith; nature diaries, Barbara M‘Cleery,
Joy Lamb, Pauline Mayes, Nellie M‘Cullough, Moira
Douglas, Angela FitzSimons, Hazel Poole, Doreen Houston,
W. Sinton, T. Snoddy, B. Hewitt, H. Green, F, William-
son, H. M‘Cullough, R, Ward,

1935-36.]
337

SOME REMINISCENCES.

At the opening meeting of the Lecture Season held in
the Old Museum on Tuesday, 5th November, 1985, the
President, J. Skillen, gave his inaugural address on the
above subject.

Mr. Skillen dealt with the existing belief in fairies, the
belief that cattle affected with murrain were “ elf-shot ”’
and the prevailing reluctance of the peasantry to interfere
with raths or fairy-thorns. He referred also to the Loch
Ness myth, the barnacle-goose fable, the belief in the
spontaneous generation of eels, touching for the King’s Evil,
charms, the philosopher’s stone and other superstitions.

ROMANCE OF FLOWERS.

On Friday, 22nd November, 1935, at the Old Museum,
at 8 p.m., D. J. Carpenter, A.R.C.Sec.L., delivered a lecture
on the above subject.

[No Abstract. |

A GEOLOGICAL TOUR OF GREAT BRITAIN.
(Part I).

At the Old Museum on Tuesday, 17th December, 1935,
at 8 p.m., A. M‘I. Cleland delivered a lecture on the above

subject.
[No Abstract. |

ZOOLOGICAL SECTION EVENING.

On Tuesday, 4th February, 1936, at the Old Museum
three short papers were read as follows:—

1. Ecology of Animals—J. 8. Loughridge, F.R.C.S.

2. Pearls—R. MacDonald.

3. Bees and Wasps—J. A. S. Stendall.

[No Abstracts. |
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SECTION EVENING.
PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY OF TYRONE.
A lecture on ‘‘ The Prehistoric Archaeology of Tyrone,”’

with special reference to Dun Ruadh, a prehistoric cairn at
Stewartstown, was given on Tuesday, 18th February, 1936,

‘Proc. B.N.F.C.
3838

at 8 p.m., in the Old Museum, College Square North, by
Oliver Davies, M.A., Lecturer in Archaeology, Queen's
University.

The President (J. Skillen) was in the chair.

Mr. Davies said the present paper intended to deal
entirely with the neolithic and bronze periods down to about
1000 B.c. Scientific excavation had hardly been carried out
yet in the county, but the results obtained at Clady Halliday
and Dun Ruadh last summer were encouraging for further
work.

In the second millennium B.c. the county probably con-
tained few, if any, bogs. The higher slopes would have
been good pasture, the mountain tops probably too rocky or
cold for permanent habitation, while the lower valleys would
have been forested. As neolithic remains were not very
common in Hast Derry early man probably approached from
the south-east through Monaghan. Influences might also
have reached Tyrone from the west via Sligo or Donegal,
and in general there seemed to have been an influx of
population, by whatever route it came, from France or
farther south.

The early remains in Tyrone might at present be divided
into four classes—the horned cairns, of which Clady
Halliday was excavated last spring, had been examined also
in County Antrim and Down, and the early examples in
Tyrone seemed to conform to the general type; the long
cairns with passages and single chamber were connected with
remains in the Free State, and ultimately probably with
Spain; the smaller cists were perhaps degenerate forms of
the two previous types; and there were many stone circles.
To the last class Dun Ruadh, excavated last autumn, seemed
to belong, but at a later date a cairn had been built over it
to enclose a number of burial cists. It was unfortunate that
this monument, which was one of the finest in Ulster, had
been dreadfully wrecked during the last thirty years. But
it had yielded many pots and flints, and it was hoped that
the further excavations this year would solve the outstanding
problems, and that it would be possible to leave the ‘‘ Royal
Fort ’’ in a condition in which its grandeur and history could
be better appreciated than heretofore.

A hearty vote of thanks to Mr, Davies was passed on
the motion of R, 8, Lepper.

1935-36. ]
339

THE RELATIONS OF GEOLOGY TO FIELD BOTANY.

A meeting was held in the Old Museum on Tuesday,
24th March, 1936, when a lecture was given by Dr. R. Lloyd
Praeger on the above subject. The President (J. Skillen)
was in the chair.

The distribution of plants on a world-wide scale is
governed chiefly by questions of temperature and rainfall;
but within smaller areas, such as Ireland, topography and
soil are the dominating factors, and climate takes a
subordinate place. Thus, in analysing the flora of Europe
as a whole, we find an increasing change towards the west
due to the increasing influence of the great body of
comparatively warm water which forms the Atlantic, and
the Irish flora shows that Ireland is in the very focus of this
Atlantic influence; but within the country the distribution
of mountain masses, and especially the presence or absence
of limestone, has a greater effect in extending or curtailing
the range of the components of the flora. In Ireland the
distribution of non-caleareous and calcareous rocks and that
of elevation and low areas show a general coincidence; the
result of this is to combine the effects due to the one
phenomenon or to the other; the great Central Plain is
essentially a limestone area, while most of the mountain-
groups rise around its margin and are formed of non-
calcareous rocks. A combination of limestone and mountain
is a happy combination for the botanist, since the hmestone
flora is rich and since the rough ground of mountainous
areas 1s favourable for the survival of a large flora which on
the low grounds might have suffered through agriculture,
ete. Such a combination is rare in Ireland, but where it
occurs, as in Sligo and Clare, it provides a happy hunting
ground, with a large flora and many rare plants. The
mountain areas formed of granite or slate or sandstone have
usually a much poorer flora. Especially on granite, thick
beds of peat have formed, and these yield a flora usually
restricted and monotonous. Slate rocks are better, but they
do not equal the limestone. The Glacial Period has left
behind it among other detritus much sand and gravel;
especially where this is limy, it forms the home of many
light-soil plants. The presence of the sinuous esker-ridges
over the Central Plain has resulted in wide dispersal of
these floral elements all over an area which without them
might not have been present at all, owing to the widespread
stretches of bog and marsh, and of soils derived from Glacial
clay, which occur throughout the Central Plain area.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
340

A GEOLOGICAL TOUR OF GREAT BRITAIN.
(Part 2.)

At the Old Museum on Tuesday, 31st March, 1936,
A. M'T. Cleland delivered a lecture on above subject.

[No Abstract. ]
LECTURE DEMONSTRATIONS ON GEOLOGY.

During the winter a series of nine lecture-demonstra-
tions on geology were given by Professor J. K. Charlesworth,
D.Se., Ph.D., in Queen’s University, by kind permission of
the Vice-Chancellor. The lectures were attended by more
than fifty members of the Club and proved very interesting
and instructive.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual Meeting was held in the Museum, College
Square North, on Tuesday, 7th April, 1986, at 8 p.m., the
President (J. Skillen) in the chair. The following reports
were presented :—

ANNUAL REPORT.

Your Committee has great pleasure in presenting the
Report for the Seventy-third year, and in doing so desires
to congratulate the members on the continued prosperity
and popularity of the Club.

The membership on the Ist April this year stands at
502, and with 125 Juniors makes a Total of 627.

There were 47 new members elected during the year,
and offset against this a loss through death, resignation, or
lapsed members of 40, being a net increase of 7.

The programme of the Summer Excursions was duly
carried out, and consisted of sixteen excursions, the details
of which have been given in earlier pages.

For kindness received during the summer meetings,
including the Conference, we desire to place on record our
indebtedness to the Londonderry Club, to the Rev. Father
M‘Kenna, P.P., at Bocan, Co. Donegal, for the use of his
lecture hall and for his talk on the ancient ecclesiastical bell,
to Mr, and Mrs, H, P. Swan for hospitality at Bucrana, to

1935-36. ]
341

Colonel Archdale, Lord Enniskillen, and Lord Massereene
for permission to visit their estates, and to Lady Dorothy
Lowry Corry for acting as guide and lecturer at White
Island.

The Winter Session opened with the usual conversazione
in the Assembly Buildings, the attendance being up to the
average, and the exhibits numerous and educational. The
Junior Division as usual had an outstanding display both
varied and instructive. The team work exhibit of the
Friends’ School, Lisburn, deserves special mention.

We desire to return our best thanks to the donors of
the prizes, who were as follows:—The President, the Vice-
President, Miss Sayers, W. M. Crawford, A. M‘I. Cleland,
A. Albert Campbell, R. G. Henderson, J. A. 8. Stendall,
W. G. BR. Skillen.

The winter lecture session was carried through success-
fully according to the details given in earlier pages.

These lectures were well attended, and interesting
discussions followed each.

During the winter a course of nine lecture-demonstra-
tions was given in the Department of Geology, Queen’s
University, by Prof. Charlesworth. The lectures were of
high educational value and were much appreciated.

We desire to record our best thanks to Prof. Charles-
worth for the trouble taken and time spent in delivering
them, and to the Vice-Chancellor for granting the use of the
rooms.

Our five affiliated Clubs are carrying on their activities
in their various districts, and several of our members helped
them by delivering lectures during the past winter. The
Committee desire to thank the following members who did
so:—

The President, D. J. Carpenter, J. A. S. Stendall, Prof.
Gregg Wilson, J. J. Hartley, Dr. R. H. Hunter, Dr. R. Ll.
Praeger.

In conclusion, we regret to record the deaths of several
of our members, whose names are appended. We desire to
thank the Press for reporting our meetings and the various
learned societies who supplied us with their publications
during the past year.

W. G. R. SKILLEN Hon.
Wn. SWEENEY Secretaries.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
342

RE IE AR SE I, GN
OBITUARY.

W. J. Dunwoody.
Rev. Canon Foster, B.D. (Corresponding Member).
A. N. Sharpe.

HON. LIBRARIAN’S REPORT.

The work goes on steadily. One addition has been made
to the list of Exchanges, viz., the Coventry N.H. and
Scientific Society. The work of completing sets of
Proceedings in the Museum Library, where the Club’s
Library is housed, is continuing apace, as well as the binding
of completed volumes.

The list of Exchanges is appended at page 349.
W. M. CrAwForp.

REPORT OF HON. RECORDING SECRETARY.

The vegetation of 19385 was early, following a mild
winter. Bird visitors came well up to time, though strangely
enough, there was no exceptionally early arrival as might
have been expected.

Records made during the year have not been many,
but they are of much interest and illustrate that good work
in the sphere of natural history continues, though it is
regrettable that more members do not show activity in the
field.

ZooLoey.
For Birds, Fishes, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and
Mollusca see special pages of ‘‘ Records ”’ at page 353.

Botany.

Thomas Greer records Musk Mimulus, Mimulus
moschatus (Douglas), in abundance in Gortin Glen, Ty., on
14th August, 19385.

Carex divulsa Stokes, is reported from Greenisland, An.,
by Miss Nora Fisher.

Miss W. J. Sayers reports the Bee Orchid, Ophrys
apifera Li. at Downhill, Ld., a new county record.

1935-36. ]
345

Rev. W. R. Megaw has recorded the moss Thuidium
hystricosum Mitt., from the sandhills at Magilligan, Ld.,
as new to Ireland, and has made several new vice-county
finds.

Archaeology Investigation is making much headway,
and during the year Dr. J. Wilfred Jackson continued his
excavation of the caves at Ballintoy; Professor V. Gordon
Child, of Edinburgh University, concluded a valuable piece
of work on a promontory fort at Larriban; while several
horned cairns have been investigated by members of the
Northern Ireland Prehistoric Council. Reports of all
have appeared or will appear in appropriate publications.

J. A. SipNEY STENDALL, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF BOTANICAL SECTION.

There were two excursions during the summer; and a
Botanical evening on March 24th, 1936, when Dr. Praeger
gave a most interesting lecture on ‘‘ The Relations of
Geology to Field Botany.’’

On May 2lst, 1935, a joint excursion with the
Geological Section was held to Crow Glen. Plants noted
included Water Avens (Geum rivale), Goldilocks (Ranun-
culus. auricomus), Sweet Woodruff (Asperula odorata),
Guelder Rose (Viburnum Opulus). On August 17th, mem-
bers went to Tullycairn, near Dromore. Here, Bur-Marigold
(Bidens cernua var. radiata), Celery-leafed Buttercup
(Ranunculus sceleratus) and Spindle Tree (Hunonymus
Europeus) were noted. On March 31st, 1936, an informal
meeting was held to consider ways and means of getting
information for the new edition of the Flora. Miss Sayers
distributed lists of plants and their localities in Counties
Down and Antrim that require to be verified, if possible.

KATHLEEN M. Bourke, Hon. Secretary
REPORT OF ZOOLOGICAL SECTION.

The section held three excursions during the past
season, one being a joint excursion with the Geological
section.

__ On 11th May the excursion to Orlock was a joint one
with the Geological section. The Zoologists found much to
interest them.

{Proc. B.N.F.C.
344

The second excursion was held on 1st June to
Strangford. At Ringhaddy motor boats were kindly placed
at the disposal of the party by Drs. Unsworth and Graham,
but owing to the state of the tide we were only able to visit
Dunnyneil Island. Numerous species of seabirds’ nests
were seen and examined, also several species of marine
mollusca were collected, one being of some interest from
the point of view of distribution, namely Leucopeplea
(Montagu).

The third excursion of the season was held to the mouth
of the Sixmilewater at Antrim on 20th July. This was a
dredging excursion, and although the results obtained were
not great as regards species they were very interesting, the
following species being very abundant:—Gammarus mulex
L, Arellus aquaticus L, Sphalrium lacustor (Miller), while
Hydrobia jenkinsi Smith though common was much rarer
than usual.

Although the attendance at the above excursions was
never very large those who did attend were very enthu-
siastic.

During the year individual members have been very
active in their own particular groups. Details of entomo-
logical and molluscan reports will be found at page 353.

The section does not seem to posses the attraction for
members which it deserves, but we think that if members of
the Club would realise that there yet remains much valuable
work to be done in natural history by people who are not
specialists, we can look forward to a time when there will be
a keener interest taken in this section of Club work.

J. S. LOUGHRIDGE, Hon.
JAMES ORR, Secretaries.

REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

General Geological excursions were made as follows: —

Scawt Hill (18th May), to examine the metamorphosed
chalk so well exposed in that locality.

Gortin Glen (29th June), to inspect the glacial overflow
channels and sections to be seen there.

Port Muck, Island Magee (30th July), to examine the
exposure of Liassic beds so well seen at low water.

Lastly (on Saturday, 3rd August), a very comprehensive
excursion was made to Knocknadona chalk quarries; Brook-
mount glacial gravel pits; and Islandderry rhyolite quarry.

1935-36. |
345

Sectional excursions were made as follows:—

Orlock Point (11th May), to examine the Raised Beach
deposits and Ordovician slates.

Crow Glen (21st May), to inspect the Trias Cretaceous
succession so well seen there.

Scrabo Quarries (14th June), to examine the Trias
sandstones and shales.

The Sectional Excursion arranged for Saturday, 19th
September, to visit Waterloo, Larne, had to be postponed
owing to unforeseen circumstances.

From the above report it will be seen that the Section
was very active during the past summer session.

This activity and interest was further emphasised in the
magnificent series of lectures given to the Club as a whole
by Prof. J. K. Charlsworth in the Geological Department,
Queen’s University, during the following Winter Session,
for particulars of which see the Annual Report.

A. M‘I. CLELAND, Hon.
J. Je ARTERY! Secretaries.

REPORT OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SECTION.

The Section held three field meetings during the
summer session—to the district between Ballyclare and
Ballymena on 22nd June; to Legananny and Slieve Croob
on 10th August; and to Cranfield, Co. Antrim, on 14th
September. On 12th October a visit was paid to the Gallery
of Irish Antiquities in the Municipal Museum, under the
guidance of Mr. Alfred George, of the Museum staff,
followed by a social hour of tea and talk in the Carlton.

The Section was responsible for the programme on the
Archaeological Night during the winter session on 18th
February. The Section continues to exhibit healthy growth.

A. ALBERT CAMPBELL, Hon. Secretary.
REPORT OF SURVEY OF ANTIQUITIES COMMITTEE.

The Survey of Antiquities in Northern Ireland continues
slowly but steadily.

According to a decision made last year, work during
the past season has been concentrated on megalithic
monuments, 75 of which have been inspected and mapped.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
346

In Counties Antrim and Down this work has been carried
out in connection with the proposed publication of a Book
on Antiquities by the Ancient Monuments Advisory Com-
mittee.

It is satisfactory to know that the maps showing the
distribution of Antiquities produced by the Survey
Committee and published in the Irish Naturalists’ Journal
have been made use of by both the staff and students of
Queen’s University. Copies of Mr. Evan’s paper and the
maps were sent to various scientific societies and pre-
historians, and letters were received in reply commending
the work being carried out by the Club.

The thanks of the Committee are due to Mr.
Rippingham for his kindness in re-drawing the distribution
maps for publication; to Dr. Chart and the staff of the
Public Record Office, and the Curator and the staff of the
Belfast Municipal Museum for affording every facility for
research work; to Mr. Estyn Evans and Mr. Oliver Davies
for inspection of megalithic monuments. The magnificent
contfibutions to the Survey made by Lady Dorothy Lowry-
Corry and Mr. S. D. Glassy deserve especial mention, their
reports, plans, etc., forming the bulk of the past season’s
work.

Details of reports, plans, photographs, etc., are given
below : —

Received during 1935-36. The figures in brackets show
the totals to date from the beginning of the work.

Reports. Plans. Photographs.
Megalithic Monuments ... 160 (278) 68 (185) 17 (187)
7

Souterrains aH ROW (SASL Onrai(2)
Forts, Cashels, Mottes .... 41 (107) 5 (23) 0O (19)
Crannogs aie 5.4 if Owi(O0) apO a(O)ae OS)
Churches Ps sow OMAL) 2.50 > (0) in ao)
Castles pis wisest Os cy ON aks OM a(O). Tada)
Other Antiquities Lo 9, (20) 1,0 (3) 9 <4 aie)

226 (497) 68 (168) 27 (455)
Mary GAFFIKIN.
JUNIOR DIVISION REPORT.

The number of Junior Members on the list is 125.
During the year 18 new members were elected, 4 resigned,
and 2 were transferred to the Senior List.

1935-36. ]
347

The Junior Division Committee met three times. On
each occasion we were indebted to our Chairman for the
use of his office.

The usual annual reminder of subscriptions due was not
sent out until 6th April. In consequence I can report the
receipt of only twenty-three subscriptions, although I know
a large number of junior members will pay on being
reminded.

The following excursions and meetings were held: —

May 25—Geological excursion to Colin Glen. Conductor,
J.J. Hartley.

May 28—General Club excursion to Cave Hill. Conducted
by J. A. S. Stendall.

June 1—Balmoral Show Talks arranged by Mr. Rhinehart
in Ministry of Agriculture’s Exhibition.

June 22—Excursion to Portstewart. Conducted by Capt.
Chase and Messrs. R. and A. Macdonald.

October 12—Lagan and near fields. Conductors, Miss Rea
and Mr. N. Carrothers.

1936.
January 8—By courtesy of York Street Flax Spinning Co.
. a party of 17 Junior members were shown all the
processes.

February 22—Excursion to Skegoniel Brickworks and Cave-
hill quarries. Conducted by A. H. Davison. All
members got good specimens of different kinds of
gypsum, casts of salt crystals and fossils from the
chloritic chalk.

February 25—Second Junior conversazione in Old Museum.
Number present, including seniors, was fifty-
five. Tea was provided by the kindness of Miss
Rea, M.Sc., who was, however, unable to be with
us to our great regret.

Most Junior members brought exhibits. Mr. Benington,
of the Friend’s School, Lisburn, gave a short explanation
of his bird migration map.

Mr. Hartley gave a talk on fossils. One of the previous
Saturday’s finds was recognised as a rare one.

Mr. Hartley said that there was no specimen of this
fossil at the University, and he accepted it as a gift from
the girl who found it, to be added to collection there.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
348

March 31—Six junior botanists were summoned to the
special meeting of the Senior Botanical Section to consider
ways of verifying facts for the new edition of the Flora.
Five of them came and expressed their willingness to help
in the searches.

WinirrRED Nopprer, Hon. Secretary.

CLUB MEDALLISTS.

1923. William Swanston, F.G.S.

1924.. Nevin Harkness Foster, F.L.S., M.R.I.A.
1925. Nathaniel Carrothers.

1926. Robert Bell.

1927. R..Lloyd Praeger, D.Sc., M.R.I.A.

1928. R. J. Welch, M.Se., M.R.I.A.

a No award.

1931--S“A, Bennett, 5A) B.Sc,

1932. J.A.S. Stendall, M.R.I.A., M.B.0.U.

19388. A. M‘I. Cleland. |
1934. Professor Gregg Wilson, O.B.E., D.Sc., M.R.LA.
1935. No award.

1935-36. ]
349

LIST OF EXCHANGING SOCIETIES.

1934-35. 1935-36.
— — Barrow-in-Furness—Naturalists’ F.C. and Lit.
and Se. Association.

eT 1 Belfast—Committee of Public Museums and
Art Gallery.
1 Committee of Public Libraries.
1 N.H. and Phil. Society.
— — Presbyterian Historical Society of
Treland.
1 — Berlin—Zoologisches Museum der Universitiit.
1 1 Birmingham—N.H. and Phil. Society.
1 1 Bournemouth—Natural Science Society.
1 1 Brighton and Hove—N.H. and Phil. Society.
1 — Bristol—Naturalists’ Society.
1 1 Brussels—Musée Royal d’Hist. Nat.

— Buteshire—N.H. Society.
1 Caradoc and Severn Valley—Field Club.
1 1 Cardiff—Naturalists’ Society.
1 Carlisle—Natural History Society.
— Chester—Society of Nat. Sce., Lit. and Art.

1 Coventry—N.H. and Sc. Soc.

1 Down and Connor—Historical Society.

1 Dublin—N.F.C.

1 Royal Irish Academy.

iL Royal Society of Antiquaries, Ireland.
_ Royal Zoological Society of Ireland.
— — Dumfriesshire and Galloway—Natural History

and Antiquarian Society.

1 1 Dundalk—County Louth Archaeological

Journal.
— 1 Eastbourne—N.H., Photographic and Lit.
/ Society.
—_— 1 Edinburgh—Geological Society.
Kssex—Field Club.

—
—

1934-35.

1
1

i

et a |

{[Proc. B.N.F.C.

350
1935-36.
1 Eton College—Natural History Society.
1 Frankfort—Senckenbergische Bibliothek.
— Glasgow—Royal Philosophical Society.
1 Glasgow and Andersonian Natural History and
Microscopical Society.
1 Guernsey—La Société Guernésiaise.
1 Halifax, Nova Scotia—Institute of Science.

Hertfordshire—N.H. Society and F.C.

Isle of Man—N.H. and Antiquarian Society.
Isle of Wight—Natural History Society.
Leeds—Philosophical and Literary Society.
Leicester—Lit. and Phil. Society.
Leyden—Rijks Ethnographisch Museum.

Liverpool—Geological Society.
Naturalists’ Field Club.

Llandudno, Colwyn Bay and District — Field
Club.

London—British Association.
British Museum.
Geologists’ Association.
Linnean Society.
Natural History Society.
Manchester—Geological Association.
Lit. and Phil. Society.
Microscopical Society.
Marlborough College—Natural History Society.
Mexico—Instituto de Biologia.
Montevideo, Uruguay—Museo de Hist. Nat.

Newcastle-upon-Tyne—Natural History Society
of Northumberland, Durham and
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Northern Naturalists’ Union.
Northern Naturalists’ Union.
University of Durham.
Norfolk and Norwich—Naturalists’ Society.
North Staffordshire—Field Club,

1935-36. ]

B51

1934-35. 1935-36.

— ht

he

=

ar wae ee

Northern Naturalists’ Union.
Oxford—Ashmolean Natural History Society,
Perthshire—Society of Natural Science.

Plymouth Institution and Devon and Corn.
wall N.H. Soc.

Stavanger—Staats Museum.

Swansea—Scientific and Field Naturalists’
Society.

Toronto—Royal Canadian Institute.

Torquay—Natural History Society.

Wellington, N.Z.—Royal Society of N.Z.

U.S.A.
Boston, Mass.—Society of Natural History.
Chicago—Acadamy of Sciences.
Field Museum of Natural History.
John Crerar Library.
Cincinnati—Lloyd Library.

Madison, Wis.—Wisconsin Academy of
Sciences, Arts and Letters.

Milwaukee, Wis.—Public Museum.
New York, N.Y.—Academy of Science.
Philadelphia—Academy of Natural Sciences.
Portland, Maine—Society of Nat. History.
Rochester, N.Y.—Academy of Science.
St. Louis, Mo.—Academy of Sciences.
Missouri Botanical Garden.
San Diego, Cal.—Society of Natural History.
San Francisco, Cal.—California Academy of
Sciences.
Staten Island, N.Y.—-Institute of Arts and
Sciences.
Tuft’s College, Mass.—Katon Memorial
Library.
Washington—U.S. Geological Survey.
Government Printing Works.
National Museum.

Smithsonian Institution.

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358
RECORDS.

In the following pages will be found interesting records
of facts reported by a number of contributors. It has been
considered advisable to bring such items together, rather
than have them scattered over the whole Proceedings in
accounts of excursions or sectional reports :—

In the lists following, the ordinary abbreviations of
County names have been used, viz., An. for Antrim, Do. for
Down, Ld. for Londonderry, Ar. for Armagh, Fe. for
Fermanagh, Ty. for Tyrone.

ZOOLOGY.
Birpbs.

A female Corncrake, Crex crex (L.), was obtained by
W. G. Burns, having been caught on 7th January, 1935, by
a dog close to the Lagan towpath, near Belfast. The bird
had an old break on its left wing. It is now in the Municipal
Museum Collection.

Mr. J. L. Turten examined another bird of this species,
obtained at Buckna, Co. Antrim, on 2nd February, 1935.

The rare Wood Warbler, Phylloscopus s._ sibilatrix
(Bechst.), a summer visitor, was heard singing in a wood
upon a hillside above Cushendun, An., on Ist June, 1935,
by Herbert Maleomson, who also has noticed a Great Snipe,
Capella media (Lath.), obtained on the moors above Carn-
lough, An., on 7th October, 1935.

A juvenile female Gargany, Anas guerguedula (L.), was
shot at Portmore Lough, An., on 12th August, 1935. This,
with the exception of another female from Co. Kildare, is
the only Irish record for the species since 1899. The bird
is now in the Belfast Municipal Museum Collection.

A male Northern Great Spotted Woodpecker, Dryobates
m. major (L.), was found dead on 11th December, 1935,
and is now preserved in the Municipal Museum.

gk) S. 50
FISHES.

Mr. Byron sent me a specimen of the Greater Fork-
beard or Forked Hake (Phycis blennoides) which had been
found dead on the strand at Castlerock on 23rd December,
1935. This fish is found on the continental slope off the
West coast, but records for our Northern coast are few, The

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
854

species was taken near Carrickfergus in 1812, ’36, ’39 and
"40; at Portaferry in 1849, and another off the Co. Down
coast in 1886.

aS hoe

E\NTOMOLOGY.
Lepidoptera.

For the most part these notes are confined to the two
years ended 31st March, 1936; it has been thought desirable,
however, to incorporate in the general matter some points
of interest connected with immigrants and the rarer in-
digenous insects, even though this means encroaching on
periods other than that under review.

The usual immigrants visited the Province in small
numbers, and are noted below, but it is interesting to record
that Colias croceus was taken, singly, for the first time in
Co. Down in 1938, and appeared again during both the
Spring and late Summer of 1986 at Belfast.

Vanessa cardui and Y. certicae arrived in the Spring of
1935, large numbers being met with on the slopes and
summit of Slieve Croob, Do., on 5th May.

General. It is worth recording that Agrotis ypsilon
(Rott.) and Cidaria siterata (Hufn.) have both been taken
(singly) at Tallow in the Spring, following probably hiber-
nation as both specimens were worn.

Nymphalis io. The Peacock Butterfly merits a para-
graph as reports and notes indicate that it is to be met with
in Spring and Summer in Northern Ireland. It has been
found in March in the Belfast and Ballynahinch districts
(Crawford and Mason), and in April in localities as far apart
as Ballykinlar and Magilligan (Mason). In favour of
hibernation it may be stated that a specimen taken in
November survived till January; whilst another found in-
doors in the latter month remained alive till early in March.

APPEARNCES AND AUTHORITIES.

Some mteresting appearances, with authorities and
localities are appended. An asterisk indicates that the
specimen is a record for the County mentioned.

Rhopalocera.

Argynnis aglaia, L., var. Portrush, An., 12 vii, 28 (Mason).

Argynnis paphia, L. Belfast, An., 19 viii, 84 (Crawford).

Vanessa cardui, L. (numbers). Slieve Croob, Do., 5 v., 35
(Mason),

1935-36.]
350

Coenonympha tullia. Near Bushmills, An., vii., 85 (Mason).
Lycaenopsis argiolus, L. Ballynahinch, Do., 7 v, 35
(Mason).
Colias croceus, Fourc. Ballykinlar, Do., 12 viii, 33 (Mason).
Belfast, Do., 29 vi, 85 (Burns).
MI Do., 27 viii, 35 (Stendall).
a Do., 13 ix, 35 (Blackwood).

Heterocera.

Acherontia atropos, L. Glenavy, 25 vii, 34 (Sefton).
Lisburn, An., 14 ix, 84 (Nodder).

Sphinx convolvuli, L. Belfast, 2 ix, 34 (M‘Creary).
Bangor, Do., 5 ix, 84 (Crawford).
Omagh, Ty., 18 ix, 34 (Crawford).
Finaghy, An., 6 x, 84 (Rodgers).
Belfast, An., 14 ix, 85 (Workman).
Tanderagee, Ar., 18 ix, 35 (Patterson).

*Chaerocampa porcellus, L.. Strangford, Do., 4 vi, 33 (D

Rankin).
*Cosmotriche potatoria, L. Ballynahinch, Do., 5 v, 34
(as larvae). (Mason).

Agrotis ypsilon, Rott. Saintfield, Do., 31 i, 86 (Mason).

*Plusia bractea, Fab. Saintfield, Do., 18 vii, 36 (Mascu).

*Euclidia glyphica, L. Grange and Pomeroy, Ty., vi, 34

(Greer).

Chesias spartiata, Herbst. Belfast, 29 x, 35 (Mason).

Lygris prunata, L. Belfast, 1 viii, 835 (Mason).

Cidaria siterata, Hufn. Saintfield, Do., 31 iii, 86 (Mason).

Zygaena lonicerae, Esp. Belfast, vi, 835 (D. and N. Rankin).

Coleoptera.

The following beetle records, taken from the Irish
Naturalists’ Journal, are new for the county mentioned in
each case. An asterisk (*) indicates that the specimen is
also a record for Ulster.

W. M. C.

Carabus catenulatus, Scop. 24 vii, L. Fea, Ty.

Chlaenius vestitus. ii, ix, 25. Ely Lodge, Fe.

*Bembidion bualei duy. (Anglicanum Sharp). 2 vi, 34.
Newtownards, Do. Second locality for Ireland.

Haliplus confinis, Steph. 24 viii, 35. Soldierstown, An.

H. immaculatus, Gerh. 3 v, 34. Lennoxvale, Belfast, An.

H. wehnckei, Gerh. viii, 34. Lagan Canal and Kirkcubbin,
Do, 5x, 35, Lough Derryadd, Ar,

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
356

H. flavicollis, Strum. 17 v, 34. Lennoxvale, Belfast, An.

Coelambus impressopunctatus, Schall. Two found by Prof.
Gregg Wilson in ponds near Belfast, An.

Graptodytes borealis, Gyll (Davisii Curt). 1 vi, 34.
Ligoniel, An.

Hydroporus angustatus, Sturm. 26 xii, 35. Near Giant’s
Ring, Do.

Ilybius obscurus, Marsh. 19 v, 84. Lagan Canal, An.

I. ater, de G. 4 vii, 35. Dunraven, Belfast, An.

Dytiscus circumcinctus, Ahr. 3 ix, 35. Gawley’s Gate, An.

Acilius canaliculatus, Nic. 21 v, 34. Lambeg, Do.; also
4 ix, 85. Gawley’s Gate, An.

Philydrus testaceus, F. 31 v, 34. Lennoxvale, Belfast, An.

P. nigricans, Lett. 15 11, 86. Near Giant’s Ring, Do.

*P, minutus, F. 3 ix, 84. Ballylough Bog, An.

P. coarctatus, Gredl. 14 iii, 36. Pond on Malone Golf
Course, An.

*Laccobius ytenensis, Steph. 380 ix, 33. Bush River, An.

*L. striatulus, F. (Nigriceps Thoms). 31 xii, 35. Divis
Mountain, An.

Hydrochus elongatus, Schall. 38 ix, 35. Soldierstown, An.

*Plataraea brunnea, F. 20 v, 32. Belfast, An. First in
Treland.

Acrotona fungi, Grav. var. dubia. 12 v, 32. Belfast, An.

Tachyporus formosus, Matth. iv, 34. Drum, An.

*Tachinus proximus, Kr. 6 ix, 33. Collin Mountain, An.

Philonthus discoideus, Gr. 11 ix, 38. Belfast, An.

Peaderus riparius, L. 3 ix, 35. Gawley’s Gate, An.

Stenus carbonarius, Gyll. 14 iv, 38. Loughbrickland, Do.

S. bifoveolatus, Gyll. 28 iii, 836. Near Giant’s Ring, Do.

Oxytelus complanatus, Er. 5 viii, 38. Castlerock, Ld.

Deliphrum tectum, Pk. 14 x, 83. Collin Mountain, An.

Lesteva pubescens, Man. 2 vi, 34. Drum, Do.

Proteinus ovalis, Steph. 6 i, 33.

Catops fuscus, P2. 5 ix, 34. Portballintrae, An.

Scydmaenus tarsatus, Mill. 27 viii, 82. Belfast, An.

*Silpha tristis, IJ]. Belfast, An.

Tenebriodes mauritanicus, L. 25 xii, 34. Belfast, An.

Monotoma picipes, Herbst. 21 v, 82. Drum, An.

*Oryzaephilus surinamensis, L. 6 iv, 32. Belfast, An.

Cryptophagus cellaris, Scop. 30 viii, 82. Belfast, An.

Paramecosoma melanocephalum var. infuscatum, Halb.
21 v, 32. Belfast, An.

*Atomaria apicalis, Er. 7 v, 34. Belfast, An.

*Dryops griseus, Er. 20 x, 34. Five at Stoneyford, An.
Second locality for Treland,

1935-36. |

B57

Helodes minuta, L. 18 vi, 83. Lagan Canal, An.

Cyphon ochraceus, Steph. 7 ix, 34. Ballintoy, An.
Podabrus Alpinus, Pk. 7 vi, 383. Downhill, Ld.

*Ptinus tectus. iii, 32. Belfast, An.

Donacia crassipes, F. 11 vii, 34. Gortnacarrow, Fe.
*Tyibolium ‘confusum, Duv. 6 iv, 82. Belfast, An.

Apion cruentatum, Walt. 30 ix, 33. Giant’s Causeway, An.
*Otiorrhynchus porcatus, Herbst. 15 iv, 32. Belfast, An.
Phyllobius pomonae, Ol. June, 35. Both An. and Do.
Orthochaetes setiger, Beck. 20 iii, 34. Belfast, An.
Anthonomus comari, Crotch. 2 viii, 33. Newcastle, Do.
Cryptorrhynchus lapathi, L. 3 ix, 34. Gawley’s Gate, An.

ODONATA.

The available records for Northern Ireland are scanty,
but are given below in the hope that Entomologists generally
will pay more attention in future to this group. The periods
covered are the months of June, July and August in the
years 1985 and 1936.

L. J. Mason.

Odonata.

Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Sulz. F.. Do.

Ennallagma cyathigorum, Charp. C. An., Do.
Erythromma najas, Hansem. R. Do.

Agrion splendens, Harr. L.C. Ar. (Lough Neagh).
Aeshna juncea, Linn. F. An.; R. Do.; L.C. Ld.
Libellula quadrimaculata, Linn. L.C. An., Do.
Sympetrum striolatum, Charp. C. An., Ar., Do., Ld.

MOLLUSCA.

In the following list an effort has been made to collect
all unpublished records of uncommon marine mollusca in
N.E. Ireland. Only specimens taken on the coasts of
Counties Londonderry, Antrim, and Down have been
included, and the records cover a period of six years.
Records previous to the years 1934-5-6 (the period which
these Proceedings cover) are included for the sake of
completeness. Opisthobranchiate Mollusca have not been
included, but a paper of mine in Irish Nat. Journ. VI,
200-202 (1937) gives a number of Northern Irish records for
this group.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
358

Many Co. Londonderry records will be found in my
list of Magilligan mollusca (in Journ. Conch. XX, 168-175.
1935).

In every case I have seen and identified the species; for
help with critical species I am greatly indebted to Mr. J.
R. le B. Tomlin, M.A., F.R.E.8., and Mr. R. Winckworth,
M.A., F.R.G.S.

The nomenclature and arrangement are those of
Winckworth’s 1932 list (Journ. Conch. XIX, 211-252).
Asterisks indicate a new County record.

(c.) following a person’s name means that the specimen was
collected by that person, but identified by me.

Nora FISHER.

Diodora apertura (Mont.). 2, living, on Chlamys
opercularis, dredged E, of Dunsey Island, Strangford
Lough, Do., Aug., 1985. Major Savage-Armstrong (c).

Patina laevis (Pennant). One, living, on stem of Laminaria
digitata, Jordanstown, Co. An., shore of Belfast Lough,
4-3-1935. Rare so far up the Lough. N. F. (c).

Patelloida tessulata (Muller). Living, mod. frequent,
Annalong, Do., 30-4-1982. N. F. (c).

Margarites helicinus (Fab.). Living, abundant, under
stones, top of Laminarian zone, Red Bay, An., 11-5-
OBS Nat. (ele

Monodonta lineata (da Costa). For recent N.E. Irish records
see Fisher in Irish Nat. Journal, VI, 102. (1986).

Littorina saxatilis jugosa (Mont.). At Bath Lodge rocks,
Ballycastle, Co. An., is a large colony of this form, of
every conceivable colour. When examined on 19-6-1935
not a single specimen of the type-form could be found—
all were var. jugosa. N. F. (c).

Hydrobia ventrosa (Mont.). Still fairly abundant at Bally-
carry (above the bridge), Larne Lough, An., and also in
Glynn Gut 1, 10-11-1985. N. F. and R. MacD. (c).

Cingula semistriata (Mont.). Rather rare, in shellsand,
Port Ganiay, Giant’s Causeway, An., 1933. R. J.
Welch (c).

*One, shellsand, Minerstown Strand, Dundrum, Do.,
11-6-19382. N. F. (c).

Alvania beanii (Thorpe). 4, shellsand, Ballintoy, An.,
2-9-1983. R. J. W. (c).

Alyania punctura (Mont.). Several, shellsand, Minerstown
Strand, Dundrum, Do., 11-6-1932. N. F. (c).

1935-36. ]
309

Rissoa inconspicua (Alder). A few, shellsand, det. J. R. le -
B. Tomlin, Port Ganiay, Giant’s Causeway, 1933.
tiga. Wis (cy:
*A few, shellsand, det J. R. le B. Tomlin, Minerstown
Strand, Dundrum, Do., 11-6-19382. N.F. (c). 2, shell-
sand, Newcastle, Do., 4-9-1985. R. J. W. (c).
Rissoa lilacina (Récluz). Rare, shellsand, det. R. Winck-
-worth, Port Ganiay, Giant’s Causeway, 18-6-1931.
id. W. (c).
Tornus subcarinatus (Mont.). 2, shellsand, Port Ganiay,
Giant’s Causeway, 19383. R. J. W. (c). One, dead,
Dunseverick, Whitepark Bay, An., 11-8-1935. R. J. W.
(a).
Cerithiopsis tuberculraris (Mont.). One, living, Port
Ganiay, Giant’s Causeway, 30-9-1933. Miss Agatha R.
Crawford (c).
Eulima glabra (da Costa). One, shellsand, Newcastle,
Do., 4-9-1935. R. J. W. (c).
Eulima trifasciata (J. Adams). One, shellsand, Ballintoy,
An., 2-9-1983. R. J. W. (c).
Chrysallida indistincta (Mont.). One, shellsand, Port
Ganiay, Giant’s Causeway, 1933. R. J. W. (c). One,
dead, dredged off Killyleagh, Strangford, Do., in 4-7
fms., 21-9-1930. N. F. (c).
Chrysallida spiralis (Mont.). Rare, in following localities:
(1). Shellsand, Ballintoy, An., 2-9-1983. R. J. W. (c).
QQ): do. Dunseverick, Whitepark Bay, An.,
11-8-1935. R. J. W. (ce).

(3). do. Port Ganiay, Giant’s Causeway, 1933.
R. J. W. (c¢).

(4). do. Minerstown Strand, Dundrum, Do.,
11-6-19382. N. F. (c).

*Menestho divisa (J. Adams). One, Rock Angus, entrance
Strangford Lough, Do. R. J. W. (c)—no date.

*Menestho obliqua (Alder). Two, det. R. Winckworth,
shellsand, Port Ganiay, Giant’s Causeway, 18-6-1931.
R. J. W. (c). These specimens have already been
noted in Journal of Conchology, vol. 19, p. 187, 1982.

‘New to N.E. Ireland.

Menestho warreni (Thompson). 3, shellsand, Port Ganiay,
Giant’s Causeway, 1933. R. J. W. (c).

Odostomia nivosa (Mont.). One, det. R. Winckworth, with
remains of animal, and yellow operculum within,
shellsand, Port Ganiay, Giant’s Causeway, 1933.
R. J. W. (c). 38, det. R. Winckworth, shellsand,
Ballintoy, An., 2-9-1933. R.J. W. (c).

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
560

Odostomia acuta (Jeffreys). 38, shellsand, Port Ganiay,
Giant’s Causeway, 1933. R.J.W. (c). One, shellsand,
Newcastle, Do., 4-9-1935. R. J. W. (c).

Odostomia scalaris (MacGillivray). Scarce, shellsand, Port
Ganiay, Giant’s Causeway, 19383. R.J. W. (c). One,
shellsand, Dunseverick, Whitepark Bay, An., 11-8-1935.
R. J. W. (c). One, shellsand, Portrush, 1933. Noel
Gregg (c). 8, shellsand, Minerstown Strand, Dundrum,
Do., 11-6-1932. N. F. (c).

Lamellaria perspicua (L.). 2, alive, L.W.M., Jordanstown,
Co. Antrim shore of Belfast Lough, 4-3-1935. N.F. (c).
One shell, Minerstown Strand, Dundrum, Do., 11-6-
1932) IN. Ea) e

*Tpivia monacha (da Costa). Now that the spotted and un-
spotted forms have been recognised as separate species
(see Journal of Conchology, vol. 19, pp. 836-7, 1933) the
older records require confirmation. So far the spotted
form (T. monacha (da Costa) ) has been seen from
Magilligan (see paper in Journ. Conch.) ; a single living
specimen was taken at L.W.O.S.T., Settle Beds,
between Killough Harbour and Coney Island, Do.,
29-71-1936. '.N: F. (e).

Lora treyelliana (Turton). One, det. R. Winckworth, shell-
sand, Port Ganiay, Giant’s Causeway, 138-6-1931.
R. J. W. (c). A rare species in N.E. Ireland.

*Diaphana minuta (Brown). One, shellsand, Minerstown
Strand, Dundrum, Do., 11-6-19382. N. F. (c).

Hermania scabra (Muller). One, Portrush, 1983. N.G. (c).

Ossiania alata (Forbes). One, det. R. Winckworth, shell-
sand, Port Ganiay, Giant’s Causeway, 18-6-1931.
R. J. W. (c).

*One, shellsand, Minerstown Strand, Dundrum, Do.,
11-6-1932. N.F. (ce). The type-form of this sp. has not
previously been recorded from N.E. Ireland.

*Pelta coronata (Quatrefages). Two living specimens,
L.W.M., Murlough Bay, An., 17-6-1935. N. F. (ce).
New to N.E. Ireland—5th Irish record.

Leucopepla bidentata (Mont.). Living, abundant, Castle-
ward, Strangford, Do., 1983. N.G. (ce).

Phytia myosotis (Drap.). Living with Hydrobia ulvae in
salt-marsh at Eglinton, Ld., 6-5-1935.

Lepton clarkiae (Clark). One worn valve, shellsand, Port
Ballintrae, An., 1-10-33. N. F. (c).

Montacuta ferruginosa (Mont.). Frequent, both complete
specimens and odd valves, shellsand, Minerstown
Strand, Dundrum, Do., 11-6-1982..N. F. (c).

1935-36. ]
B61

Mysia undata (Pennant). 2 fresh valves, Red Bay, An.,
June, 1931. Miss Brooke (ce). Another valve, same
place, Sept., 19383. N. F. (c). A species which is
apparently nearly extinct in N.E. Ireland.

Tellina squalida (Mont.). Single valves fairly common, Red
Bay, An., 1981, 1938. N. F. (c). A rare species in
N.E. Ireland.

Tellina domacina (L.). 2 valves, Red Bay, An., 1980.

Gari depressa (Pennant). 2 valves collected by W. H.
Patterson are in Dublin Museum labelled “‘ Sandbanks
off Carrickfergus, Jan., 1900.’’ Rare in N.E. Ireland.

Solecurtus chamasolen (da Costa). Valves quite plentiful,
some fresh-looking, Red Bay, An. N. F. (c). For
further notes on the distribution of this species in N.E.
Ireland see Fisher, in Irish Nat. Journ. 8, p. 91 (1930)
and vol. 5, p. 201 (1935).

Galopodium pinna (Mont.). A valve, Red Bay, An., June,
1931. Miss Brooke (c).

In conclusion I would like to pay a tribute to my old
friend, the late Mr. R. J. Welch, M.Se., M.R.I.A. Without
his invaluable assistance in collecting and forwarding to me
shellsand from many Ulster localities the above list would
have been but a poor thing.

N. F.

OTHER MOLLUSCA RECORDS.

The finding of the Freshwater Mollusk Planorbis corneus
in the Lagan Canal in 1983 led to an investigation by D. J.
Carpenter and Ranald MacDonald as to its distribution in
1935. It was met with from New Forge to Drumbridge, at
some places in quantity.

A Giant Cuttlefish Sthenoteuthis caroli (Furtado) was
washed ashore at Castlerock, Ld., on 3rd November, 1935,
after cold stormy conditions and secured by Mr. W. G.
Byron, who forwarded it tome. So far as can be ascertained
this is the first record from Irish waters.

i A. §. 8;

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
362

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Any changes of address should he at once notified to the Honorary
Secretary, Mr. Joseph Skillen, 25 Stranmillis Gardens, Belfast.

The dates prefixed to the names of Members signify
year of election.

This List comprises the names of all persons who were
Members at 3lst March, 1938, and whose names are still on the
Register of Membership at time of going to press. It does not
include the names of deceased Members.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

1914. Charlesworth, Professor John K., D.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S.,
Queen’s University, Belfast.

1935. Greer, Thomas, The Bungalow, Sandholes, Dungannon.

1934. Jackson, J. Wilfrid, D.Sc., F.G.S., Manchester Museum,
Manchester.

1923. Nodder, Charles R., M.A. (Cantab.), 1 Council House Street,
Calcutta, India.

1923. Nodder, Mrs. Winifred, 1 Council House Street, Calcutta,
India.

.1883. Praeger, R. Lloyd, D.Sc., B.A., B.E., M.R.I.A., 19 Fitz-
William Square, Dublin.

1890. Skillen, Joseph, 25 Stranmillis Gardens, Belfast.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

1932. Barnet, George, Sixtowns, Draperstown.

1935. Benington, J. A., B.Sc., Friends’ School, Lisburn.

1936. Paterson, T. G. F., County Museum, Co. Armagh.

1929. The Hon. Secretary of the Limavady Naturalists’ Field Club.

1929. do. do. Londonderry do. do.
1933. do. do. Omagh do. do.
1923. do. do. Route do. do.
1931. do. do. Tyrone do. do.

LIFE MEMBERS.

1926. Rohleder, Dr. Herbert P. T., Rhokana Corporation Ltd.,
N’Changa Mine, P.O. N’ Changa, Northern Rhodesia.

1903. Stelfox, A. Wi A.R.I.B.A., M.R.LA., 14 Clareville Road,
Rathgar, Dublin.

1893. Wilson, Alex. G., J.P., M.R.IA., Cro-glin, Ballyaughlis.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

1923. Acheson, F. W., 37 Osborne Park.

1935. Acheson, Robert, 196 Upper Newtownards Road.
1935. Acheson, Mrs. Robert, 196 Upper Newtownards Road.
1932. Adair, James, 3 Sunbury Avenue,

1934. Adams, Miss Frances M. J., M.Sc., 35 Malone Road.

1935-36. ]

1937.
1915.
1932.
1917.
1922.
1934.
1934.
1930.
191d.
1936.
1912.
1927.
1932.
1935.

1927.
1932.
1934.
1929.
1929.
1924.
1926.
1935.
1935.
1934.
1923.
1932.
1935.
1937.
1933.
1933.
1924,

1930.
1934.
1914.
1934.
1928.
1929.
1923.
1898.
1923.
1936.
1931.
1937.
1893.
1922.
1923.
1916.
1935.
1937.
1923.
1936.
1933.
1929.
1899.
1933.

363

Agnew, Mrs. Jennie, Laurel Lodge, Victoria Road.
Aird, Hugh, 10 King Street.

Albin, Herbert, 236 Ravenhill Road.

Alderdice, R. Sinclaire, 9 Wellington Place.
Alexander, K. M., 30 Kelvin Parade.

Allison, R. S., 27 University Square.

Anderson, Rev. A. C., M.A., B.D., Newcastle.
Anderson, Mrs. N., Ballyhossett, Downpatrick.
Anderson, Miss S. M., 4 Church View, Holywood.
Anderson, Miss W. F. E., 49 Brookhill Avenue.
Andrews, Dr. Marion B., Orsett, Derryvolgie Avenue.
Annesley, Frazer M., Kathmore.

Asher, H. M. F., Campbell College, Belmont.
Atkinson, W. A. M., Royal Hotel, Larne.

Bailey, C. S., M.A., Methodist College.

Bamford, Miss Ethné, Grosvenor, Galwally Avenue.

Barry, Miss Eleanor, 19 Kirkliston Drive.

Beattie, R., Horse Shoe House, Ballysillan.

Beattie, Mrs. R., Horse Shoe House, Ballysillan.

Beatty, C., J.P.; Ledlie Villa, Coalisland.

Beck, Miss Louise, M.Sc., 63 University Road.

Beer, Ralph, ‘‘ The Watchhouse,’’ Groomsport.

Begg, Miss Margaret M., 30 Mount Charles.

Belford, A. J., Richmond, Marlborough Park South.

Bell, David S., High Street, Carrickfergus.

Bell, Miss E. M., 75 Shandon Park.

Bell, S. D., J.P., 63 Ann Street.

Bell, W. M., 31 Fitzwilliam Street.

Benson, Ronald H., 29 Luxor Gardens.

Benson, Mrs. E. H., 29 Luxor Gardens .

Berry, Col. R..-G. J. J.,. M.R.1LA., .F.R.S:A.1., Ardaluin,
Newcastle.

Bingham, Mrs. A. B., 86 Palmer Street.

Bingham, W. P., Lisbean, Donegall Park Avenue.

Bird, Miss, 5 Courtland Avenue, Norbury. S.W.16.

Black, Herbert S., 7 Eastleigh Drive.

Black, Dr. J. S., 18 Myrtlefield Park.

Black, Thomas, 27 Agnes Street.

Blackwood, Reginald W. H., J.P., 24 University Square.

Blackwood, Miss Sarah, 6 College Green.

Blair, John T., 33 Ophir Gardens.

Bland, Major Francis Cecil, Cloona, Castlewellan.

Bourke, Miss K., B.Sc., 13 University Avenue.

Boyd, Miss Elsie C., 22 Sans Souci Park.

Boyd, Miss E. S., Springfield Lodge, King’s Road, Guernsey.

Boyd, J. St. Clair, 12 Malone Road.

Boyd, Miss K. St. Clair, 12 Malone Road.

Bradley, Miss L. T., 10 Thornhill Park.

Brodie, William, M.Inst.C.E., Gleneden, Portadown.

Brown, Miss Amy, Manse Road, Jordanstown.

Brown, W. P., B.A., LL.B., Beresford House, Coleraine.

Bulla, Miss M., 272 Lisburn Road.

Burgoyne, Frank J. P., Linen Hall Library.

Burns, Wm. G., 116 Walmer Street.

Burrowes, W. B., Ballynafeigh House.

Byrne, Miss Kathleen, P.E. School, Glenview Street.

1927.
1932.
1921.

1921.
1933.
1933.
1927.
1935.
1909.
1934.
1929.
1936.
1891.
1923.
1923.
1933.
1928.
1920.
1920.
1919:
1901.
1920.
1922.
1933.
1932.
1931.
1894.
1894.
1890.
1934.
1922.
1936.

1923.
1932.
1932.
1931.
1931.
1935.
1934.
1936.
1922.
1934.
1934.
1923.
1928.
1921.
1934.
1921.

1922.
1922.
1934.
1937.
1937.
1935.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
364

Cairns, Hugh, B.Sc., Mountcairn, Comber.

Caldwell, R. D., Heatherton, Killagan P.O.

Campbell, A. Albert, F.R.S.A.I., Drumnaferrie, Rosetta
Park.

Campbell, Mrs. A. Albert, Drumnaferrie, Rosetta Park.

Campbell, Henry, Cuildaire, Upper Malone Road.

Campbell, Mrs. Henry, Cuildaire, Upper Malone Road.

Campbell, Miss H., Methodist College.

Campbell, Miss Isobel S., 30 Lucerne Parade.

Campbell, John, Albert Brickworks, Carrickfergus.

Campbell, J. O., B.E., B.A., Moyallen, Annadale Avenue.

Campbell, Langford, 65-67 Corporation Street.

Campbell, Samuel R., 8 Glenarm Road, Clonlee, Larne.

Capper, J. Malcolm, 20 Bedford Street.

Carpenter, D. J., A.R.C.Sc.L., Sharnhen, Greenisland.

Carrothers, E. N., 7 Fitzwilliam Street.

Chamberlain, R., M.A., Matopo, Demesne Road, Holywood.

Chambré, Mrs. N., Northland Road, Dungannon.

Chandler, W. P., 34 Sunningdale Park.

Chandler, Mrs. W. P., 34 Sunningdale Park.

Chase, Capt. C. D., M.C., M.A., Campbell College.

Cheyne, H. H., Roseneath, Bangor.

Churchill, Miss, 34 Hamilton Road, Bangor.

Clarke, Geo. W., M.B.E., Nottinghill.

Clarke, John O., 2 Wellington Place.

Clarke, Miss Maud, 431 Lisburn Road.

Clarke, R. E. L., B.A., B.E., 42 Railway Street, Lisburn.

Cleland, Alex. M‘I., 28 Green Road.

Cleland, Mrs., 28 Green Road.

Cleland, James A., D.L., Clanbrassil, Cultra.

Coey, Miss M. E., Ardeen, Larne.

Cole, Francis J., Ardmara, Greenisland.

sieges John, B.Sc., Royal College of Science, London,
S.W.7.

Colton, John M., Lisbawn, Hawthornden Road.

Common, R. H., M.Sc., 19 Locksley Park.

Conelly, Alan, Conalan, Church Road, Newtownbreda.

Convery, Thos. H., 53 Botanic Avenue.

Copeland, William J., Innellan, Diamond Gardens.

Cordner, W. S., B.A., H.Dip.Ed., 17 Balmoral Avenue.

Corkey, Very Rev. Wm., M.A., D.D., Windsor Manse.

Cornelius, Miss Alice, Loughry, Helen’s Bay.

Corry, Hon. Cecil, Castle Coole, Enniskillen.

Coulter, R. M‘D., LL.B., 43 Lansdowne Road.

Cowan, Harold M'‘N., Methodist College.

Cowden, Wm., Knockbryn, Carnalea.

Craig, Miss Isa, Willowpark, Whiteabbey.

Crawford, Lieut.-Col. F. H., C.B.E., Cloreen, Malone Road.

Crawford, John, J.P., 10 Knocktern Gardens.

Crawford, W. M., B.A., F.R.E.S., Orissa, 58 Marlborough
Park South.

Cromie, Miss Maude, Seeburg, Castle Avenue.

Crothers, Miss, 7 Easton Crescent.

Crozier, Dr. Howard, 3 University Square.

Crozier, Mrs. T. H., 3 University Square.

Crymble, James, Ballyearl, Carnmoney.

Cunningham, James, Roxboro House, Rostrevor.

1935-36. ]

1935.
1915.
1932.
1913.
1884.
1924.
1933.

1937.
1924.
1921.

1928.
1936.
1934.
1925.
1919.
1935.
1925.
1921.
1926.
1921.
1935.
1922.
1933.
1936.
1908.
1928.
#030.
1927.
1927.

1908.
1924,
1937.

1924.
1930,
1928.
1932.
1906.

1897.
1927.
1932.
1937.
1928.
1930.
1931.
1935.
1935.
1936.
1923.
1936.
1924.
1934,

365

Cunningham, Miss Louie M., Roxboro House, Rostrevor.
Cunningham, Josias, M.B.O.U., Drinagh, Kensington Road.
Cunningham, Mrs. Isobel, Drinagh, Kensington Road.
Cunningham, Miss M. E., Glencairn Cottage, Larne.
Cunningham, Rt. Hon. Samuel, P.C., Fernhill.

Cupples, Miss Diana, 124 Malone Avenue.

Cupples, Miss Edith, 124 Malone Avenue.

Dallas, James, 189 Cliftonville Road.
Dallas, Miss, 2 Bloomfield Gardens.

‘Davison, A. H., F.R.S.A.I., 1 Salisbury Villas, Salisbury

Avenue.
Davison, Mrs., 1 Salisbury Villas, Salisbury Avenue.
Davison, Miss Lucy I., 177 Belmont Road.
Deane, Campbell Douglas, Threave, Cranmore Park.
Deans, Samuel A., 141 Ormeau Road.
Deans, T. M., B.A., LL.D., Academy House, Rosetta.
Dick, Miss M. E., M.A., 8 Wellington Park.
Dickey, Dr. Wm., 86 Antrim Road.
Dinsmore, J. A. S., Island House, Greenisland.
Dobson, Mrs. Mary, Oaklands, Chichester Park.
Doggart, Henry, 29 Sicily Park.
Dougherty, James, 29 Ravenhill Park.
Douglas, John, Helen’s Bay.
Duffin, Frank, Rokeby, Deramore Park.
Duffin, Mrs. N., Rokeby, Deramore Park.
Duncan, W., 58 Howard Street.
Dunlop, Miss May L., 142 University Street.
Dunlop, Miss Minnie, Chichester Gardens.
Dunne, H. E., 3 Saxton Road, Great Crosby, Lancashire.
Dunne, Mrs. H. E., 3 Saxton Road, Great Crosby,
Lancashire.

Elliott, E. J., J.P., 4 Bain’s Place.
Elliott, Miss Isabel, Shorthand Institute, Royal Avenue.
Ellison, William, Meeting Street, Dromore.

Fallon, Mrs., 25 St. James’ Park.

Ferguson, Miss A. L., 116 Balmoral Avenue.

Ferguson, Miss Elizabeth, 2 Glanworth Drive.

Ferguson, Mrs., M.B.E., Silversprings, Templepatrick.

Finlay, eg ces H., A.C.G.I., A.I.E.E., Willesden, Holy-
wood.

Finlay, Miss A. M., Kells, Abbott’s Langley, Herts.

Fisher, E., Laurieston, Greenisland.

Fisher, Mrs. E., Laurieston, Greenisland.

Fleming, Miss Betty, 35 Everton Drive.

Fleming, W. M‘K., 20 Knutsford Drive.

Flynn, Miss K., Clonlee, St. James’ Park .

Flynn, Prof. T., D.Sc., Queen's University, Belfast.

Forrest, Miss Edith H., 308 Crumlin Road.

Forrest, Miss Lavinia M., 308 Crumlin Road.

Forsythe, John, 497 Lisburn Road.

Foster, A. R., M.A., Belfast Royal Academy.

Foster, Mrs. Rubie, Edgehill, West Circular Road.

Frame, Miss H., 15 Skegoniel Avenue.

Fry, Wm, Dennis, High Street, Holywood,

1930.
1935.
eye
1933.
191:
1936.
1936.

1936.
1926.
1936.
1935.
1937.
1921.
1929.
1933.
1924.
1895.
1920.
toi.
1901.
1937.
1918.
1901.
1924.
1929.
1924,
1924.
1934,
1935.

1926.
1926.
1928.
1936.
1930.
1930.
1931.
1932.
1925.
1924.
1936.
1931.
1933.
1933.
1933.
1876.
1922.
1937.
1933.
1934.
1933.
1932.
1933.
1905.
1895,
1936.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
3866

Giaffikin, Miss M., 1 Glenada Terrace, Newcastle.

Gardiner, Miss Mary, M.A., Glenard, Holywood.

Gardner, Miss E. R., 21 Chlorine Gardens.

Gardner, Miss M. L., 2 Sans Souci Park.

Gibson, Mrs., Bonnington, Landsdowne Road.

Gibson, Samuel, 112 Ainsworth Avenue.

Gillespie, Miss Catherine R., B.A., 28 Knockdene Park
South.

Gilmore, W. M., B.A.I., 26 Downview Avenue.

Glasgow, Henry L., Cookstown.

Glassey, S. D., Macosquin, Coleraine.

Gordon, Mrs. Annie M., 130 Eglantine Avenue.

Gordon, Miss Cynthia, 72 Upper Newtownards Road.

Gore, W., F.R.S.A.I., Municipal College of Technology.

Gracey, Walter, Kilrea.

Graham, Archibald, Botanic Gardens Park.

Graham, Mrs. Sarah, 138 Dunluce Avenue.

Green, W. A., F.R.S.A.I., Dunmore, Antrim.

Greenham, Miss J. C., 33 Taunton Avenue.

Greeves, J. R. H., B.Sc., Coolnashee, Crawfordsburn.

Greeves, J. Theodore, Nendrum, Knockdene Park.

Greeves, Norman, Garranard, Strandtown.

Greeves, O. V., Colin House, Dunmurry.

Greeves, W. Leopold, Rockfield, Dundonald.

Gregg, Rev. W. J., 8 Wheatfield Gardens.

Gregg, Mrs. W. J., 8 Wheatfield Gardens.

Griffith, Miss Grace A., Belleville, Cliftonville Road.

Griffith, Miss K. H., Belleville, Cliftonville Road.

Griffith, Miss Robina, Belleville, Cliftonville Road.

Guiler, Mrs. E., 41 Rosetta Park.

Hale, Thomas, 37 Adam Street.

Hall, Miss Janie M., Moyrusk, Moira.

Hamill, Miss Nana, 42 Sans Souci Park.

Hamilton, John, 1 Kinnaird Terrace.

Hamilton, Mrs. John, 1 Kinnaird Terrace.

Hamilton, W. H., Hillside, 699 Antrim Road.
Hammond, Miss M., The Library, Queen’s University.
Handley, George, 30 High Street, Holywood.

Hanna, Mrs. S. M., 43 Cooldarragh Park.

Harbinson, Miss Margaret, Doonvarna, Landsdowne Road.
Harris, Boyd, B.Com.Sc., 64 King’s Road.

Hartley, J. J.. M.Sc., Queen’s University.

Henderson, R. G., F.C.A., 5 Sunningdale Park.
Henderson, Mrs. R. G., 5 Sunningdale Park.

Henry, Fred. W., Carlton, Donegall Place.

Heron, F. Adens, D.L., F.R.S.A.I., Maryfield, Holywood.
Heron, Miss M. E., Maryfield, Holywood.
Hetherington, Miss Maureen, Ardkeen, Greenisland.
Hewitt, John H., B.A., Rothmar, 7 Fortwilliam Park.
Hill, Miss Eva, Hillhall, Bloomfield.

Hill, Miss Hebe, Hillhall, Bloomfield.

Hill, Miss Maude R., Hillhall, Bloomfield.

Hill, Dr. Thos. E., 406 Ravenhill Road.

Hobson, Mrs., Aiteannach, Crawfordsburn.

Hogg, A. R., 67 Great Victoria Street.

Holbrook, Patrick J., 10 Lincoln Avenue,

1935-36. ]

1904.
1903.
1928.
1929.
1921.
1914.
1926.
1926.

1927.
1936.
1922.
1929.
1929.

1935.

1927.
1935.
1923.
1937.
1921.
1906.
1923.
1916.
1934.
1937.
1922.
1930.

1930.
1932.
1934,

1924.
ROL.
1934.
1934.
1936.
1936.
1935.

1926.
1936.
1934.
1923.
1930.

1932.
1931.
1923.
1935.
1928.
n923.
1923.
1932.
1932.
1934,

367

Holland, Frank J., Fairyhill, Osborne Gardens.

Holland, Miss, Highbury, Cadogan Park.

Holmes, Miss Margaret, Denholme, Diamond Gardens.

Horscroft, George, Botanic Gardens Park.

Houston, H. S., Slievmara, Jordanstown.

Houston, James D., Northern Bank House, Kilrea.

Howard, S. R., Walden, Church Avenue, Dunmurry. _

Huddleston, Miss M. I., Roe Valley District Hospital,
Limavady.

-Hughes, Joseph, 28 Peel Street.

Hummel, Miss J. M. A., 15 Broomhill Park.
Hunter, Dr. J. A., Kirkinner, Balmoral Avenue.
Hunter, Dr. R. H., 20 Haypark Avenue.

Hyslop, James L., 20 Mount Eden Park.

Irvine, Mrs. M., 18 Cyprus Avenue.

Jackson, James, Winona, Princes Gardens, Larne.
Jackson, J. L. S., 133 Duncairn Gardens.
Jackson, M., Maze, Hillsborough.

Jacques, Miss Mary I., 35 Haddington Gardens.
Johnston, E. C., Lyncote, Helen’s Bay.

Johnston, F. W., The Lodge, Spa, Ballynahinch.
Johnston, Miss Jean, Fortairn, 711 Antrim Road.
Johnston, Miss M. B., Fortairn, 711 Antrim Road.
Johnston, Miss K., 9 Cyprus Park.

Johnston, Mr. R. D., 500 Oldpark Road.

Johnston, T. J., 134 Somerton Road.

Johnston, W. J., 45 Pretoria Street.

Johnstone, Miss G., 6 University Street.

Jones, Miss Amy E. E., 408 Ravenhill Road.
Joynt, C. H. A., 24 Marlborough Park South.

Keenan, Miss Mary, 86 Falls Road.

Keiller, W., 7 Abercorn Street.

Kelly, Miss M., 7 Birch Drive, Holywood.

Kelly, Miss Minnie, 38 Ailesbury Road.

Kerr, Miss Phyllis, 41 Wellington Park.

Kertland, Mrs., 9 Knockdene Park North.

es M. Patricia H., M.Sc., 9 Knockdene Park
orth.

Kevin, Miss Kathleen, B.A., 262 Stranmillis Road.

Kilpatrick, Miss Marian D., Annahavil, Ballycastle.

Kirkpatrick, Miss Frances, Lisanore, Rosepark, Dundonald.

Kitchen, Gilbert Ingram, 25 Kelvin Parade.

Knox, Miss F. B., Roxburgh, Ranfurley Avenue. Bangor.

Laird, James D., 163 Grosvenor Road.

Larmor, Mrs. Ida, Fairyhill, Dunmurry.
Lauder, William, 76 Haypark Avenue.

Lavery, Miss M. Beatrice, 11 Mount Eden Park.
Law, William, 52 Hopefield Avenue.

Lawlor, H. C., M.A., 14 Windsor Avenue
Lawlor, Mrs. H. C., 14 Windsor Avenue.
Lawrie, Mrs. E. D., 12 Park Drive, Bangor.

Lee, Miss E., Claremont, Chichester Park.
Lepper, Francis A., New College, Oxford,

1931.
1920.
1929.
1926.
1937.
1936.
1937.
1937.
1921.
1931.
1918.
1908.
1935.
1931.

1936.
1934.
1936.
1931.
1936.
1915.
1915.
1905.
1927.
1926.
1932.
1901.
1937.
1922.
19387.
1923.
1935.
1916.
1929.
1915.
1923.
1923.
1925.
1937.
1937.
1917.
1936.

1936.
1932.
1922.
1932.

1922.
LSB
1936.
1936.
1928.
1931,
1922.
IS By

1929,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
368

Lepper, George C., 72 High Street.

Lepper, R. S., M.A., F.R.Hist.S., Elsinore, Crawfordsburn.
Lewars, David B., 17 Dundela Gardens.

Liggett, Miss Margaret M., 109 The Mount.

Lindsay, Mr. W. G., 111 Melrose Street.

Litster, Jack, 45 Denorrton Park.

Little, W. M., 120 Ardenlee Avenue.

Little, Mrs. W. M., 120 Ardenlee Avenue.

Loughridge, James, 7 Innisfayle Park.

Loughridge, J. S., F.R.C.S., 26 University Square.
Lowry, Miss A., 198 Upper Newtownards Road.

Lowry, James, Llewellyn Avenue, Lisburn.

Lynn, Miss Mary J., D.Sc., Albany Cottage, Carrickfergus.
Lyons, Rev. R. N., 90 Eglantine Avenue.

Macartney, Miss Ada, 10 Locksley Park.

Macartney, Miss L., 10 Locksley Park.

Macdonald, Angus, 112 Antrim Road.

Macdonald, Ranald, 112 Antrim Road.

Mackie, Jack Pringle, Marietta, Barnetts Road.

Maconochie, Rev. D. H., B.A., B.D., The Manse, Holywood.

Maconochie, Mrs., The Manse, Holywood.

Macoun, Mrs. S. M., 184 Malone Road.

Magill, Mrs. Edith, 47 Knock Road.

Magowan, A., Glynn, Chichester Park.

Maguinness, Miss Kathleen, 42 Cabin Hill Gardens.

Malcolmson, Herbert T., 32 Arthur Street.

Malet, Miss Dorothy M., Claraville, Newcastle.

Marshall, Miss M. E., 82 Ardenlee Avenue.

Martin, Miss Isabel K., 14 Ebrington Gardens,

Martin, Mrs. Kathleen R., 17 College Gardens.

Mason, Louis J., M.B.E., 9 North Parade.

Masterson, Miss, 93 Wellesley Avenue.

Matchett, Miss C., 40 Lansdowne Park.

Mawdsley, Miss, 28 Green Road.

Maxwell, Miss F. E., Fierna, Osborne Park.

Maxwell, Joseph, J.P., Fierna, Osborne Park.

Maxwell, Miss Isabella, 10 Luxor Gardens.

Maxwell, W. C., 3 Wellington Place.

Maybin, Miss Agnes, Kilgad Cottage, Kells, Ballymena.

Megaw, Rev. W. R., B.A., M.R.I.A., The Manse, Rosetta.

Metcalfe, Mrs. Phoebe L., B.A., Hawthornden House,
Knock.

Metcalfe, Miss P., B.Sc., Hawthornden House, Knock.

Milligan, F. Orr, Farrenshane House, Antrim.

Mills, Frederick A. C., 12 St. Jude’s Avenue.

Moffatt, Dr. Grace K., D.P.H., 2 Chelmsford Place, Larne
Harbour.

Moffatt, James A., 2 Chelmsford Place, Larne Harbour.

Montgomery, Miss Jane, 2 Sandhurst Road.

Montgomery, Rev. Robert, 54 Malone Park.

Montgomery, Mrs. Rosemary, 54 Malone Park.

Mooney, Miss Helena, 15 Ailesbury Drive.

Mortimer, John S., 200 Ravenhill Road.

Murray, B., 628 Ravenhill Road.

Muskett, A. E., M.Sc., 232 Stranmillis Road.

M‘Alister, W. G., Mount View, Dromore,

1935-36.]

1936.
1933.
1909.
1915.
1921.
1931.
1917.
1924.
1921.
1931.
1926.
1917.
1935.
1914.
1937.
1906.
1933.
1937.
1922.
1932.
1922.
1917.
1912.
1932.
1937.
1935.
1937.
1901.
1934.

1930.
1926.
1937.
1936.
1933.
1930.

1935.
1937.
1937,
1898.

1929.
1933.
1931.
1931.
1930.
1936.
1936.
1922.

1937,
1916.

1907.
1937.

369

M‘Callister, Miss M., Quinnville, Holywood.

M‘Cammon, Miss Hester, 10 College Green.

M‘Cance, James, 350 Antrim Road.

M‘Carthy, Mrs., Freshford, Knock.

M‘Carthy, W. J., Ashley, Alexandra Park.

M‘Cleery, J. M., Richdale House, Marino.

M‘Devitt, H., Ballygallon, Breenagh, Lifford.

M‘Donnell, Miss Kathleen P., 110 Cullingtree Road.

M‘Gladery, R., The Brickworks, Springfield Road.

M‘Gowan, J. H., 7 Brunswick Road, Bangor.

M‘Gregor, Miss Sarah, 12 Eglantine Avenue.

M'Tlroy, R. J., 55 Ava Avenue.

M‘Intyre, Miss Margaret, 104 Eglantine Avenue.

M‘Kay, Miss E. W., B.Sc., Ardbana Terrace, Coleraine.

M‘Keown, Miss Kathleen E., 22 Malone Road.

M‘Kinney, Miss M. A. C., Sentry Hill, Carnmoney.

M‘Kisack, A. M., 9 Mount Pleasant.

M‘Kisack, J. H., 1972 West 35th Avenue, Vancouver, B.C.

M‘Kisack, Miss M. K., 9 Mount Pleasant.

M‘Knight, Miss E., 73 Marlborough Park South.

M‘Knight, Wm. J., 73 Marlborough Park South.

M‘Meekin, A., J.P., Cogry House, Doagh.

M‘Meekin, Miss A. M., B.L., Sunnyside, Carnmoney.

M‘Meekin, H. S., Jun., 20 Innisfayle Road.

M‘Namara, Robert, Railway Street, Ballynahinch.

M‘Neill, a Norman, LL.B., Barrister-at-Law, 56 Wellington
Park.

M‘Neilly, Norman, B.A., 58 Bangor Road, Newtownards.

MacRae, Kenneth, 829 Lisburn Road.

M‘Robert, Miss Jean, Knock-na-Gar, Greenisland.

Napier, Miss, Bungalow Hostels, Stranmillis.

Neill, Miss M., Rhanbuoy Park, Carrickfergus.

Neill, S., 3 Church Street East.

Nelson, Stewart A., P. H. Department, City Hall.
Nicholson, Miss Maude Steel, Bressenden, Biddenden, Kent.
Noble, Miss M., 378 Upper Newtownards Road .

O'Neill, Edward E., B.A., 30 Cromwell Road.
Orr, Brian, 33 Ardenlee Avenue.

Orr, Miss Jessie, M‘K., 49 Donegall Place.

Orr, James, M.B.O.U., 64 Great Victoria Street.

Patrick, J., 76 Shandon Park.

Peacock, Mrs. Emma H., Madison House, Cavehill Road.
Pears, John B., Woodlands, Holywood.

Plenderleith, Miss C., Loughnagar, Greenisland.
Prenter, J. D., Le Nid, Ormiston Crescent.

Press, F. E. V., 67 Marlborough Park North.

Price, Miss Mina, 14 Marlborough Park North.

Pringle, A., 12 Springdale Gardens.

Ranson, Miss Olive, Ivydene, Mullaghmore Park, Green-
island.

Rea, Miss L. C., Salem House, Sydenham.
Rea, Miss M. W., M.Sc., Salem House, Sydenham.

ae M‘Cune, M.A., Mount Royal, Ballygomartin
noad,

1937.
1919.

1933.

1926.
1921.
1921.
1934.

1936.

1934.
1922.
1927.
1935.

1913.
1934.
Lie
1920.
1924.
1937.
1936.
1936.
1932.
1934,
1932.
1921.
1931,
1936,

1926.
1921.
1905.

192%.
1935;
1921.
1936.
1934.
1920.
1924.
1934.
1933.

1927.

1910.

a0 it:
1923.
1904.
1934,
1934,
1925.
1933.
1932.
1894.
1928.
1936.

1937,
1924.
1937,

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
370

Reid, Mrs. Kathleen, Mount Royal, Ballygomartin Road.
Reilly, George C., 229 Cregagh Road.

Reilly, Mrs. G. C., 229 Cregagh Road.

Richardson, J. S., Woodhouse, Bessbrook.

Robinson, Miss L., 10 Kingsmere Avenue.

Robinson, W. R., 58 Ravenhill Park.

Rodgers, Miss May, Inisfallen, Downshire Road.
Rodwell, E. G., 124 Somerton Road.

Rowan, Surg.-Cap. John C., R.N. (retd.), 13 Eglantine Gdns.
Ruddell, Miss B., Thornleigh, Whitehead.

Rutherford, E. D., M.B., Ch.D., Woodlawn, Cherryvalley.
Rutherford, Mrs. I. N., Main Street, Larne.

Savage, W. E. J., 8 Lincoln Avenue.

Sayers, Miss E., 61 Clonlee Drive.

Sayers, Miss W. J., B.A., Bartragh, Cherryvalley Park.

Sayers, Miss J. B., Bartragh, Cherryvalley Park.

Sayers, Miss M., 61 Clonlee Drive.

Sayers, Miss S., B.A., Sunbrae, Knockbreda Road.

Scott, Miss E. M., 48 Harberton Park.

Scott, Miss Helen, 187 Cavehill Road.

Scott, Miss J. E., Grasmere, Knockvale Park.

Scott, Robert, Grove Lodge, Seagoe, Portadown.

Sefton, A. Burton, St. Aubyn’s, Deramore Drive.

Sefton, Thomas W., St. Aubyn’s, Deramore Drive.

Shanks, E., 3 Galwally Park.

Shaw, Miss A. E., 58 Westland Road.

Shaw, Miss M. E., 58 Westland Road.

Shiels, Edward, Summer Hill, Bangor.

Shiels, Rev. Fr. J. F., P.P., Carrickmannon, Ballygowan.

Shortt, James, Wilmount, Lisburn.

Simpson, Miss E. C., 12 Ashley Avenue.

Sinclair, Robert, 48 Waring Street.

Sinton, John A., 1 The Crescent, Holywood.

Skillen, W. G. R., 25 Stranmillis Gardens.

Small, Professor J., D.Sc., Queen's University.

Smyth, John, M.A., Donard, Cregagh.

Snugg, J. C., 53 Rugby Road.

Speer, Miss Frances J., The Hostel, Howard Street.

Standfield, Miss Henrietta, 31 Virginia Street.

Stelfox, Mrs. A. W., B.Sc., A.R.C.Sce.I., 14 Clareville Road,
Rathgar, Dublin.

Stendall, J. A. S., M.R.I.A., 42 North Parade.

Stendall, Mrs., 42 North Parade.

Stephens, Capt. J. Kyle, J.P., 13 Donegall Square North.

Sterling, Miss A. F., Green Lawns, Kensington Gardens.

Sterling, Miss M. D., Green Lawns, Kensington Gardens.

Stewart, Albert K., 14 Mount Eden Park.

Stewart, Jack H., Dufferin Place, Killyleagh.

Stewart, Miss Marion, Pinetree House, Hillsborough.

Stewart, W. J., M.P., 105 Baker Street, London, W.1.

Storey, Fred., Maormar, Cultra.

Straight, Miss S., c/o Mrs. E. H. Peacock, Madison House,
Cavehill Road.

Strain, Miss M. G., B.A., Legmore Lodge, Dunmurry.

Swan, H. P., P.C., Ardelan, Buncrana.

Swan, Mrs, W, Marshall, 1 University Square,

1935-36. J

1922.
1934.
1937.

1936.
1936.
1922.
1936.
1930.
1926.
1926.
1932.
1932.
1925.
1930.
1925.

1921.
19382.

1936.

1936.
1928.
1936.
1919.
1935.
1936.
1933.

1933.
1937.
1982.
1935.
1925.
1924.
1934.
1927.
1936.
1924.
1933.
1933.
1934.
1927.

1927.
1928.
1929.
1927.
1917.
1923.
1925.
1901.
1904.
1923.
1901.

371

Sweeney, William, 105 Cliftonville Road.
Sweeney, Miss Anna E., 187 Cliftonville Road.
Syre, Miss Lily G., 236 Cliftonville Road.

Tate, Miss Mabel A., Linda Geans, Jordanstown.

Taylor, Miss Anna E., 461 Upper Newtownards Road.

Taylor, Frank, St. John’s, Marino.

Taylor, J. Childs, B.Sc., 22 Ward Avenue, Bangor.

Thompson, Alex., Rose Cottage, Craigavad.

Thompson, John D., 110-111 Scottish Provident Buiidings.

Thompson, Mrs. J. D., Northdene, North Road.

Thompson, Samuel D., Tir-na-n-og, Helen’s Bay.

Tomb, John J., Bellaghy P.E.S., Killagan P.O.

Toney, W. T., Granuaile, Greenisland.

Tripp, Miss A. G., 20 College Green.

Turner, Edmund, A.R.C.Sc.1., 3 Sandhill Gardens, Neill’s
Hill.

Turner, S., Junr., Ballyskeagh, Barnett’s Road.

Turtle, L. J., 88 Belmont Road.

Vance, Miss Dorothy J. C. A., Avonmore, Maxwell Road,
Bangor.

Walker, Miss Annie, 36 Indiana Avenue.

Wall, John J., J.P., Glenarm.

Wallace, Miss Anna M., 26 Malone Avenue.

Warnock, Miss, M.A., 13 Cromwell Road.

Warnock, Peter, 9 Glisson Road, Cambridge.

Wasson, Miss Lucy, 41 Knockbreda Road.

Waterhouse, Professor Gilbert, Litt.D., F.R.G.S., 92 Malone
Road.

Waterhouse, Mrs., Gilbert, M.A., 92 Malone Road.

Weatherup, Mrs. A. M., Bryghte Holme, Carrickfergus.

Weatherup, W. J., B.Sc., 98 Malone Avenue.

Weatherup, Mrs. N., 98 Malone Avenue.

Webb, Miss E. M., Rath House, Shandon Park.

Weegg, George R., Glynn Villas, Larne.

Weir, Miss Annie, Pickie Rock House, Bangor.

Weir, Miss M. K., Bangor Collegiate School, Bangor.

Weston, Mrs. M. Elaine, The Wooden House, Annalong.

Weyms, David, The Moorings, Dunmurry.

Whelan, C. Blake, M.A., B.L., 19 Lismoyne Park.

Wherry, Miss Irene, 799 Lisburn Road.

White, James H., 7 Linden Gardens.

White, Miss Jeanne M., M.Sc., 18 Carleton Street,
Portadown.

Whyte, Mrs., 10 Orient Gardens.

Whyte, Miss, 10 Orient Gardens.

Wightman, James A., 52 Hanover Street, Portadown.

Wilkinson, Miss D. H., 25 Ashley Avenue.

Wilkinson, James, J.P., Carrowkeel, Dundonald.

Willis, Miss A., 184 Malone Road.

Wilson, Miss A., 15 Harberton Drive.

Wilson, Prof. Gregg, Transy, Beechlands, Malone Road.

Wilson, Mrs. Gregg, Transy, Beechlands, Malone Road.

Woodburn, Rev. J. B., M.A., D.D., 9 Harberton Avenue.

Workman, W. H., Lismore, Windsor Avenue,

1937.

1931.
1936.
1936.
1937.
1934,
1935.
1934.
1931.
1931.
1937.

1936.
1935.
1931.
1937.
1927.
1935.
1937.
1937.

1927.
1933:
1937.

1937.

1928.
1932,
1936.
1933.
1936.
1931.

1937.
1934.
1935.
1935.
1935.
1935.

1932.
1932.
1932.
1935.
1928.
1931.
1935.

1933.
1933.
1937.
1933.
1926.

{Proc. B.N.F.C.

JUNIOR DIVISION.
Archer, William, 16 Harberton Park.

Bairnsfather, Evelyn, 8 Eileen Gardens, Windsor Park.

Barry, Brian, 19 Kirkliston Drive.

Beck, May, 40 Ravenhill Park.

Beck, Neil, 40 Ravenhill Park.

Black, Andrew, 12 Seabourne Parade.
Blackburn, Phyllis, 16 Duncairn Gardens.
Boyd, Christopher, 121 Wellesley Avenue.
Bradley, Dymphna, 6 Thorndale Avenue.
Bradley, Nora, 6 Thorndale Avenue.
Breach, J. F., Knockagh, Greenisland.

Charlesworth, Marian, 19 Rugby Road
Clark, Alan, 35 Martinez Avenue.

Clarke, Eleanor, 42 Railway Street, Lisburn.
Clarke, Owen, 42 Railway Street, Lisburn.
Cleland, Martyn, 13 Eglantine Gardens.

Connelly, Alma, Conalan, Church Road, Newtownbreda.
Constable, Hazel Margaret May, 2 Osborne Gardens.

Crawford, B., 69 Osborne Park.
Deans, Phyllis, 141 Ormeau Road.
Duffin, Brice, 3 Deramore Park.
Duffin, Dorothy, 3 Deramore Park.
Emerson, Daphne, 11 Rugby Road.

Faris, Kathleen, Rosebank, Marlborough Park.

Ferguson, Kathleen, 102 Seacliffe Road, Bangor.

Ferguson, Suzanne, Glenshesk, Glen Road.

Finlay, Frazer, 62 Castlereagh Street.

Foster, Paul, 94 West Circular Road.

Fricker, Harold, No. 3 Cottage, Stranmillis
College.

Gallagher, Eve, 34 Malone Avenue.

Garrett, Ethel, Hillview, Barnett’s Road, Knock.

Garrett, Maureen, 19 Castlehill Road.

Getty, Patrick, The Anchorage, Carrickfergus.
Glen, Joan, 45 Adelaide Park.

Glen, Margaret, 45 Adelaide Park.

Gordon, Agnes, 130 Eglantine Avenue.
Gordon, Billy, 130 Eglantine Avenue.
Gordon, John, 130 Eglantine Avenue.
Gotto, Robert V., 20 Adelaide Park.
Gregg, R. Noel, 8 Wheatfield Gardens.
Gribbon, Derwent, 27 Glandore Gardens.
Guiler, Roy, 41 Rosetta Park.

Hanna, Joan, Mayfield, Dunmurry.
Hassan, Suzanne, 64 Rugby Road.
Heslip, J., Wolfhill Lodge, Ligoniel.
Hislop, Nan, 35 Ulsterville Avenue.
Holland, Susan, Fairy Hill, Osborne Gardens.

Training

1935-36. |

1937.
1932.
1937.
1933.
1933.

1930.
1935.

1936.
1937.

1931.

1930.
1936.

1930.
1935.
1937.
1927.
1937.

1933.

1937.

1937.
1935.
1937.

1936.
1936.
1930.
1929.

1932.

1937.
1937.

1937.
1937.
1937.

1937.

1937.

1931.
1930

1932,

1932.

1934.
1937.
1930.

1937.

1931.
1937.
1937.
1937.

1935.

373

Jamison, David, Inishowen, Newtownards.
Johnston, John, 105 Ardenlee Avenue.
Johnston, J. H., 70 Wellington Place.
Johnston, Louis, 105 Ardenlee Avenue.
Johnstone, Helen, 134 Somerton Road.

Kernaghan, Sam, 46 Salisbury Avenue.
Kinkead, Gloria, 7 Ashdene Drive, Glandore Avenue.

Lauder, Dorothy, 76 Haypark Avenue.
Lawson, Dorothy, 189 Cavehill Road.
Lord, Eileen, 18 Woodvale Gardens.
Lord, Sheila, 18 Woodvale Gardens.

Macmahon, Patricia, Earlswood Road.

Martin, Hazel, 22 Ophir Gardens.

Mason, Cyril, 9 North Parade.

Maultsaid, Maureen, 11 Sandhurst Drive.

May, Ernest Langton, The Sheiling, Sutton, Co. Dublin.
M‘Connell, Joan, 12 Castlehill Road.

M‘Cullagh, Murray, 28 Wyndham Street.

M‘lIlrath, Sheelagh Beatrice, 222 Stranmillis Road.
M‘Robert, J. C., Rademon, Crossgar.

M‘Veigh, Jean, 4 Victoria Gardens, Cavehill Road.
Morrice, Joan, 16 Ulsterville Avenue.

Nelson, Audrey, 296 Donegall Road.
Nelson, Eleanor, 11 Stranmillis Gardens.
Nelson, Edna, 296 Donegall Road.
Nodder, C. D., Campbell College.

Orr, Nan, 136 Mountcollyer Street.

Pedlow, Doreen, 7 Eglantine Gardens.
Petticrew, Jean, 59 Kansas Avenue.

Rainey, Esther Joyce, 10 Harberton Drive.
Rankin, Denis, 11 Hopefield Avenue.
Rankin, Neil, 11 Hopefield Avenue.

Reid, Betty, 1 Glenbank, Ballysillan.

Shaw, Clement, 5 Earlswood Road.

Sloane, Joan, 59 Ponsonby Avenue.

Stendall, Leslie, 42 North Parade.

Stewart, John, Inglemede, Ardenlee Avenue.
Stewart, Sarah, Inglemede, Ardenlee Avenue.

Teuton, Brian, 19 Ravenhill Park Gardens.
Toner, William, Blenheim Drive, Castlereagh Road.
Tweedie, Peggy, 9 Stranmillis Gardens.

Vaughan, Kathleen Maud, 34 College Gardens.

Ward, Sybil, Oakmount, Drumbeg, Dunmurry.
Weatherup, Michael, 98 Malone Avenue.

Williamson, Sheila, 20 Stranmillis Road.

Wright, Dennis, 76 Ravenhill Park.

Wright, Kathleen, 1 Richmond Square, Cavehill Road.

PRESENTED
9 DEC 1938

(PRESENTED
kz 9 DEC 1938

7 WAY 1946

PROCEEDINGS

AND

ANNUAL. REPORTS

2)
a
i-4
tL
7)

FOR CONTENTS SEE INSIDE COVER.

PRINTED FOR MEMBERS ONLY.
PRICE OF EXTRA COPIES TO MEMBERS 2/-.

CONTENTS.

List of Officers, 1936-37 2h; ave rey ie si
Excursions :—Benevenagh ; Giant’s Foot, Whiterock Road ;
Cushendall and Cushendun ; Carnmoney Quarry
and Hill; Glynn and Glenoe; South Armagh
(The Fews); Edenderry and Giant’s Ring;
Donegore and Rathmore; Shrewsbury and
Neighbourhood; Shaw’s Bridge, Milltown,
Purdysburn Glen; Portglenone Demesne:
Comber fstuary ; Portstewart : Belveir Park
Conference of Field Clubs
Conversazione ae oo
The Passing of R. J. Welch aa ar a ah
Papers :—‘‘ Geology and Man,” A. H. Davison, F.R.S.AT. ...
‘ Botanizing in the Garden and the Field,” Miss
W. J. Sayers, BA.
Geological Evening
Query Night
Zoological Evening ; oe ee ca
‘Stone Circles in Northern ‘Ireland,’ O. Davies,
M.A., and E. EB. Evans, -M.A., F.S.A: ve
“Some Museum Fancies, Facts and Fads,” J. A.
Stendall, M.R.IA.-
‘Progress of the New Iloxa: of. North- East Ireland,’
Dr. RB UI. Praeger, D:S¢., “M.R.ILA.
Archaeology Demonstrations
Annual Meeting
Club Medallists
Statement of Accounts

List of Officers, 1937-38 ; Ae one ai a ae
Excursions :—Bundoran and District; Drumbeg to Lambeg :
Loughgall and Armagh; Belvoir Park ; Glen-
shesk ; Castlewellan ; Conlig; Carr’s Glen and
Cavehill ; Killough and St. John’s Point ; Cork
and District; Portmuck and Brown’s_ Bay :
Carnlough, Garron Point and Straidkilly :
utbot, ‘Bellahill, Ballycarry and Red Hall
Conference of Field Clubs
Conversazione ; oe bs = ji fs 5
Papers :—‘‘ Ourselves: The Story of the Club,” A. Albert
Campbell, F.R.S.A.L. fe ae
“ERyolution of Belfast and its Region, “ E—. E. Evans,
M.A., F.S.A.
Geological Evening
Query Night ... Hee eae
“ Social Habits of Birds,’ » ¢. D. Deane
Zoological Evening — 4 ins
‘“ Museum-Minded Sc andinavia,’ j. A. S. Stendall,
M.R.LA.
Botany Demonstrations ...
Annual Meeting
Club Medallists
List of Exchanging Soc ieties
Statement of Accounts
Index

PAGE
376

R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.I.A,

PROCEEDINGS
AND ANNUAL REPORT

OF, THE

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB

For the Year Ending 31st March, 1937
(SEVENTY-FOURTH YEAR)

SERIES Il.
VOLUME IX.

PART IX.
1936-37.

EDITOR:
A. M‘I. CLELAND.

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

SEVENTY-FOURTH YEAR, 1936-1937.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President :
A. H. DAVISON, F.R.S.A.1.
Vice-President :
A, ALBERT CAMPBELL, F.R.S.A.I.
Hon. Treasurer :
ROBT. G. HENDERSON, F.c.A., 17 Castle Place.
Hon. Librarian :

W. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S.
Orissa, Marlborough Park South, Belfast.
Hon. Recording Secretaries :

J. A. S. STENDALL, M.B.1.A.
R. J. WELCH, M.SC., M.R.1.A.
Hon. Secretaries Botanical Section :
MISS W. J. SAYERS, B.A.
Rev. W. R. MEGAW, B.A., M.R.1.A.

Hon. Secretaries Geological Section :
Prof. J. KAYE CHARLESWORTH, D.SC., M.R.I.A., F.G.S.
J. J. HARTLEY, M.Sc.

Hon. Secretaries Zoological Section:

J. S. LOUGHRIDGE, B.SC., M.D., F.R.C.S.

R. MacDONALD.

Hon. Secretaries Archaeological Section:
A. ALBERT CAMPBELL, F.R.S.A.I.

R. S. LEPPER, M.A., F.R.Hist. Soc.

Hon. Secretary Survey of Antiquities Committee:
MISS MARY GAFFIKIN.

Hon. Secretaries Junior Division:

Mrs. C. R. NODDER.

MISS E. E. BARRY.

Members of Committee :

Retire 1937. Retire 1938.
Emeritus Prof. GREGG WIL.- C. R. NODDER, M.A.
SON} (0.8.5, MAL) DISC., JAMES ORR, M.B.0.U.
M.R.I.A. WM. SWEENEY.

R. H. COMMON, B.SC., M.AGR.
A. M.- M‘KISACK.
Retire 1939.
MISS KATHLEEN BOURKE, ».sc.
Capt. C. D. CHASE,’ M.c., M.A.
A. M'l. CLELAND.

Honorary Secretaries:
S ¢ =d Ss q 4h y ff ‘ = A S] ,
ee = eee i 25 Stranmillis Gardens

B77

PROCEEDINGS.

i@)

SUMMER SESSION.

O—
BENEVENAGH.

Date—9th May, 1936. Conductor—Miss W. J. Sayers. Number
present, 40.

On arrival at Bellarena station the members first
visited the ancient churchyard of Tamlaght. 8S. Henry told
of St. Columba and St. Aidan, whose graves were nearby,
and of the blind harper of Magilligan, O’Hempsey or
Hampsan, also buried at Tamlaght.

Passing by St. Aidan’s holy well, the party made their
way, through hazel woods carpeted with wood anemones
and bluebells, to the base of the Benevenagh cliffs in search
of Alpine plants, and were rewarded by finding many pink
cushions of Silene acaulis, standing out in strong contrast to
their background of dark rock.

After an al fresco lunch, the President (A. H. Davison)
briefly touched on the geological features of the neighbour-
hood, with particular reference to the Benevenagh cliffs.

GIANT’S FOOT, WHITEROCK ROAD.
Date—12th May, 1936. Conductor—J. J. Hartley.

This excursion was made to study the exposures of
Triassic Sandstone behind Beechmount; the limestone
quarries at Whiterock; and the flint factory on the slopes
of Black Mountain discovered by our late member, Robert
‘Bell, and described in the Club’s Proceedings, Vol. VIII,
1922-23.

(No report.)

CUSHENDALL AND CUSHENDUN.

Date—22nd till 24th May, 1936. Conductors—Dr. R. Ll. Praeger
and J. Skillen. Number present, 75.
This was a combined excursion of the Belfast, London-
derry and Route Field Clubs.
On arrival at Cushendall the members were met by
contingents from the affiliated Clubs, Londonderry having
the honour of providing the largest number, over twenty in

[Proc. B.N.¥.C.

all. After tea various excursions in the neighbourhood of
the town were made on foot. The botanists and the
geologists searched the banks of the Dall and the seashore,
while the archaeologists visited Red Bay Castle and the
hamlet of Waterfoot. Next morning all were early astir,
and the way was taken up Glenann, stopping to inspect
‘’ Ossian’s Grave,’’ where cameras were in. evidence
photographing this bronze age cairn.

The next halt was at the cairns of Hugh M‘Phelim
O’Neill and his servant, who fell in the battle of Aura
between the M‘Quillans and the MacDonnells in 1565, which
settled the lordship of the Route in favour of the latter clan.
The top of the mountain having been attained a lovely drive
down into the valley of the Bush River followed, both sides
of the road showing a gorgeous display of gorse in full bloom.
Lisanoure, the objective, was then reached, when the party
scattered through the grounds of this fine demesne. At the
old castle the Hon. Secretary gave an account of its
interesting history.

At Lisanoure the botanists, under Dr. Praeger and Miss
W. J. Sayers, B.A., made a search of the grounds to confirm
the old records of plants and perhaps find new records for
the forthcoming new edition of ‘‘ The Flora of North-East
Ireland,’’ of which the former is the editor. The old ruinous
pre-Reformation church standing in the demesne, as well as
the handsome new church, were visited.

Arriving back in Cushendall the company sat down to
dinner, after which Dr. Praeger and Miss Sayers gave a
most interesting talk on the wild flowers collected during
the day. This was followed by a paper contributed by Mr.
H. A. Boyd on Lord Macartney.

Next morning being Sunday the forenoon was free, but
some members visited the various interesting places in the
neighbourhood, including Layde old church. In the old
oravevard, which is in a neglected condition, moulders the
dust of many of the princely race of the MacDonnells. The
ruined church is in danger of complete destruction from the
mass of disintegrating ivy which clothes its walls and from
the chance-grown trees, which are in vigorous growth even
from out the very walls.

The Ancient Monuments Committee might well consider
some preservation work on this ancient church of St.
Kieran’s.

1936-87.]
a79

In the afternoon the whole party visited Cushendun and
Shane O’Neill’s cairn, which is said to be the place where
he was killed by the MacDonnells in 1567.

The last stop was at the caves, where the President
(Mr. A. H. Davison, F.R.S.A.I.) gave a talk on the curious
conglomerates there. Returning to the hotel, the members
shortly afterwards left for home after a very enjoyable and
instructive week-end.

CARNMONEY QUARRY AND HILL.
Date—2nd June, 1936. Conductor—Prof. J. Ik. Charlesworth.

This excursion was made for the purpose of studying
the volcanic neck at Carnmoney, with its radiatory columns
and vesicles containing “‘ hullite.’” The chalk and basalt

were also examined.
(No report.)

GLYNN AND GLENOE.

Date—18th June, 1936. Conductors—Miss Kk. M. Bourke and
A. A. Campbell. Number present, 40.

On arrival at Glynn the members first visited the
beautiful grounds of Glynn House, under the conductorship
of the owner, Mrs. Johnston.

The next stop was at the old church of Glynn, where
the rector of the parish (Rev. R. Kilpatrick) gave a brief
account of its history, mentioning that the original church
was said to have been founded by St. Patrick.

The walk up the Glen, in the briliant sunshine, was
greatly ejoyed, the botanists keeping a keen lookout for
certain rare plants found here by the Club in 1875.

The quaint little village of Glenoe was reached shortly
before five o’clock, when the party visited the nearby
waterfall with its four cascades and the beautifully wooded
neighbouring ravine through which the water tumbies.

The geologists spent some time in the quarries, the
chalk of which is remarkably pure, containing 99 per cent.
of carbonate of lime.

SOUTH ARMAGH (THE FEWS).

Date—27th June, 1936. Conductors—J. Skillen and
T. G. F. Paterson.

The members left the Old Museum on the morning of
a glorious day. The district traversed is one of the most

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
380

fertile and historic in the North, and the views obtained
during the progress of the excursion were most extensive,
as far south as the Carlingford Mountains in Louth, and as
far north as the Sperrins in Tyrone.

Passing through Portadown the first stop was at
Marlacoo Lake, a beautiful sheet of water set in sylvan
surroundings. In this lake are the remains of O’Neill’s
crannoge. This lake dwelling was occupied in 1566 when
the lord-deputy, Sir Henry Sydney, made an unsuccessful
attempt to capture it. State papers contain letters written
from it in 1595-96 by the Earl of Tyrone. It was again in
use in 1607, garrisoned by Sir Toby Caulfield, founder of the
properties in Armagh and Tyrone, after which it seems to
have fallen into decay, hastened by an Act passed forbidding
the building or use of crannoges.

The next stop was at Mullabrack church, which was a
Culdee foundation, and the Prior of Armagh was rector of
the parish. The date of the foundation is unknown, but the
parish is mentioned in a papal Taxation of 1291. Lists of
rectors are extant from 779. The church is modern, but
contains a number of interesting monuments to the
Hamilton and Acheson families, one to the memory of Sir
Arthur Acheson (Dean Swift’s friend) is surmounted by a
bust by Nollekens, the celebrated sculptor. Some of these
monuments were purposely defaced during the wars of 1641
and the church was also greatly damaged. There is also a
monument to Lieut. George Lambart, V.C., won in the
Indian frontier wars, and one of the earliest holders of the
coveted cross. Another holder of the V.C. (Lord Charles
Beresford) spent a happy boyhood there, his father being
rector of the parish.

Passing on to Gosford Castle demesne, on the edge of
Markethill, Dean Swift’s haunts within the demesne were
visited—his*~‘ Chair,” his ““ Walk,’ his“ Wellj’> also
Drapier’s Hill, where he had intended to erect his house.
The modern castle was also inspected, built by the second
Earl of Gosford and completed in 1840. It is the largest
castle in Northern Ireland, took twenty years to build, and
sad to say is now unoccupied.

Proceeding onward along a road, at a comparatively
high elevation, Beach Bank was reached at the summit of
the hill. Here lunch was partaken of in glorious sunshine
and with magnificent views stretching out on every hand,
one of the finest inland panoramas in the North.

1936-37.]
381

The famous places all around were discussed, including
the celebrated ‘‘ barracks,’’ one built on each side of the
town of Newtownhamilton, to hold the Tories of the seven-
teenth century in check, the most celebrated of whom was
the rapparee Redmond O’Hanlon. The coach road from
Dublin to Armagh ran along here and offered a rich field for
exploitation by these highwaymen. Close to Newtown-
hamilton is Shee Fina, the palace of Lir, ever remembered
by his “* children,’’ immortalised by Moore in his melody:
“ Silent, O Moyle, be the roar of thy waters.”’

Lunch having been taken, the road was resumed
through Newtownhamilton (the streets of which were almost
impassable with animals, vehicles, &c., it being the half-
yearly fair), and shortly after the Dorsey was reached. This
magnificent earthwork—the largest, most important, and
most impressive enclosed entrenchment in Ireland—is
assumed to have been erected at some date previous to the
expulsion of the Ultonians from Emain Macha in 332 a.p.
On the top of the entrenchment an interesting discussion
took place as to its origin and use; was it or was it not part
of the great rampart running across the country from east
to west known as ‘‘ The Black Pig’s Dyke,’’ or was it the
great gateway of the fortified territory of Emain Macha ?

From Dorsey the party proceeded via Cullyhanna by a
very picturesque countryside to Aughnagurgan to inspect a
dolmen and two other dismantled graves of the Bronze Age.

Reaching Dundrum, there was visited a double ringed
fort, one of a group of three, afterwards proceeding to
Armagh through the very pretty Tassagh valley, having only
time to look at the Culdee graveyard there. Just before
reaching the primatial city a stop was made at the famous
Armagh quarries, famous in science for their fossil fish
remains. Here the President (Mr. A. H. Davison,
¥.R.S.A.1.) gave a talk on the geology of this district.

Armagh having been reached, an excellent tea was
enjoyed, and afterwards an adjournment was made to the
County Museum, where a meeting of the Club was held, a
Junior member elected, and the warm thanks of the party
conveyed to Mr. Paterson by the President for his services
as conductor during the day. After the exhibits in the
museum had been examined and the building, with its
classic portico, admired a start was made for home.

During the day Miss W. J. Sayers, B.A., and other
botanists in the party did good work in verifyimg records for
the new edition of the “‘ Flora of North-Kast Iveland.”’

(Proc. B.N.E.C.
O82

EKDENDERRY AND GIANT’S RING.
Date—30th June, 1936. Conductor—J. A. S. Stendall.
On this excursion, after examining the Giant’s Ring,
the members searched for plants in connection with the

forthcoming new edition of the ‘‘ Flora of N.E. Ireland.”’
(No report.)

DONEGORE AND RATHMORE.

Date—4th July, 1936. Conductors—The President (A. H. Davison)
and J. Skillen.

This excursion was an Archaeological one, and during its
course the following places and objects were visited:—
Donegore churchyard, the burial place of Sir Samuel
Ferguson, the Ulster poet and antiquary; Donegore moat;
the stronghold of Rathmore; and the sepulchral cairn of
Browndod.

Tardree was also visited, where the President (A. H.
Davison) gave an interesting address on the geology of the
district.

SHREWSBURY AND NEIGHBOURHOOD.

Date—10th till 14th July, 1936. Conductor—A. M'‘T. Cleland.
Number present, 24.

On Friday evening, 10th July, 19 Members left Belfast
for Shrewsbury via Liverpool and Birkenhead, being met at
Shrewsbury on Saturday morning by the conductor, who had
a bus waiting to convey them to the Crown Hotel, head-
quarters during the excursion. By 10 a.m. all were seated
in front of a very welcome breakfast, being joined by 5 other
Members who had gone on in advance, thus making the
party a compact body of twenty-four.

By 11 a.m. all had assembled in front of the statue
of Charles Darwin, born in Shrewsbury in 1809, erected in
the grounds of the Muicipal Free Library and Museum.
Here they were greeted by the Local Conductor, Mr. H. E.
Forrest, F.L.8., who at once took charge of them.

Mr. Forrest led the party to the department of the
Museum entirely devoted to objects found during various
excavations on the site of the ancient Romano-British town
of Uriconium, in one corner of which the modern village of
Wroxeter now stands. He directed special attention to the

1956-37.)
383

inscribed tablet formerly erected over the entrance to the
Forum, dated 180 A.D.; a solid silver mirror, 12 inches in
diameter, the back beautifully chased; two bronze and
inscribed military diplomas, one of them the most perfect
example that has so far been found in Great Britain; and
lastly some remarkable piles of dishes in Samian ware,
perfect in every detail, taken from the ruins of what had
evidently been a china-merchant’s shop.

From the Museum the Members moved to the Castle,
now the property of the Shrewsbury Corporation, who had
very kindly given free admission to the excursion party.
Here, in the Council Chamber, Mr. Forrest outlined the
history of the building and the brave part it took in the Civil
Wars, only being captured by treachery on Saturday, 22nd
February, 1645 A.D.

By 12.30 o’clock the Members had re-assembled at the
Crown Hotel, mounted the bus in waiting, and drove straight
away to Battlefield Church, 38 miles north of Shrewsbury,
erected about the year 1408, as a memorial to those who fell
at the battle of Shrewsbury on July 21st, 1408.

The next halt was at Grinshill, 4 miles farther N.,
where a heavy shower was encountered. In spite of the
rain several Members followed Mr. Forrest along a very
muddy and leaf strewn road to a quarry in Triassic sandstone
for which Grinshill is so famous, numerous fine buildings
in the neighbourhood having been constructed in this
material. The special feature the Members noted here was
a fine dyke of dolerite, about 2 feet wide, which can be
traced for many miles across country.

Clive Hill was the next stopping place, one mile N.W.
of Grinshill and 400 feet high. The Members climbed to
the top of the hill along a rough lane cut in bare sandstone
rock. The rain had now ceased, and a cheerful stream of
clear water was merrily coursing down the lane, across which
the Members skipped from side to side. Here is to be seen
the most remarkable example of glacial erosion in the
Midlands. The entire top of the hill has been planed down
by the ice-sheet, 1,800 feet thick, which passed over it from
N.N.W. to S.8S.E.

The bus next drew up at Moreton Corbet Castle, 3 miles
on in a S.F. direction, where Mr. Forrest gave an account
of the history of the building. Here are the remains of two
mansions, the first built in 1578; the second begun (but
never finished) in 1606. This house was fortified for the

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
384

King during the Civil Wars, but was taken by the
Parliamentarians in September, 1644, and burnt by them in
the following March.

High Ercall Hall was the next objective, 5 miles from
Moreton Corbet in a 8.E. direction. Here all alighted and
had another talk from Mr. Forrest. The Hall was built in
1608, was garrisoned for the King, sustained a long siege,
and did not surrender till 28th March, 1646, being the last
fortress in Shropshire to hold out for the King, except
Ludlow and Bridgnorth.

On again, the bus next drew up at the entrance to
Haughmond Abbey (4 miles from High Ereall in a S.W.
direction), which building was thoroughly examined by all
the party. Haughmond Abbey, founded for Augustinian
Canons about 1135, is set amongst most sylvan surroundings
at the base of Haughmond Hill.

At 5 p.m. the bus pulled up for tea at the Corbet Arms
Hotel, Uffington, 2 miles from Haughmond in a §. direction.
Tea was served at once, the Members being ravenously
hungry. During the course of the meal the Vicar of the
Parish (Rev. Earnest R. Sequeira) joined the party and
proved a most genial and pleasant guest.

The weather had by now much improved: no more rain,
great visibility, and a short burst of sunshine at about 7
p-m., so that the drive from Uffington to Uriconium, the
next and last objective (4 miles on and in a 8.H. direction)
was a great delight.

At Uriconium the Members were taken in charge by
the courteous Keeper (Mr. F. Jackson), who thoroughly
explained all the very interesting features to be seen here.

Uriconium was founded by the Romans about 70 A.D.,
on the banks of the Severn at a point commanding the
entrance to Mid-Wales, was occupied for some 300 years,
and then disappeared from human ken till about the year
1859, on which date explorations and excavations were begun
and have been carried on at intervals since then. Many of
the ruins brought to light have been left open for inspection,
the latest addition being the fine outer wall and column
bases of the Forum.

The Crown Hotel, Shrewsbury (5 miles from Uriconium
in a N.W. direction), was reached at 7.80 p.m., promptly on
time.

The day’s run had covered 32 miles with 8 halts.

,

1936-37.]
385

On Sunday, 12th July, the weather conditions were very
bad indeed; almost continuous rain, with few dry intervals.
Fortunately there was an almost total absence of wind.

During the morning the conductor took a party of nine
Members to Church Stretton by bus (13 miles from
Shrewsbury) to see Carding Mill Valley, but they only got
as far as the Tea Houses, where hot tea and biscuits were
very welcome. Despite the rain, the Valley looked
exceedingly beautiful, the air being remarkably clear and
the roads very clean.

Another party of four went out by taxi hoping to reach
the Stiperstones. This they found to be quite impossible.
They managed to explore an interesting quarry on the way,
and brought back samples of barytes, galena and calcite.

In the afternoon four brave ladies went by bus to
Ludlow, saw the Castle, and had tea at the famous half-
timbered ‘‘ Feathers Hotel.’’ They returned somewhat
damp, hungry and very jolly.

The weather on Monday, 18th July, was on its very
best behaviour: blue sky; white clouds; a strong N.W.
breeze; great visibility; and landscapes alternately in light
and shade.

On this excursion our numbers were augmented by seven
Members of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, thus
bringing our total up to 31 in all.

Leaving the Crown Hotel promptly at 9 a.m. the first halt
was at Atcham Church, 84 miles from Shrewsbury in a
S.E. direction. This church is of Saxon foundation, beauti-
fully situated on the left bank of the Severn, and close to
the two bridges which cross the river here: the old one, very
graceful and built in 1768; and the modern one, built quite
recently of reinforced concrete, and not by any means so
graceful in outline.

The next halt was at Eaton Constantine, 4 miles in a
S.E. direction, to view the picturesque half-timbered home
of the family of Baxter, where Richard Baxter the Divine
came to live when ten years old. The geologists also
inspected here a group of interesting erratics in dolerite.

Mounting the bus again the next stop was at the
Landslip, 4 miles E., the road rising high above the left bank
of the Severn and giving excellent views of the meanderings
of the river as it winds its way through the flats, the
remnants of the ancient ‘‘ Glacial Lake Lapworth.’’

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
386

Moving on now to Ironbridge, 14 miles Io., a prolonged
halt was made to enable the Members to thoroughly
examine the Cast-iron Bridge spanning the Severn here,
erected in 1779, the first bridge of cast-iron ever built. It
is now a National Monument and is closed to vehicular
traffic.

Mounting the bus once more the Members went back
up the river for two miles W., crossed it at Buildwas and
pulled up at the very fine ruins of Buildwas Abbey. Here
the Custodian took charge of the party and guided the
Members through the various buildings. Buildwas, a
Cistercian abbey, was founded in 1185, and is now under
the control of the Board of Works, and is therefore kept in
an excellent condition.

The next halt was at Much Wenlock Abbey, 3 miles
S.W., the route followed leading up the beautiful sylvan
Farley Dale, narrow and densely wooded.

Wenlock Abbey was originally a nunnery founded in the
7th century and destroyed by the Danes about 896. Restored
in the time of Canute it was again destroyed after the
Conquest, being eventually founded as a Cluniae Priory in
1080. It occupies an ideal situation, and its ruins being still
in private hands are embellished with an amount of ivy and
other creepers that would not be tolerated for a moment
by a Board of Works.

As Wenlock Abbey and Wenlock Town have been special
studies of Mr. Forrest the Members had full advantage of
his abundant store of antiquarian and = architectural
knowledge.

The 15th century Prior’s Lodge, converted into a private
dwelling, was open to the Members through Mr. Forrest’s
influence. It is now being re-conditioned for a new occupant,
and the Members were thus able to wander over all the
beautiful building at their own sweet will.

From the Prior’s Lodge the Members walked to the
Guildhall, a half-timbered building resting on wooden
columns. ‘Two pillars near the entrance formed the old
whipping-posts, and here also the movable stocks are
preserved. Upstairs is a richly panelled room still used as
the Council Chamber.

Mounting the bus again (and nearly carrying away a
projecting sunshade, as a souvenir, as they wound through
the tortuous streets of Wenlock), the Members next halt was
at ‘‘ Major’s Leap ’’ (44 miles in a 8.W. direction), a small

1936-37.)
387

platform of bare Silurian limestone on the very lip of
Wenlock Hdee and commanding a splendid and most ex-
tensive view. From ‘‘ Major’s Leap,’’ 867 feet high, one
looks across the Severn and Dee plains, with the Wrekin on
the right and in front Caer Caradoc and the Longmynd range
of hills and so right into Mid-Wales.

Once more the whistle sounded, and the bus moved
away down the eastern slope of Wenlock Edge to Shipton
Hall (44 miles S.), a most beautiful Tudor Manor house
dating from 1589. The public are not usually admitted, but
Mr. Forrest’s influence had gained an entry. The pro-
prietors, Mr. and Mrs. — Bishop, were waiting for us in
the entrance hall, personally conducted us all over the
interesting building and stood at the garden gate when our
inspection was over and waited till the bus moved off amid
much waving of hats and caps.

We were now an hour behind time, but nobody seemed
to mind this, as we took up our route once again down the
lovely Corve Dale to Stokesay Castle and Church, our next
objectives (103 miles S.W.). On reaching the Castle we
found the Caretaker (Miss Dorothy Abram) looking rather
anxious on account of our late arrival (5 p.m. instead of 4).
Tea was all ready, laid out in the Banqueting Hall, and
never did hungry pilgrims “ fall to ’’ with greater zest !

Stokesay Castle, or Manor House (dating from 1291), is
uniquely interesting, being considered to be the oldest and
best specimen of a fortified Manor House, as distinguished
from a Castle, in England.

Once more the bus was mounted for our next and last
objective, Dorrington (13 miles N.), where Mr. Forrest
introduced us to a Glacial sand and gravel pit.

This inspection finished we made a quick run to the
Crown Hotel, Shrewsbury (6 miles N.), and our belated
dinner, which meal was attacked with the appetites of
wolves !

Our run for the day was 564 miles with 10 halts.

After dinner an informal business meeting was held at
which an enthusiastic vote of thanks, proposed by the Presi-
dent (A. H. Davison), and seconded by R. 8. Lepper, was
tendered to Mr. Forrest for all his kindness and generous
help both on Saturday and Monday, and for his promise of
guidance on the following day.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
388

On Tuesday, 14th July, the weather treated us fairly
well, for although there was an entire absence of sunshine
we had no rain till 5 p.m., at which hour the Members were
at headquarters again, preparing for dinner.

The day was devoted to seeing many of the most
interesting buildings of Shrewsbury, being divided into a
morning and afternoon Session, the Members adjourning at
1 p.m. to Morris’ Café, Pride Hill, where lunch was served.

Starting from the Crown Hotel punctually at 10.80 a.m.,
under the welcome guidance of Mr. Forrest, the following
are among some of the places visited:—Council House;
Perche’s Mansion; City Walls; St. Mary’s Church; Jones
the Lawyer’s Mansion; Hall of the Drapers’ Guild; Butcher
Row; the Old Mint; the ‘‘ Olde House; ’’ Guild Hall; Wyle
Cop; Abbey Church; English Bridge; Judges’ Lodgings; St.
Chad’s Church, ete., ete.

The strong impression left on the minds of the Members,
at the conclusion of their most interesting morning and
afternoon tours through Old Shrewsbury, was that Mr. H.
EK. Forrest’s remarks concerning the evolution and develop-
ment of the construction of the various buildings visited; his
knowledge of the details of how and why they were erected
and the methods and tools used in wood carving and in
moulding the many beautiful plaster ceilings observed: all
show that he must be unsurpassed in Great Britain as an
authority on those subjects.

The Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club may indeed be
congratulated on having such an efficient Local Guide during
their Long Excursion of 1936.

At 7 p.m. those Members who were returning to Belfast
(14 in number) were conveyed to the station by bus,
journeying to Birkenhead (Woodside) by the 7.88 p.m. train
in reserved compartments, getting an enthusiastic send-off
from the remaining Members as the train pulled out. So
ended the Long Excursion of 1986, which all agreed had been
the most enjoyable and successful Excursion the Club had
ever had.

SHAW’S BRIDGE, MILLTOWN, PURDYSBURN GLEN.
Date—l1th August, 1936. Conductor—Miss E. Barry.
A Botanical excursion in search of plants in connection

with the new edition of the ‘‘ Flora of N.I, Ireland.’’
(No report.)

1936-37.]
v89

PORTGLENONE DEMESNE.

Date—15th August, 1936. Conductor—J. Skillen.

A large party took advantage of this excursion, the
Club’s first visit to Portglenone Demesne, permission having
been granted by the proprietor, Capt. R. A. Alexander, D.L.

Portglenone was reached after a pleasant drive down
the valley of the Bann, with Lough Neagh and Lough Beg
shining like plates of silver in the near distance, and in the
farther distance the frowning tops of the County Derry
mountains foreboding rain, which fortunately kept off.

At Portglenone Dr. J. B. Stewart and Mr. David G.
Montgomery were in waiting to act as guides to the district.

Before proceeding to the demesne the party visited Dr.
Stewart’s house to inspect his collection of antiquities.
These included the flint implements which he found under
the diatomaceous clay at New Ferry. This site was
discovered by Dr. Stewart, and was excavated last year by
the Harvard (U.S.A.) University Commission, the results
of whose work have been published in the proceedings of the
Royal Irish Academy.

On arrival at the entrance to the demesne a large party
of Route Club members were in waiting accompanied by
their Honorary Secretary, Mr. Sam Henry, F.R.S.A. Pro-
ceeding into the demesne, the botanists got to work, Miss
W. J. Savers, B.A., at their head, with what results will be
known later. The demesne grounds seem to be kept in
splendid condition, detrimental to a good display of wild
flowers. The walled flower garden was a delight to visit.
On the bank of the river, which here encircles the property,
and on the fosse of an old earthwork, Dr. Stewart gave a
talk on some aspects of the history of the neighbourhood, for
here was the very spot where King James’s army under
General Nugent crossed the Bann and drove the Williamite
defenders back to Derry.

Mr. Sam Henry, in his usual informative style, also
eave a talk, and it was interesting to hear from him that
Brian O’Lynn, who “‘ had no breeches to wear,’’ was a real
person, no less than the village constable of Portglenone.

Leaving this town, the way was taken to Dungledy
Fort. On the road a stop was made to inspect the site of
the crannoge where Brian Carragh O’Neill had his dwelling.
This chieftain lived and figured largely in the troublous times
of the second half of the sixteenth century, and was often

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
OO

a thorn in the side of the governors of Queen Mlizabeth. The
lake is all now drained where the crannoge stood, but the
site of the latter is marked by a group of trees.

Reaching Dungledy Fort the party ascended to the
top, and were fortunate enough to have with them the
daughter of the proprietor, who read a poem which she had
composed about the fort. The fort is one of the most
expansive in the North, built on a high elevation, as is usual
with this class of structure, and with triple rings. The
excavation of these rings is very deep, but unfortunately
the imposing appearance of the whole rath, or dun, is
masked by a deep undergrowth of whitethorn, blackthorn,
and hazel.

Returning through Portglenone, where a stop was made
to thank Dr. Stewart and his family and Mr. Montgomery
for their help and kindness, the way was taken over Tully
Hill and through Ahoghill to Ballymena.

At the latter town tea was served, and afterwards
Harryville moat was visited, where the Honorary Secretary
(Mr. J. Skillen) told something about the ancient remains
in the neighbourhood of the flourishing town of Ballymena.
The Norman motte and bailey at Harryville in this town
is one of the best preserved in Ireland, due largely to the
fact that the Adairs, the lords of the soil, had it under their
care. He also told something of the insurgents of 1798,
including Archer, who had perished at the moat.

Belfast was reached at a reasonable hour after a very
enjoyable excursion.

COMBER ESTUARY.

Date—29th August, 1936. Conductors—C. R. Nodder and
R. MacDonald.

The main object of this excursion was to observe the
salt-marsh and sea-shore plants, of which the members
obtained many specimens.

(No report.)

PORTSTEWART.
(Conference. )

Date—25th till 27th September, 1936. Conductor--J. Skillen.

Representatives of Northern and Southern Field Clubs
attended the annual Field Club Conference in large numbers,

cued

1936-37.)
B91

The Conference was held for the first time in Portstewart,
arrangements being made by the Route Field Club.

Amongst distinguished visitors were Dr. J. Wilfred
Jackson, of Manchester University Museum, and Miss Nora
Fisher, Liverpool Public Museum, an authority on British
shells. The Northern Field Club members represented a
membership of about 1,200. <A cordial welcome to the
visitors was extended by Mr. Brown and Mr. R. Millar,
chairman of the Urban Council.

There was a comprehensive exhibition of antiquities and
other items of interest, amongst these being a fine exhibit
of flints and stone hatchets from the Bann Valley by Mr. A.
M‘L. May, Coleraine; mosses and ferns by Miss A. M.
Irwin, Moneyearrie; exhibits collected in the Dunboe area
by Mr. C. Eakin; unusual and valuable series of maps
illustrative of the geology, geography, industries, and rain-
fall of Ulster, and photographs of Ulster and of folklore by
Mr. Sam Henry, Coleraine.

An interesting lecture on Ballintoy excavations was
given by Dr. Jackson, the exhibits including a skeleton
lately found there, probably of neolithic age. An exhibition
of lantern slides of general interest was given by Mr. Henry.

On Saturday morning the members journeyed to
Coleraine, where they were welcomed by the Mayor
(Alderman D. Hall Christie, M.P.) and officials, the borough
Mace and Sword being on view. The party afterwards left
on an excursion to local places of interest. In the evening a
lecture was given by Dr. R. Lloyd Praeger on ‘‘ The Plants
of the Bann Valley,’’ while ‘‘ The Story of Our Climate as
Told by the Shells ’’ was the subject of an address by Miss
Fisher. Papers were read on moss hunting and the Bann
eel fisheries.

BELVOIR PARK.
(Fungus Foray.)

Date—3rd October, 1936. Conductor—A. E. Muskett.

As usual on the annual Fungus Foray, the members
secured a magnificent haul of fungi, which subsequently
made a handsome display at the Conversazione on 13th

October.
(No report.)

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
392

WINTER SESSION.

The authors of the Papers, of which abstracts are given,
are alone responsible for the views expressed therein.

Note : All meeting's were held on Tuesdays, at 8.0 p.m., in the
Museum Buildings, College Square North.

CONVERSAZIONE.

The Winter Session began with a Conversazione held in
the Assembly Buildings, on 13th October, 1936, at which
there was a very large attendance of members and friends.
Tea was served from 6.80 till 7.45 p.m.

The Exhibits included:—

Botany.—Capt. C. D. Chase, Some North African
Flowers; The President, Specimens from Portstewart to
illustrate plant propagation by underground stems; Miss
KK. M. Bourke and Miss E. Barry, Plant grouping illustrated
by specimens; Miss M. W. Rea, A few plants from
Killarney; Miss Lynn, Seaweeds to illustrate Tidal
Zonation; Miss P. Kertland, Life history of a fern with
herbarium speciments; Miss F. M. J. Adams, Slides
illustrating the structure of wood; Miss W. J. Sayers,
Iixhibit to aid identification of our trees—A few or our rarer
local plants; Miss A. M. Irwin, Ferns and Mosses; Rev. W.
t. Megaw and Roy Guiler, Mosses; R. M. Leeman, F.S.R.,
Radiographs of plants; P. Warnock, Exhibit to illustrate the
importance of sphagnum in the formation of peat; A.
Graham, Unusual Plants—Ilustrations of plants from
Gerard’s Herbal; Various Members, Fungi.

Grotocy.—A. H. Davison, Geology of Ulverston
District; Queen’s University, Geology Department, Picture,
Hugh Miller; Local Cretaceous Ammonites; A six inch
geological map of the Sperrin Mountains made by J. J.
Hartley; A. M‘I. Cleland, Flints from Antrim plateau, etc. ;
S. Gibson, Fossils in Flint; T. G. F. Paterson, A. H.
Davison and J. J. Hartley, Geological model illustrating the
underground structure of the City of Armagh with specimens
of “the various rocks of the district; Herbert Black,
Specimens of fossil plants from Fifeshire; George Barnett,
Purple Volcanic Ash and Breccia from Beaghbeg Townland,
near Blackrock, Co. Tyrone.

1936-37.1
393

Zootocy.—C. D. Deane, Habitat group of Woodland
nesting birds, illustrating protective coloration; Bird migra-
tion and Maiden’s Lighthouse; J. A. 8. Stendall, How a
spider constructs web; Duck, cross between Mallard and
Muscovy, shot near Downpatrick by Mr. T. W. Q. Martin,
12th December, 1935; Herbert T. Maleomson, Specimen of
the Great (or Solitary) Snipe, obtained October, 1935, near
Carnlough, Co. Antrim; in a case with Common Snipe and
Jack Snipe for comparison; W. M. Crawford, Indian Butter-
flies;° Water Beetles; Louis J. Mason, Lepidoptera from
Magilligan, Co. Derry, 1986; some abnormal eggs; Belfast
Municipal Museum and Art Gallery, Models of animals that
flourished in the Jurassic Period; Miss H. St. G. Gardiner,
a living Tortoise.

ArcHAEoLoGy.—J. A. S. Stendall, Arrow made with
flint tools; A. M‘L. May, Stone tools and weapons found in
the Bann area; Miss Mary Gaffikin, Prehistoric Implements,
Weapons and Pottery of various ages; Various Members,
Objects found in Donegal “‘ Kitchen Middens;’’ Sands of
Banagher; Charles Monahan per George Barnett, Objects
unearthed at Beleeonabeg Townland, near Blackrock, Co.
Tyrone; Angus MacDonald, Stone Implements from North
Antrim.

PHotocrapHy.—C. D. Deane, ‘‘ Nature and _ the
Camera;’’ Natural History photographs; Dr. R. H. Hunter,
Photo enlargements of Wild Animals, 20 x 25 ins.; A. M‘T.
Cleland, Photographs; Miss May L. Dunlop, Photos of
Shrewsbury and District; A. R. Hogg, Lantern Slides of
rock gardens, hand coloured; W. D. Fry, Series of animal
photographs.

MisceLLangtous.—Miss Mawdsley, Old fashioned jewel-
lery; J. A. S. Stendall, Puffin coins and stamps privately
issued in 1929 on Lundy Island (Bristol Channel) ; Forged
Bank of Ireland note 1804, and the penalty; W. Erskine
Mayne, Display of Scientific Books relating to the Activities
of the Club.

JUNIOR DIVISION Exuipits.—Butterflies, Moths,
Chrysalids, etc., R. V. Gotto; Local Flowers, Canadian
Dried Flowers, Living Snails with Pedigrees, Felicity
Bolton; Butterflies, Archaeological Model, Leslie Stendall ;
Metallised Fossils from Whitepark Bay, Ammonites, Jet,
etc., Viola Benson; Useful Herbs, Harold Fricker; Irish

[Proc. B.N.V.C,
304

Grasses, Ethel Garrett; Fossils, Seashore Specimens, Model
of a Souterrain, Jean M‘Veigh; Irish Seashells, Helen
Johnston; Co. Derry Shells, Antiquarian Photographs,
Living Lagan Molluscs, Noel Gregg; Butterflies, Moths,
Dr: agonflies, Live Chry salids, Cyril Mason; Butterflies and
Moths (1936 additions to his collection), George Burns;
Mosses, Geological Specimens, Roy Guiler; Photographs of
Antiquities, Archaeological Models, Brice Duffin; Fossils,
Brian Teuton; Account of recent Archaeological Excursion,
Nora Bradley; Chemical Garden, Joan M‘Connell; Leaves,
Audrey Nelson; Model of Prehistoric Village, Patricia
Macmahon; Grasses, Seaweeds, Geological Specimens, Edna
and Dorothy Nelson; Geological Specimens, William and
Patrick Getty; Fern Leaves, Maureen Garrett.

FRIENDS’ ScHooL, Lispurn.—Natural History Society,
Hon. Secretary, J. A. Benington, B.Sc. General Society
Iixhibits—Water Birds at Home; Map of Excursions;
Photograph Album. Individual or Group Exhibits—Bird
Migration Map and Drawings of Umbelliferae, J. Walker,
P. Baillie, J. Lamb, H. Henning, A. FitzSimons, J. Tyler,
B. Simpson, D. Houston, N. M‘Cullough, P. Mayes;
Drawing of Peregrine Falcons at home, R. Bell; Collection
of Wild Duck’s down and nest feathers, R. Ward, W.
Edwards; Prey of Peregrine Falcon, T. Snoddy and W.
Sinton; Newt Tadpoles, B. Johnson; Nature Diaries and
Collection of Conifers, M. Douglas, A. M‘Clay, H. Poole,
a Hewitt, S. Houston, R. Johnson, F. Williamson, H.
Green, H. M‘Cullough, R. Hobson, H. Henning, H. Corbett,
W. Gilags. B. Glass.

During the evening the President presented Prof. J. K.
Charlesworth, D.Se., Ph.D., F.G.S., with the Club Medal,
which was awarded to him for his distinguished scientific
work, coupled with his long continued interest in all matters
concerning the welfare of the Club.

THE PASSING OF R. J. WELCH.

During the evening Mr. J. A. S. Stendall made an
appeal on behalf of the proposed Welch Memorial Fund,
saving in the course of his remarks :—

R. J. Welch did an enormous amount of work for the
Club; his whole life was spent in helping others, especially
young people. By his death the Club had lost one of its
ereatest members, and it was felt that his memory should be
kept ever green,

1956-37.]
395

The Committee had discussed the matter, and
unanimously agreed that his name should be perpetuated in
the city in a proper manner. It had decided to launch an
appeal to raise a fund for the purpose of acquiring the Land
and Freshwater Molluscs collected in his lecisure moments,
a magnificent collection which should not be scattered under
any consideration.

As a scientific and archaeological photographer R. J.
Welch was known over the whole world, and his book
illustrations were to be found in many scientific institutions.
His negatives must be saved and not dispersed.

These collections would be presented to the city of
Belfast, where his life work had been carried out. It was
also proposed that his portrait should be prepared and hung
in the Municipal Museum.

The Committee’s aim was to raise £500 at least. If
funds allow, after these schemes have been carried out, the
balance will be applied to the founding of a scholarship or
lectureship to be named after their dear old friend.

““So long as we remain,’’ concluded Mr. Stendall,
“the name of R. J. Welch will be remembered. When we
are gone it will be forgotten unless we do something now to
make sure his name shall never die. He was a wonderful
man, the like of whom neither we nor our successors are ever
likely to meet again.”’

The Subscription List was opened at once, a very
handsome sum being contributed before the close of the
meeting.

GEOLOGY AND MAN.

The first ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held on 38rd November, 1936, when the President (Mr. A.
H. Davison, I’.R.S.A.I.) delivered an address on above
subject to a very large audience.

The President referred to the first trace of modern
mammals in the period when the London clays were being
laid down and the basaltic lavas of the Giant’s Causeway,
Cavehill, and Gobbins were being poured out. In the
following period, the Miocene, they found an enormous
development of man-like apes such as Dryopithecus. This
was the period when the Alps, Himalayas, Pyrenees, and
other high mountain ranges were heaved up. The animals
living on the site of these were ‘unaware of any movement,

{[Proc. B.N.F.C.
-396

just as they to-day were insensible to the tilting of these
islands. The effect was to separate the apes south of the
Himalayas from those to the north, and it was suggested
that in consequence of the dry- condition and absence of
trees to the north and the generally more difficult conditions
brought about by this great barrier to the moisture-laden
winds those apes to the north made great progress towards
the erect position, the freeing of the hands, and a larger
brain, as well as those more spiritual things which had
resulted from family life and the tying of the female to the
home.

At the beginning of the next period, the Pliocene, the
South of England lay 800 feet below its present level, but
during this period the land rose and the North Sea came into
being. Now, for the first time, they found something which
might be regarded as the work of man, that is the Kentish
eoliths. These were found along with remains of extinct
animals, such as the Stegodon, Hippopotamus, Mastodon
arvernensis, and EHlephas meridionalis. The skull. of
Eoanthropus or Piltdown man was found amongst these,
and the argument is not settled as to whether this skull was
contemporary with these animals or not.

The recent discovery of an interesting skull in
the 100-foot terrace at Swancombe, Dartford, along with
Acheulean implements, supported a later and Pleistocene
date, and further substantiates Sir Arthur Keith’s opinion
of the contemporary existence of different kinds of men and
the persistence of primitive types longer than was formerly
believed.

The President traced the history of the Upper
Palaeolithic men in the caves of France and England, and
dealt particularly with that “‘ Stonehenge of the caves of
Kurope,’’ Kent’s Cavern, Torquay, and in the caves of
Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, and he carried forward the
story into the Mesozoic period.

Since the period of glacial retreat, say, 30,000 years
ago, when the Malone sands were laid down, the geological
associations with man had shifted northwards. The Baltic
area—Scandinavia, Finland, Denmark—as well as North
Britain and Northern Ireland, became important. These
areas lay just beyond the new positions taken up by the
retreating ice, and so fulfilled the same function that the
Somme and Thames valleys did during the earlier periods.
The changes brought about by the retreat were so profound
and rapid that they afforded a natural time scale for dating
and synchronising of human cultures.

1936-37.]
597

De Geer’s chronology of the last 12,000 years, based on
the measurement of the layers of mud deposited in the melt
waters of the retreating ice, gave them a natural system of
dating not approached by any chronology based on human
development. Layers had been dated by his pupil, R.
Liden, for a period of 8,700 years, with a possible error not
exceeding 100 years.

Another valuable source of information, resulting from
the elevation and submergence of this part of the world,
were the deposits and raised beaches which these regressions
and transgressions of the sea caused. At one time the Baltic
was a strait connecting the Arctic Ocean and North Sea,
and in the deposits of this period was found a shell called
Yoldia. arctica, which now lived in the Arctic seas at a
temperature below freezing point. Then later the Baltic
became a fresh-water lake inhabited by a fresh-water limpet
called ancylus [luviatilis. Later again it became a salt sea,
but open to the south only and supporting a warmer fauna
than it did to-day. This stage was called the Littorina Sea
fom the winkle so common round our coast to-day, and at
that time common in the Baltic. These stages could be
correlated to the raised beaches and sunk river valleys of
surrounding countries and with the human cultures then
existing.

Last, but not least, they had that wonderful method
of correlating both the previous methods of dating by pollen
analysis. Its aim was to establish the pollen content of
recent geological deposits and from this to tell the plant
geography at the time they were laid down. By comparing
the pollen spectrum, as it was called, of different sections
they were enabled to trace the wandering of forests and
plants over long periods from place to place.

Further, the succession of forest trees enabled them to
estimate the different climates—Boreal, Atlantic, Arctic,
etc.—and they could trace their connection with the retreat
of the ice and the elevation and submergence of the land.

One of the earliest pioneers in this work of correlating
the fauna and flora with changes in sea-level was their own
member, Dr. Praeger, who many years ago showed them
the changes of climate which had taken place during the
deposition of the estuarine clays of Belfast, and one of the
latest workers was their talented young member Miss Nora
Fisher, who had been working in conjunction with the
Harvard Mission at Larne, Harbour, Glenarm, and
Cushendun.

{[Proc. B.N.F.C.
398

They already, the President concluded, had one
important report from that learned body on _ their
excavations at New Ferry, near Portglenone. At this site a
group of hearths was found resting on lake silt near the
present course of the River Bann. In the ash-spread from
these hearths were found many implements of Bann type.
The hearths were found to lie at the base of a thick layer
of diatomaceous clay, which was deposited, as determined
by Professor Jessen from pollen analysis, about the
beginning of the sub-Boreal climatic period—perhaps 2,000
B.C. The presence of polished stone axes and neolithic
pottery was of interest and also indicated a late date.

Other of their members had been active in cave
exploration in Northern Ireland and the stratigraphy found
in them, particularly Miss M. Gaffikin and Dr. J. Wilfred
Jackson, whose reports had appeared in the Irish Naturalists’
Journal from time to time. |

Nothing definitely dateable to an earlier period than
Tron Age was found in situ in the caves. The archaeological
finds consisted of pottery, double-ended bone combs, bone
needles, flint flakes, and bone and antler implements.

In addition to these, a strange figurine was found, which,
it was suggested, might have been the representation of a
Mother Goddess. The bones of the larger animals consisted
of ox, sheep, pig, horse, and deer. Flint blades of Bann
type, which, as they had seen, were dated by the Harvard
Mission as Neolithic, were found in the same layers as Iron
Age pottery. The question arose—were these derived from
the older period or did they remain in use into the Iron
Age ? The former was probably the answer.

Excavation for the purpose of reconstructing the history
of man and his associations was not a one-man affair. It
necessitated the co-operation of the archaeologist, zoologist,
botanist, and geologist—just those things in which they, as
a Field Club, were interested. While as individuals they
might not have the ability or the time to help in this work
their interest in it encouraged those who were doing it, and
they could provide a body to whom excavators might report
progress from time to time, or when more material help
was required, a body which might help to create public
interest.

At the conclusion of the address, which was freely
illustrated by lantern views, R. 8. Lepper expressed to the
President the appreciation of the excellent discourse to
which they had been privileged to listen.

1936-37.)
399

BOTANIZING IN THE GARDEN AND THE FIELD.
The second ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held on 17th November, 1936, when Miss W. J. Sayers,
B.A., gave an address on the above subject, very well
illustrated by lantern views.
[No Abstract. ]

GEOLOGICAL EVENING.

The third ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held on 1st December, 1936, when three short papers were
submitted, as follow:—

‘-Flints,’’ by A. M‘I. Cleland.

ous, by bh. H. Common, B.Sc., M Aer.

“Precious and Semi-Precious Stones,’’ by J. J.
Hartley, M.Sc.

The above were illustrated by numerous specimens and
samples, and each paper gave rise to a keen discussion.

[No Abstracts. |

QUERY NIGHT.

The fourth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held on 15th December, 1986, and took the form of a
‘“ Query Night,’’ the first time such an item had appeared
on the programmes of the Club.

A ** questionnaire ’’ had been prepared, from items
submitted by various members, and included twenty-five
““ Queries ’’ embracing such subjects as: Archaeology and
History; Botany; Zoology; and Geology.

The various questions were fully answered by the
following: —K. E. Evans; O. Davies; A. A. Campbell; Miss
Kertland; Dr. R. Ll. Praeger; C. R. Nodder, J. 8. Lough-
ridge; J. J. Hartley; and others.

The large audience was keenly interested in the varied
answers, and the discussions that followed some of them,
and the evening proved to be a great success.

ZOOLOGICAL EVENING.

The fifth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held on 19th January, 1937, when two short papers were
submitted, as follows:—

‘* Birds,’’ by J. 8. Loughridge.

‘* Other Animals,’’ by J. A. 8. Stendall.

The papers were illustrated by lantern views and
gramophone records of Bird Songs.

|No Abstracts. |

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
AOO

STONE CIRCLES IN NORTHERN IRELAND.

The sixth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held on 2nd February, 1937, when papers on above subject
were submitted by O. Davies, M.A., and E. EK. Evans, M.A.,
F.S.A:

Mr. Davies described the various types of stone circles,
most of which were discovered while carrying out survey
work for the ‘‘ Preliminary Survey of Ancient Monuments, ’’
to be published shortly by the Ministry of Finance. There
was one example at Ballynoe, County Down, but it seemed
different from others; otherwise they were confined to Derry,
Tyrone, and Fermanagh.

The stones were usually small, and they had often been
found recently in cutting turf off stones. He spoke of the
various types of stone and rock, and illustrated the align-
ment and formation of the examples. Some of the sites
where large rocks were found formed chambers, cairns, and
other shapes. In a great proportion of these it was
impossible to tell the age, but some of them dated back to
the period of the clansmen and Bronze Age.

Mr. Evans followed with an account of analogous
monuments in Great Britain, where Stonehenge and
Avebury were quite outstanding. Here complex circles
occurred inside rings, the chief element of which was a bank
that seemed to serve as a place for spectators. More recently
wooden circles had been discovered by air photography, and
excavation had shown them to belong to the Bronze Age.
The Giant’s Ring, near Belfast, clearly belonged to the same
group of sacred enclosures.

He stressed the significance of geographical distribution
and said that the evidence pointed to a fusion of ideas, which
resulted in the springing up of new forms of architecture.
He also described the distribution of megalithic monuments
in the British Isles, and showed that a great number of these
were to be found in Northern Ireland. He described
Stonehenge as one of the greatest archaeological puzzles of
all.

The papers were fully illustrated by many excellent
lantern views.

SOME MUSEUM FANCIES, FACTS AND FADS.

The seventh ordinary meeting of the Winter Session
was held on 16th February, 1937, when J. A. S. Stendall,
M.R.J.A., submitted a paper on above subject, which was
fully illustrated by very fine lantern views.

[No Abstract. |

1936-37.]
401

PROGRESS OF THE NEW FLORA OF THE NORTH-
EAST OF IRELAND.

The eighth ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held on 28rd March, 1937, when Dr. R. Ll. Praeger, D.Sc.,
M.R.I.A., submitted a paper on above subject which aroused
great interest.

[No Abstract. |

During the Winter Session, Mr. Oliver Davies, M.A.,
delivered, under the auspices of the Club, in the Geology
classroom of the University, a course of five lectures on
Archaeology. He dealt with ‘‘ The Near East,’’ ‘‘ Megalithic
Civilisation,’’ ‘‘ Early Metallurgy,’’ “‘ The Celts,’’ and
“ Greek and Roman Contacts with the British Isles.’’ The
attendance at the course was exceptionally large.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual Meeting was held on 13th April, 1937, the
President (A. H. Davison, F.S.A.I.) in the chair. The
following Reports were presented :—

ANNUAL REPORT.

In presenting the Annual Report your Committee has
pleasure in recording the continued prosperity of the Club.
During the year, 43 new members were elected; 15 resigned ;
17 were struck off the roll for non-payment of subscription ;
6 died. On the 31st March, 1937, the membership was 500,
and on the corresponding date last year it was 513, a decrease
of 13 members. The Junior Division is flourishing and the
5 Affiliated Clubs are in full activity.

As on former occasions, several members of your
Committee have assisted the Affiliated Clubs by giving
lectures. They were:—D. J. Carpenter; Rev. W. R.
Megaw; Miss W. J. Sayers; J. A. S. Stendall; J. Skillen;
fom Gregg Wilson; A.| H: Davison; Prof. J. K.
Charlesworth.

The various Sections of the Club have worked vigorously
during the year, as will be seen from the reports appended.

Your Committee held 12 meetings, with an average
attendance of 8 members.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
402

The Summer programme of I)xcursions was carried out

in its entirety, very satisfactory numbers being present.

As usual, the Conversazione proved very attractive, being
as extensively patronised as any in the past. The Committee
desires to give warmest thanks to all those concerned for the
time and trouble taken in providing such extensive and
varied exhibits. The Committee desires to offer appreciative
thanks to the donors of the Conversazione prizes.

At the close of the Conversazione the President
presented Prof. J. K. Charlesworth with the Club Medal,
which was awarded to him for his distinguished scientific
work, coupled with his long continued interest in the Club.
The President also handed the prizes and certificates
awarded to the Juniors. Several new members were elected,
and Mr. T. G. F. Paterson, of Armagh Museum, was elected
a Coresponding Member.

The Winter Session of lectures, etc., was carried out
completely, the attendance at the various meetings being
very satisfactory and encouraging.

A series of five lectures on Archaeology was delivered
to our members during the winter by Mr. Oliver Davies,
M.A. These lectures were very well attended and of much
interest. The Committee desires to thank Mr. Davies very
warmly for giving his time and expert knowledge so fully for
the benefit of the Club. The Committee is also under an
obligation to the Vice-Chancellor for permission to meet in
the University.

The preparation of the new edition of the ‘‘ Flora of
N.E. Ireland ”’ is now well forward, in the capable hands of
Dr. Praeger, the editor, and Miss W. J. Sayers and Rev.
W. R. Megaw, his chief assistants. The Committee grate-
fully acknowledges the receipt of the very handsome
donation of £100 from Mr. F. Adens Heron, D.L.,
F.R.S.A.1., towards the cost of publication.

Your Committee has approached the City Corporation
with a view to the preservation of the natural features of
the Belfast Castle estate, and has had _ satisfactory
assurances that this matter would be kept in view.

The Committee is pleased to know that the National
Trust, to whom we are affiliated, has acquired some
properties in Northern Ireland, and hopes that the grants
received will be the first of many more.

In conclusion we wish to thank the Press for reporting
our meetings, and various Societies for furnishing us with
copies of their publications during the past vear.

JOSEPH SKILLEN Hon.
W. G. R. SKILLEN \ Secretaries.

1936-37.]

OBITUARY.

Several members have passed away during the year
under review, including R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.1.A.,
whose death is especially deplored. He joined the Club in
1880, and was therefore a member for 56 vears. During that
period he took an ever active interest in the work of the
Club. He held office as President and Hon. Secretary, and
was awarded the Club Medal in 1928. He was a constant
friend of all, particularly of the Juniors, and was always
willing to share with others his intimate knowledge of
Natural Science. Your Committee is pleased to be able to
report that a successful effort has been made to perpetuate
his memory by raising a Fund to purchase his collections of
Mollusca and Scientific and Archaeological photographic
negatives. These will eventually be presented to the
Municipal Museum, Belfast. A life-like portrait of R. J.
Welch appears on Plate II, facing page 377.

Henry Coey.

R. W. Grimshaw.

Dr. C. J. Milligan.

Geo. C. Riley.

W. H. Turtle.

R. J. Welch,,.M.Sc., M.R.T.A.

REPORT OF HON. LIBRARIAN.

There is little to report. The work proceeds as usual.
An exchange is being arranged with the Connell University
Agricultural College, which is anxious to have our
Proceedings in its Library. The usual list of Exchanging
Societies is annexed.
W. M. Crawrorp, Hon. Librarian.

REPORT OF HON. RECORDING SECRETARY.

A rather severe winter and cold dry spring had but little
effect on the arrival of spring migratory birds, though they
were in the main slightly later in making their appearance
than in 1985.

Fulmar Petrels continue to increase on our northern
coast, now nesting on the mainland cliffs in some numbers.
Jt is sixteen years since this species was first recorded as
nesting on Rathlin Island, and its extension has continued
steadily.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
40-4.

An extensive colony of Tree Sparrows was noted in early
June, 1936, nesting in rock clefts, also on the north coast,
the exact locality being repressed at present.

On 24th May, 1936, C. D. Deane observed a party of
four Bewick’s Swans on Lough Beg, Co. Londonderry, an
exceptionally late date for these winter visitors.

Miss Agatha Crawford recorded a Wood Warbler, on
23rd May, from the woods above Rostrevor, and a day later
observed a solitary example of Irish Jay. Since then I have
learnt that Jays now frequent the immediate Rostrevor
district in some numbers, and Rev. W. R. Megaw has
secured evidence that the species nested there in 1936.

Mr. Robert W. Bingham, M.A., of Dungannon,
forwarded me a young Jay from Moy, which had been shot
on 18th June, 1936. This bird was so immature that there
is no doubt whatsoever it was from a nest in the vicinity.
So, in one year, we are able to add both Co. Down and Co.
Tyrone to the list of those in which the Jay nests. The
spread northward of this bird is interesting, but we do not
want too many of them.

Another nesting species of duck, has been added to the
Ulster list, in the Gadwall, noted by J. A. Benington, B.Sc.,
one of our Corresponding Members. Mr. Benington had
previously added the Pintail to the Ulster nesting list, and
he has presented proof of each species, in the form of an
ege and nest feathers, to the Municipal Museum.

The end of the winter 1936-7 saw severe weather con-
ditions with heavy snowstorms. During and after this period
Waxwings made their appearance in some numbers, in fact
the invasion seems to have been the largest on record in
Treland. Birds have been reported from Annalong,
Newcastle, Dungannon, Aghalee and Bessbrook, and
Ballysillan, Belfast.

Mr. W. M. Crawford has continued his work among the
water beetles, making an interesting addition to the Irish
list in Rantus pulverosus (Stephens), taken in October,
1936, from what has been termed “‘ a noisome pool ’’ near
the King’s Bridge, Belfast. Other captures made by Mr.

Craw fond during ae year are recorded in I.N.J.

Attention is directed also to J.N.J. for a list of local
mosquitoes, prepared by Professor Gregg Wilson.

Botanists have concentrated on the verification of old
recorded stations, in view of the pending publication of the

1936-37.1
405

new Flora which is being compiled by members of the Club,
under the expert supervision of Dr. Praeger. The mosses
and liverworts are being assiduously worked by the Rev.
W. R. Megaw for inclusion in the new publication, of which
recent records are to be found within the pages of I.N.J.,
including one variety new to Ireland and several vice-county
additions.

Archaeological investigation in Northern Ireland has
been almost exclusively devoted to the excavation of
Megalithic Monuments, from which much interesting
material has been obtained and deposited in the Municipal
Museum. Miss Gaffikin has been actively connected with
several of the excavations, though I think it is permissible
ta say the main work has been carried out by members of
the Archaeological Section of the sister Society, with which
many of our own members are closely connected.

J. A. Stpnny STENDALL, Hon. Recording Secretary.

REPORT OF BOTANICAL SECTION.

During the year the botanists have been more active
than usual, owing to the approaching publication of the new
edition of the ‘‘ Flora of North-East Ireland.”’

Sectional excursions were made to Belfast Castle
Grounds on May 2nd; Toomebridge on May 16th; and to
Derry Lough and Long Lough, near Ballynahinch, on June
20th. Some good field work was also done at Benevenagh
on May 9th; Cushendall and neighbourhood on May 28rd;
Glenoe and Glynn on June 18th; Comber estuary on August
29th; and at Portstewart and Magilligan at the end of
September. The variety of habitats illustrated by these
excursions furnished material for a lecture by Miss W. J.
Sayers on ‘‘ Plant Ecology ’’ on November 17th, Alpine,
woodland and saltmarsh plants being dealt with.

The re-discovery by the President (A. H. Davison) in
Belfast Castle Grounds of a plant, the Moscatel (Adora
moscatellina), recorded from there about 30 years ago, and
elsewhere unknown in Ireland, helped to awaken so much
interest in these grounds that a resonlution was passed by
the Club at a meeting early in the year asking the City
Corporation to “‘ take steps to protect and preserve the
natural beauties of the Belfast Castle Estate,’’ which the
Corporation has now promised to do.

W. J. SAYERS Hon.
W. R. Mecaw Secretaries,

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
406

REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

The Section held three excursions during the session.
On May 30th they visited Waterloo, Larne, under the
leadership of Mr. G. Barnett. The various horizons of the
Trias, Rhaetic and Lower Lias were examined and numerous
fossils collected.

The second excursion to Colin Glen on June 6th consisted
of a traverse across the same series of beds as those at
Waterloo. The two excursions were thus designed to
supplement each other and to show the essential similarity
with variation in detail which distinguishes the two
localities.

On October 10th a demonstration was given in the
Geological Dept., Q.U.B., on “‘ Fossils and their uses in
subdividing the Geological Systems.’’ Special emphasis
was laid on the distinction between the Graptolites of the
Ordovician and Silurian and the various types of corals
which indicate different horizons in the Carboniferous.

At the Geological Evening on 1st December three short
papers on “ Flints,”’ ‘‘ Soils’ and ‘‘ Precious and Semi-
precious Stones ’’’ were read by A. M‘I. Cleland, R. H.
Common and J. J. Hartley respectively.

In addition to the purely Sectional Excursions the
evening visits to the Giant’s Foot, Whiterock and Carn-
money Hill, both mainly of geological interest, may also be
referred to.

J.J. HarriEy, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF ZOOLOGICAL SECTION.

The Section held two excursions during the Summer
Session, and in each case marine biology was the objective.

The first excursion was made on 380th May to
Ballymacormick Point, where the afternoon was spent in
the study of the animal hfe of the rock pools.

The second excursion, on 18th July, was to Downhill,
where the conchology of the famous Magilligan Strand was
studied.

The Sectional meeting, on 19th January, was devoted
to a review of animal migration, J. A. S. Stendall dealing
with the Salmon and the Nel and J. S. Loughridge with

the Migration of Birds.
J. S, Loveuripce, Hon, Secretary.

bd

1936-37.]
L107

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SECTION.

Three excursions were held during the summer. The
first was on 8th August, when the Section visited Tandragee
Castle, the “‘ Black Pig’s Dyke ’’ in Scarva House demesne,
Lisnagade, and other places of interest in the district.

On 22nd August Newcastle district was visited, calling
at Drumena cashel and souterrain, Maghera Round Tower,
and Dundrum Castle.

The third excursion was to Hillsborough, on 12th
September, including an inspection of the eighteenth
century Parish Church and of the Fort, which dates back to
the reign of Charles I.

A. A. CAMPBELL Hon.
R. S. LEPPER } Secretaries.

REPORT OF ANTIQUITIES SURVEY COMMITTEE.

After consultation with prominent members of the
B.N.F.C. it was decided to concentrate during the past year
on working in connection with the Handbook of Antiquities
brought out by the Ancient Monuments Advisory
Committee. Two of the main reasons for arriving at this
decision were as follows:—First—in view of the fact that
the existing Government Records of Antiquities, which had
hitherto formed the basis of the B.N.F.C. Survey, were
in many cases in need of revision, it was deemed advisable
to suspend card indexing until the completion of the
Handbook of Antiquities.

Secondly—as the cost of publishing all the information
collected by the B.N.F.C. Survey of Antiquities would be
considerable, the chance was welcomed of making this
material public through the medium of the Government
Handbook. Accordingly all details as to sites of Antiquities,
ete., were freely given to workers for the Government, who
also made use of the Club’s field work maps. The co-
operation of the B.N.F.C. will be acknowledged in the
introduction to the Handbook, a copy of which is being
presented to the Club and will be kept in the Library of
the Belfast Municipal Museum.

A paper on the Megalithic Monuments of N. Ireland,
which was largely based on the records of the B.N.F.C.
Survey, was read by Mr. Estyn Evans and Miss M.
Gaffikin at the Congres of Prehistoric and Proto-Historic
Sciences held in Oslo last August. The Survey Maps

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
408

continue to be used by students of Queen’s University. Mr.
Ivor Herring, of The Royal Belfast Academical Institution,
has, with the permission of the B.N.F.C., reproduced in his
History of Ireland the Survey’s distribution maps of
megalithic monuments and of ring forts, cashels and
crannogs. Photographs of picturesque and unusual views
of Legannany dolmen and the Kempe Stone, presented by
Mr. A. M‘I. Cleland, have been made into slides and used
in lectures, both these slides being shown in Oslo and
receiving much admiration. Special mention should be
made of an interesting report by Miss Rea of a round cairn
containing a cist near Strangford, Co. Down. Also of
reports and photographs of forts and a cashel with a passage
in the wall near Cushendun, Co. Antrim, by Mr. Crozier.
Mr. R. M‘Namara, Ballynahinch, continues to furnish
excellent reports on the Antiquities of his district.

M. Garrixin, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF JUNIOR. DIVISION.

The Junior Division now numbers 87 members. Its
Committee met four times during the year and gave
valuable help to the Junior Hon. Secretaries.

The following excursions and meetings were held:—
1986.
May 2-—Cave Hill, with the Botanical Section.
May 9—Lough Neagh, to visit nesting places of sea-birds.
May 12—Giant’s Foot and Whiterock, with the Seniors.

May 80—Ballymacormick Point, with the Zoological
Section.

June 6—Studying elementary botany with Captain Chase.

Sept. 19—Newcastle and neighbourhood, for Archaeology.
Here, among other objects, the Juniors visited
souterrains for the first time. All transport
and refreshment was very generously provided
by Miss M. Gaffikin.

Oct. 8—Belvoir Park, on fungus foray.

Oct. 10—Malone Golf Links, gathering living specimens
for Conversazione.

Dec. 9—Municipal Museum, for bird study and records
of bird-songs,

a

1936-37.]
409

1937.

Jan. 16—Social, at Museum Buildings, the first meeting
of the kind organised by the Juniors. Fifty
members and friends attended, and games and
competitions were organised which were tests
of Knowledge of Natural History.

EK. Barry Hen.
W. NopprEr Secretaries.

CLUB MEDALLISTS.

1923. William Swanston, F.G.S.

1924. Nevin Harkness Foster, F.L.S., M.R.I.A.
1925. Nathaniel Carrothers.

1926. Robert Bell.

1927. KR. Lloyd Prager, D.Sc., M.R.I.A.

1928. R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.LA.

9
aa } No award.

1931. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.
1932. J. A. S. Stendall, M.R.I.A., M.B.O.U.
1933. <A. M‘I. Cleland.

1934. Professor Gregg Wilson, M.A., M.R.I.A., D.Sc.,
O.B.E.

19385. No award.
1936. Professor J. K. Charlesworth, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S.

410

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PROCEEDINGS
AND ANNUAL REPORT

OF -FHE

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB

For the Year Ending 31st March, 1938
(SEVENTY-FIFTH YEAR)

SERIES If.
VOLUME IX.

PART X.
1937-38.

EDITOR:
A. M'I. CLELAND.

414

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

SEVENTY-FIFTH YEAR, 1937-38.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President:
A. ALBERT CAMPBELL, F.R.S.A.1,
Vice-President :
MISS MARY GAFFIKIN.
Hon. Treasurer :
ROBT. G. HENDERSON, F.c.A., 17 Castle Place.
Hon. Librarian :

W. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S.
Orissa, Marlborough Park South, Belfast.
Hon. Recording Secretary :

J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A.

Hon. Secretaries Botanical Section:

MISS W. J. SAYERS, B.A.

Rev. W. R. MEGAW, B.A., M.R.I.A.

Hon. Secretaries Geological Section:

Prof. J. KAYE CHARLESWORTH, D.SC., M.R.I.A., F.G.S.
A. H. DAVISON, F.R.S.A.1.

Hon. Secretaries Zoological Section:

J. S. LOUGHRIDGE, B.SC., M.D., F.R.C.S.
Emeritus Prof. GREGG WILSON, 0O.B.E., M.A., D.SC., M.R.I.A.
Hon. Secretaries Archaeological Section:

R. S. LEPPER, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC.

J. SKILLEN.

Hon. Secretary Survey of Antiquities Committee :
MISS MARY GAFFIKIN.

Hon. Secretary Junior Division:

MISS E. BARRY.

Members of Committee :

Retire 1938. Retire 1939.
CG. R. NODDER, M.A. MISS KATHLEEN BOURKE, B.SC.
JAMES ORR, M.B.0.U. Capt. C. D. CHASE, M.C., M.A.
WM. SWEENEY. A. MclI. CLELAND.

Retire 1940.
D. J. CARPENTER, A.R.C.SC.L.
Mrs. C. R. NODDER.
W. J. WEATHERUP, B.Sc.

Honorary Secretaries :

JOSEPH SKILLEN,

W. GRAHAM R, SKILLEN, }25 Straumillis Gardens.

PROCEEDINGS.

————0

SUMMER SESSION.

O
BUNDORAN AND DISTRICT.
(United Excursion.)

Date—7th till 9th May, 1937. Conductors—Dr. R. LI. Praeger,
W. R. Henderson and J. Skillen.

The first excursion of the Summer Session was made to
County Donegal, with Bundoran as headquarters. There
was a very large attendance of members from Belfast,
Limavady, Londonderry, Tyrone, and Omagh Field Clubs.
The weather was fine, that usually associated with ‘‘ the
merry month of May,’’ bright sunshine tempered with a
gentle breeze.

Making an early start from Bundoran on Saturday, 8th
May, the road was taken to Ballyshannon, and here at the
bridge across the Erne was in waiting Mr. W. Ross
Henderson, J.P., of Newtownstewart, the conductor for the
day. Ballyshannon is one of the most interesting towns in
Donegal, if not in the North, being mentioned in history as
far back as 2,000 B.c., when Red Hugh, father of Macha of
the golden hair, who founded Emania in Armagh, was
drowned at the “‘ Falls of Assaroe ’’ and buried in Mullagh-
nashee, where the parish church now stands.

While at Ballyshannon the party visited the birthplace
of Allingham, the poet, and the military barracks, now partly
derelict, which are of interest because the celebrated Lord
Castlereagh stayed here, and for the ghost, much written
about, that visited the building.

Leaving Ballyshannon the road was taken to Ballintra,
and on the way a stop was made at Assaroe Abbey, now in
ruins, only one wall and a piece of the west gable remaining.
This abbey was founded for the Cistercians in 1178, and the
two-arched bridge, built by the monks about this period, is
still in use. Its architecture is most interesting as it is one
of the earliest stone bridges in Ireland. In the graveyard is
the tombstone of Michael O’Cleery, chief of the Four
Masters who compiled the Annals.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
416

Arriving at Ballintra the members visited the famous
caves and underground river at Brownhall, by kind per-
mission of the proprietor, Captain Hamilton. These caves
have been formed by the solvent action of water acting on
limestone, and this action also produced the “ Fairy
Bridges ’’ at Bundoran.

While at Brownhall Captain Hamilton exhibited to the
members an ancient ecclesiastical bell which had been found
in the neighbourhood, as well as some other bronze objects.
The next stop was at Donegal at the Abbey of the Four
Masters, so called as the Annals were probably written in
the ruined cloisters during the years 1632 to 1636. The
Annals are a chronicle of events from B.c. 1762 to a.p. 1616.
This Abbey was erected for the Franciscans by Hugh
O’Donnell in 1474. The building was detroyed in 1593
during the chronic wars of that period. The remains of the
Abbey are being carefully preserved as an ancient
monument. The party took their lunch in the precincts of
the Abbey, after which Donegal Castle was visited. This
was built on the site of the old fortress of the O’Donnells,
and is a fine example of Jacobean architecture, joint fortress
and dwelling-place. The way back was _ through
Rossnowlagh, noted for its fine series of drumlins and its
famous strand with its storm beach.

On the way. Kilbarron Castle was inspected. This
entailed a long walk through a stone dyked country, but it
was well worth while. The castle was the home of the
O’Cleerys, a tribe which, driven out of Connaught by the
De Burgos, received hospitality and lands from the
O’Donnells and erected this castle. It is a promontory
fortress, like Dunluce and Kenbaan, but little of the masonry
now remains. It had been a formidable stronghold in its
heyday, and the outlook from the site is unsurpassed in
rugged grandeur. From the walls there is a sheer drop down
to the wild Atlantic.

On the way back to Bundoran time only permitted a
glance at Ballymacward Castle, the home of the celebrated
Colleen Bawn. Following dinner, a meeting was held in the
Central Hotel, and after the President had made some
necessary announcements Miss W. J. Sayers gave a talk on
the wild flowers collected during the day, and this was
supplemented by Dr. Praeger, who also dealt with the
geology of the district. Colonel Berry followed with a talk
on archaeology, the subsequent speakers being R. S. Lepper
and J. Skillen.

1937-38.]
417

On Sunday, the 9th, the forenoon was free, a large
proportion of the members attending divine service in
Ballyshannon. In the afternoon the members left to visit
Glenade, a beautiful cliff-walled valley, a thousand feet
deep, cut in the carboniferous limestone and embosoming a
lake of considerable size. The slopes of the mountains are
the habitat of the rarer alpine plants, and it is gratifying to
know that all those plants noted in the past were found on
this occasion. The valley of Glenade is in shape very like
that of Glenariff with the addition of the lake, and the bare
cliffs running along the mountain sides instead of being
erass-grown as at Glenariff. It was interesting to hear from
a resident on the lake shore that in former days two monsters
lived in the lake, who raided the cattle on the lough shore.
Ultimately the monsters were killed by a valorous person,
but how this was effected is too long a story to relate here.

On returning to Bundoran tea was partaken of, and the
party left for home after an extremely interesting and
instructive time.

DRUMBEG TO LAMBEG.

Date—llth May, 1937. Conductors—J. A. 8S. Stendall and
A. H. Davison. Number present, 40.

This was a delightful evening excursion. The sun shone
in all his glory, the midges bit with all their fury; the
company was good, and all that members lacked to make
the outing fully successful was an abundance of wild life.
True a pair of nesting swans was seen; while many swallows
and swifts skimmed gracefully overhead, and a kingfisher
piped its way along the canal. A solitary corncrake called
hoarsely and ever so persistently from the shelter of grass
that should have been longer, and graceful little willow
warblers poured out melody from the stream-side alders and
ashes. But where were the flowers of May ? Here and
there a scrap or two of bush vetch and the tuberous pea,
together with blue bugle that scarcely had managed to leave
the safety of mother earth. A low meadow certainly held
a good show of brilliantly yellow marsh marigolds, and, of
- course, the whins were simply a blaze of colour.

Except for the midges insect life could be put down at
nil, whereas an evening in mid-May is usually a-buzz with
big queen bees and lesser fry.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
418

LOUGHGALL AND ARMAGH.
Date—22nd May, 1937. Conductor—T. G. F. Paterson.

This was an Archaeological excursion, during which the
members visited the following places and objects: —Kilmore
Church, which takes in part of an older structure, the church
and monastery having been founded by St. Mochta of Louth
circa 422 A.D. and dedicated to St. Aidan; obits of abbots
occur in annals from 745 A.D. and lists of vicars and rectors
survive from 1867 A.D.; the church contains a memorial to
the Rev. George Walker, D.D. (a former rector who died
15th September, 1677 A.D.), father of the celebrated
“ Defender of Derry.’’

Castle Raw, an interesting ruined building enclosed
within earthen ramparts; erected by Anthony Cope, to whom
the manor had been granted, in 1611 A.D. It was occupied
by O’Neill’s forces in 1641 A.D.

Loughgall Old Church, whose parish is mentioned in
the Papal Taxation of 1802-6 A.D. The lists of vicars and
rectors begin in 1450 A.D. The church was repaired in
1622 A.D., and used as a prison in 1641 A.D.

The crannoge of Loughgall Lake was inspected, and the
botanists found the plants about the lakeside very
interesting.

After tea at Armagh the party visited the newly opened
County Museum to inspect what had been achieved under
the guidance of Mr. J. A. 8. Stendall, M.R.I.A. This is a
model of what such a museum should be, if planned in the
right way and under expert supervision.

BELVOIR PARK.
Date—ist June, 1957. Conductor—J. A. S. Stendall.

This was a Botanical excursion in connection with the
forthcoming new edition of the ‘‘ Flora of N.E. Ireland.”’
(No report.)

GLENSHESK.

Date—5th June, 1937. Conductor—sS. Henry.

On this excursion the members visited the wild, yet
lovely, valley of Glenshesk, which pursues its romantic way
between the moutains of Knocklayde and Croaghan until it
reaches the sea at the ancient Abbey of Bonamarghy.

1937-38. ]
419

After passing through Ballymena the first stop was at
Knockahollett, a pre-historic earthwork on which the
Normans, when consolidating their authority in the North,
had erected a moat and bailey castle. This site occupies a
very commanding position and is a landmark for many miles
around. In 1934 two earthenware urns were discovered
here, which are now in the Belfast Museum. Their discovery
is another proof that the Normans utilised ancient earth-
works as sites for their castles.

Proceeding onwards Armoy was soon reached. Armoy,
the word meaning “ the eastern plain,’’ was once an
important place in the ancient territory of Dalriada. The
church was founded by St. Patrick, who having baptised
Olean placed him over it. The date of its foundation is given
as A.D. 474.

At the Round Tower the Honorary Secretary (J.
Skillen) gave a talk on round towers, the Armoy one in
particular, pointing out that this tower only stands about
half its original height.

The Armoy tower is presumed to be one of the earliest
erected; this is shown by the rubble masonry and the arch
over the doorway, which is cut out of one solid block of stone.
Its erection was probably in the 10th or the 11th century.

Proceeding down the valley the next stop was at Goban
Saer’s Castle. This building is really an ancient church,
but nothing much being known about it the peasantry
attributed its erection to Goban Saer, the mythical smith,
or builder, of thé Tuatha de Danaan. This half-hero, half-
vod, may be compared to Weyland the Smith of English folk
lore.

At Bonamarghy the Honorary Secretary gave a talk on
the Friary, which was founded by Roderick M‘Quillan in
A.D. 1500 for the Third Order of Franciscans. It was
compulsorily abandoned some considerable time after the
dissolution of the religious houses, and the friars afterwards
settled at Ardagh, where they had an existence on paper up
to about 100 years ago. The building is now in the custody
of the Ancient Monuments Committee after a considerable
sum had been spent on its preservation by the Archaeological
Section of the Natural History and Philosophical Society.
It is worth noting that the abbey, in the high days of its
prosperity, was much resorted to by the Highlanders of the
Isles, kinsmen of the MacDonnells, who came annually in
large numbers to the famous Lammas Fair at Ballycastle, a
function that lasted for many days.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.

From Bonamarghy the members proceeded to inspect a
hill fort at Fair Head which is now being excavated by
Professor V. Gordon Childe, of Edinburgh University. At
this place Professor Childe was in waiting and explained
What had been done and what had been found during the
progress of the work. It was good news to hear that a full
description with plans was to be published in the new
‘“ Ulster Journal of Archaeology,’’ which is shortly to
appear.

Tea was served at Cushendall, the members returning
to Belfast by the beautiful Coast Road.

CASTLEWELLAN.

Date—26th June, 1937. Conductor—Miss M. Gaffikin.

For this excursion permission had been kindly granted
by the Hon. Gerald Annesley to visit the demesne and
gardens at Castlewellan, and on arrival the head gardener
was in waiting to conduct the members around. The fruit
and vegetable garden was first visited with its high enclosed
wall of warm coloured brick. Here vines were growing in
the open and showing a promising harvest of grapes.

Afterwards the lake was visited, and the botanists of
the party took an opportunity to examine the flora surround-
ing its shores. On leaving the demesne what is known as
‘The Big Fort ’’ was visited. This is a rath, or perhaps
should be called a dun, of imposing size. The fosse is from
fifteen to twenty feet deep in places and the top of the fort
covers a considerable area. A ramp leads across the fosse
to the interior, and this is probably not contemporary with
the structure, but may have been made in more recent times
for agricultural purposes, for on the hollow top of the rath
there is at present growing a fine crop of corn. Nearby are
the ruins of one of the old ‘‘ but-an-ben ’’ Plantation houses,
which was examined with interest.

This was the usual house of the peasantry when the
planters settled here. The houses were built of puddled clay
for mortar, with field stones and roof thatched with straw.
The ‘‘ but’’ was the kitchen and living room and the
‘“ ben ’’ was the sleeping place. In front of the house was
the usual midden. The jamb wall, with its peaked-shaped
opening, as a foil to the open door, had disappeared in this
old house, but the corbels which supported the “‘ haff-laft ”’
were still there, as was the timber brace which supported
the wide open chimney, up which the sky could be seen by

1937-38.
421

anyone sitting in ‘‘ the chimney corner.’’ Life had not
deserted the mud-walled cottage, for swailows had built their
nests under the ruined thatch.

At Newcastle tea was provided, after which the
President (A. Albert Campbell, F.R.S.A.I.) returned the
thanks of the members to the Hon. Gerald Annesley for
permission to visit the demesne, and to Miss Gaffikin, who,
acting as conductor, spared no pains in making the excursion
instructive and enjoyable.

Miss Gaffikin having replied, the members returned
home, in perfect weather, after spending a most enjoyable
afternoon.

CONLIG.
Date—15th June, 1937. Conductors—A. H. Davison and
J. J. Hartley.

At a quarry for road metal situated just below the Lead
Mines, the alternating grits and shales of the Silurian rocks,
together with fault-breccias, slickensiding, veins of quartz,
and calcite were examined.

At the Mines a short talk was given on the Lead ores
worked at Conlig about seventy years ago, and again in 19138
or 1914. The ore was most probably deposited along a
N.-S. fault, sometime between the deposition of the Permain
and the Carboniferous beds. Good crystals of quartz,
barytes, dolomite, copper pyrites, iron pyrites, and calcite
were collected, and also specimens showing slickensides and
fault—brecciation.

The party afterwards visited the ancient Dominician
Priory of St. Columba, founded by Walter de Burgo, Earl
of Ulster, in 1244 A.D., the very picturesque ruin standing
at the end of Court Street, Newtownards.

CARR’S GLEN AND CAVEHILL.
Date—29th June, 1937. Conductor—A. H. Davison.
The object of this excursion was to study the very

comprehensive geological exposures as revealed in both the

Glen and Cavehill.
(No report.)

KILLOUGH AND ST. JOHN’S POINT.

Date—3rd July, 1937. Conductors—Miss W. J. Sayers and
Dr. Ro LI Praeger.
The objective of the excursion was to examine the flora
in this part of the coast in the interests of the new edition
of the ‘‘ Flora of North-East Ireland.”’

(Proc. B.N.1.C.
422

About 100 years ago Killough was a flourishing port, as
the country round was a great wheat growing district. The
repeal of the Corn Laws ended the trade to a large extent.

Some members took the rugged path by the shore to
St. John’s Point. There the remains of the ancient church
which gives the place its name were examined. It is
mentioned by Bishop Reeves that it was granted in A.D.
1183 by Malachi, Bishop of Down, to the Abbey of St.
Patrick’s. Malachi is the outstanding Churchman of
medieval times, and was in succession Abbot of Kells
(County Antrim), Bishop of Down, Primate of Ireland, and
ended as a monk in St. Comgall’s Abbey, Bangor, County
Down.

The following are among the rarer plants which were
particularly looked for:—Samphire (Crithmum), Oyster-
plant (Mertensia), Fenugreek (Trigonella), Sea Wormwood
(Artemisia maritima), Sea Radish (Raphanus maritimus),
Soft Knotted Trefoil (Trifolium striatum), Slender Yellow
Trefoil (7. filiforme).

CORK AND DISTRICT.

Date—9th-14th July, 1937. Conductors—A. M‘J. Cleland and
Dr. M. Grimes. Number present, 33.

The members reached Cork late on Friday night, 9th
July, headquarters being the Metropole Hotel, and next
morning,

Saturday, 10th July,

Dr. M. Grimes, M.R.I.A., the local conductor, joined
the party, and by 9.30 the bus left for Little Island, the
first halt, a short run of 53 miles.

The objectives here were the quarries in Carboniferous
Limestone to be seen on the seaward side of the island.
Some of the quarries are still being worked, the stone, so far
as could be judged, being mainly wrought into screenings
for road purposes.

At one abandoned quarry ‘‘ red marble ’’ (Carboniferous
Limestone stained by infiltrations of iron) was seen, but
access was too difficult, so that it was not possible to examine
the ‘‘ marble ’’ in situ. However a large block of the
material was found on level ground overlooking the quarry,
and from this specimens were obtained. It is a very hard
and compact material, full of white streaks, and takes a high

1937-38.]

423

polish. On the Golf Links and at the Quarries quantities
of Teasel (Dipsacus silvestris) were observed. Also Wild
Madder (Rubia peregrina) ; tiny Blue Flax (Linum bienne) ;
and common Carline Thistle (Carlina vulgaris).

From Little Island the route led to Rostellan (a run of
18 miles), going by Midleton, where a fair was in full swing,
presenting great difficulty in steering through cows, sheep,
pigs and fowl.

From here the road ran along the east side of East
Passage, by Saleen, to the main lodge of Rostellan Castle, a
very beautiful portion of the route. Here all alighted and
walked along a shady wood till within sight of the Castle.

Rostellan Castle is now quite unoccupied, the estate
about it being in a very neglected condition, though in its
prime it must have been a very desirable spot. In the Castle
itself a good deal of finely wrought Cork red marble is to be
seen.

Rostellan was originally a Hospitallery of the Knights
Templars and was founded as such by a Norman knight, Sir
Reginald FitzStephen, in the 12th century.

On the suppression of the Templars Rostelian became a
Hospitallery of the Knights of St. John. Later it passed
into the hands of the Fitzgeralds, Earls of Desmond.

During the Civil Wars of the 17th century Rostellan was
owned by a Lady of the house of Fitzgerald who made it
over to Murragh O’Brien, who subsequently became the first
Karl of Inchiquin, and he and his descendants, especially
the First Marquis of Thomond, transformed the Castle from
‘a feudal stronghold into one of the finest 18th century
country houses in Ireland, as it now remains.

On the shore near Rostellan is to be seen a fine dolmen,
almost covered by the sea at high tide, and which affords
evidence of relatively recent submergence of the coast in this
neighbourhood. Two fine photographs of this interesting
object were obtained.

From Rostellan a short run of 24 miles brought the
members to Castle Mary, another beautiful estate, not so
neglected as Rostellan and still showing many signs that it
had seen better days. The Castle was destroyed during the
time of the ‘‘ Troubles,’’ and the family now resides in a
bungalow formed out of the old stables.

{Proc. B.N.F.C.
44.

The objective here was the fine dolmen standing most
picturesquely in the grounds. This is built of limestone
blocks, the capstone being of immense size and very
imposing.

Mounting the bus again a run of 74 miles was made to
Ballycotton, which was seen in perfect atmospheric con-
ditions. There was sufficient time for a stroll along the cliffs
S. of the harbour, from which the whole coast was seen as
far as Knockadoon Head, and beyond that to Ram Head on
the far side of Youghal Bay, 15 miles away.

Here were observed Sea Radish (Raphanus maritimus)
in abundance; pink and white Lady’s Fingers (Anthylus
vulneraria) ; Sea Bindweed (Calystenia Soldanella).

On the roadsides along the shores of Cork Harbour the
Rose of Sharon or Large-flowered St. John’s Wort
(Hypericum calycinum) was found in abundance and seem-
ingly natuarlised (along with Hypericum hircinum).
Hypericum pulchrum was very abundant. Black Mustard
(Sinapis nigra) and Tree Mallow (Lavatera arborea) were also
found.

On again, a short run of 6 miles brought the party to
Cloyne, its Cathedral and Round Tower. The Tower (102
feet high) could only be examined and admired from a
distance as, though it may be climbed, the floors are rather
weak and it was not considered safe for so large a party to
ascend.

At the Cathedral Dean H. F. Berry was waiting to
conduct the members through and about the interesting
building, drawing particular attention to the magnificent
monument to Bishop Berkeley (1684-1753), philosopher,
missionary and author. The monument was executed from
the designs of Mr. Bruce Joy, and was erected in 1889 A.D.
at a cost of £500.

The See of Cloyne was founded in 626 A.D. by St.
Colman MacLenin, the present building dating from the 13th
century and having a good E. window of five lights. The
remains of St. Colman’s Oratory are still to be seen in the
churchyard. The length of the church is a little more than
twice the height of the Round Tower, viz.: 206 feet.

A run of an additional 3? mile finally brought the
members to the Deanery, where Dean Berry and his family
entertained them with true Irish hospitality.

1937-38.]
425

Following this, after thanking the kindly Dean and his
willing assistants, came a quick run of 184 miles to Cork,
which was reached promptly at 7.45 p.m., the day’s run
amounting to 594 miles, the weather during the whole
excursion having been perfect.

Sunday, 11th July.

No special arrangements had been made for Sunday,
members being free to follow their own inclinations. Some
went to Killarney by bus, greatly enjoying what they saw
there. Others attended service at St. Finbarr’s Cathedral
or other places of worship.

Another party went to Crosshaven by bus, 11 miles
away, a very picturesque run, especially when crossing the
Old Red Sandstone ridge between the Tramore and Owenboy
rivers and along the right bank of the latter from Carrigaline ~
to Crosshaven.

The objectives of this visit were:—The Pre-Glacial
raised Beach at Church Bay and the anticline in Old Red
Sandstone 8. of Weaver Point. Both these interesting
sections were seen in excellent conditions.

The party soon came to the first section looked for and
saw it as depicted on p. 37 of ‘‘ The Geology of the Country
around Cork and Cork Harbour ’’ (1905)—the old rock
platform, now raised above high water mark; the blown sand
at the foot of the cliff of Old Red Sandstone; the Lower
Head; Boulder Drift; and Upper Head. It was worth going
a long way to see such a fine section. A. H. Davison secured
an excellent photo of this exposure.

There was also seen the anticline in Old Red Sandstone
(as illustrated on p. 9, by R. J. Welch, in the above
‘* Memoir ’’), though this was not so striking as the Raised
Beach, as such structures are not at all uncommon on the
coast in this locality.

In the afternoon most of the members went down by
river steamer to Queenstown (Cove) and East Passage, the
weather being very bright and fair.

It is a most attractive trip down the Harbour, the banks
high and well wooded, the river opening out to a width of
14 miles at Lough Mahon and contracting to a quarter mile
at West Passage, 2} miles in length. From Queenstown
the south side of Great Island is hugged as far as the
beautifully wooded Hast Passage (less than a quarter mile

{Proc. B.N.F.C.
426

and a mile and a half long), till finally the journey ends at
the pretty little village of Kast Passage Ferry.

Tea was taken at East Passage Ferry, after which a
small party walked up a hill for a mile and a half inland,
eetting good views and also meeting a light misty rain, as
the wind had brought up clouds. This became heavier as
Cork was neared again, and the latter part of the trip was
rather dreary, particularly as Cork was not reached till after
dark.

The run by steamer to Queenstown is 103 miles, with
an additional 5 miles to Hast Passage Ferry, making 153
miles in all, or 31 for the whole trip which, in spite of the
rain at the latter end, was most enjoyable.

Monday, 12th July.

The bus set off promptly at 9.0 a.m. in the same
beautiful weather, the first halt being at Castle Martyr, at
one time the residence of the Karls of Shannon, 18 miles E.
of Cork, passing through Midleton, calmly sleeping after the
excitement of Saturday’s fair, and pulled up at the Castle
gates just at the entrance to the village.

The Castle and grounds are now in the hands of the
Carmelite Fraternity, who have a large school here. Father
Celestinne (the Brother in charge and residence) proved to be
« genial hearty individual, middle-aged, with a keen sense
of humour and a hearty laugh. He at once guided the party
to the ruins of Imokilly Castle (close by) and also took the
members through the school buildings. He brought out
packets of postcards, for which there was a ready sale, and
presented each member with a type-script account of the
history of Castle Martyr.

Imokilly Castle, the former home of the Fitzgerald
family, is a place of great strength and beautifully situated.
The school of the Carmelite Brothers is housed in the former
mansion of the Earls of Shannon. A branch of the Kiltha
river flows through the grounds and near the Castles (old
and new), making a very beautiful picture with lilies and
swans floating on its surface. The old ivy covered ruins of
Tmokilly are also very fine, giving marvellous all round views
from its lofty central tower.

Bidding a cordial farewell to Father Celestine the next
halt was at the village of Killeagh, 84 miles N.E., at the
entrance to: Glenbower Wood, through which runs the
Dessour river. Here the botanists had a great time wander-

1937-38.]
427

ing among the bye-ways of this beautiful estate, which is
now in the hands of the Forestry Department of the Free
State.

Killeagh was left, and then followed a delightful run of
114 miles to Templemichael Castle on the banks of the
Blackwater, sometimes referred to as the ‘‘ [Irish Rhine,’
entering Co. Waterford at Rincrew. ‘The run up the
Blackwater was exquisite, and Templemichael Castle an
ideal place for lunch. Here the flies gave a truly Irish
welcome !

Templemichael Castle and Church stand at the junction
of the Glandire river with the Blackwater. The Castle is in
ruins, as is also a much later mansion close by; both are ivy
covered and most picturesque.

A quick run was made to Ardmore, 10 miles 5.I.,
crossing the Blackwater flats by the mile-long Youghal
bridge, and so again entering Co. Waterford.

At Ardmore a wealth of interest awaited the
archaeologists. St. Declan’s Church, Well, Oratory and
Stone were first inspected; then the roofless Cathedral and
the 12th century Round Tower, where a refreshingly cool
breeze was met. In the EK. transept of the Cathedral an
Ogham Stone proved of great interest.

St. Declan is stated to have flourished early in the 6th
century and to have evangelised 8... Ireland in pre-
Patrician days.

On the shore the geologists were pleased to observe at
least two very good examples of anticlines, the ridge of one
of them being turned into a concreted causeway leading to
the harbour. They also saw St. Declan’s Stone, beneath
which the devout were wont to crawl, with much discomfort,
on his Feast Day. This is the stone that conveyed St.
Declan’s bell from the far off coast of Wales, where it had
been left by a careless disciple. It almost sounds impious
to point out that the stone is a mere Glacial Boulder !

A quick run from Ardmore to Youghal (84 miles)
brought the party to the Devonshire Arms Hotel and tea!
The hotel was once the Town House of the Dukes of
Devonshire, and has an immense range of outhouses and a
fine garden laid out in three terraces on the slope of a hill,
with beautiful views over Youghal Bay.

Tea over, Dr. Grimes led the members through Youghal
to inspect some of the many old buildings the town possesses.
These included the Clock Gate, built on the site of the old

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
428

South Gate; the Water Gate, which is in perfect condition
and as it stood when Cromwell passed through it to spend
the winter of 1649-50 in Youghal; the Town Hall, where the
Town Clerk showed some very interesting old records; the
Quays, where the extensive and dilapidated stores and
warehouses attest the former greatness of Youghal; the site
of an Abbey founded in 1231 A.D.; Tyntes Castle, nearly
opposite; Myrtle Grove (outside only), which once belonged
to Sir Walter Raleigh, and where he is said to have planted
the first potato and smoked the first tobacco after his return
from Virginia, which he founded in 1607 A.D. Sir Walter
was Mayor of Youghal in 1588-9 A.D. Adjoining Myrtle
Grove was seen the beautiful and interesting Collegiate
Church of St. Mary, the woodwork of which is said to be of
the 18th century. There was a church on the site before the
coming of the Normans, and some of the pillars of the nave
rest on old tombstones.

The party ascended the massive tower of the Church,
known as Cromwell’s Tower, from which grand views of the
surrounding lands and sea were enjoyed, and more especially
the buildings and grounds of Myrtle Grove, where Dr.
Grimes pointed out the particular yew tree under which
Raleigh often sat with the poet Spenser.

Promptly at 6.0 p.m. the bus was mounted again, and
the run back to Cork made without a stop (30 miles), the
hotel being reached on time at 7.45 p.m.

This day’s run amounted to 811 miles, the weather
throughout being quite exceptionally fine.

Tuesday, 13th July.

The ‘‘ Official Programme ”’ was thrown overboard on
this day, owing to the unanimous wish of the members that
the day’s run should be extended to Glengarriff, instead of
terminating at the head of the Pass of Keimaneigh, as
originally intended, the members being quite willing to pay
the extra charge this extension demanded. The Hotel was
left punctually at 9.0, im weather which continued good for
practically the whole day.

The outward route led up the left bank of the Lee as far
as Macroom (passing close to the picturesque Inishcarra
church), where a halt was made to inspect the castle.

At Macroom the Lee was left for a time, coming in again
at Inchigeelagh and passing on the way Castle Carrig-
naneelagh and Castle Carrignacuvagh. At Inchigeelagh,

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
429

Lough Allua come into view and was on the left for 3} miles.
This lough is really a series of small loughs through which
the Lee winds its tortuous way, giving many fine panoramic
views.

At the head of Lough Allua the road crossed the Lee
and took the right hand bank till it reached a road on the
right leading to Lough Gougane Barra, where a short halt
was made.

The foot of the Pass of Keimaneigh is at this point, up
which the party ascended for the next mile and a half. The
pass is very narrow, wild and rocky, its summit being 662
feet above sea level. As the Pass was entered a slight mist
was met, which continued all the way to Glengarriff, but
only added to the grandeur of the Pass.

The road now went down the right bank of the Owenane
river, which was crossed at Ballylichy Bridge, and soon
reached Glengarriff, where two hours were spent. Entering
Glengarriff the wind blew the mist away, the sun broke out
and Glengarriff was seen in all its famed beauty, the Sugar
Loaf Mountain (1,887 ft.) standing out magnificently.

Glengarriff was left with great regret, the Pass (which
looked even better in the afternoon light) again ascended
and descended, and by 4.0 p.m. the members reached
Cronin’s Hotel on the shore of Gougane Barra Lough. Tea
was not ready, though the proprietor had had ample notice
of the hour of arrival; so while two maids were running about
like agitated cats, making hasty arrangements for the
comfort of the party, the members strolled along to St.
Finbarr’s Chapel on an island connected by a causeway to
the mainland, St. Finbarr being the tutelary saint of Cork.

Tea was a very merry meal. It was not even ready
when the party returned, the two maids still very busy raking
cups, saucers and plates from cupboards and _ shelves;
heaving plates piled high with white or brown bread or great
slabs of cake on to each table, plying everyone with endless
cups of tea, or hurrying up fresh supplies of butter or jam.

After tea the members walked towards the head of the
Lough, which is within a mile of the border of Co. Kerry,
but separated from it by a ridge of Old Red Sandstone 1,764
ft. high, which comes down to the head of the Lough in a
series of gigantic cliffs. Here a very strong cold wind was
met rushing down from the cliff tops and was found to be
very refreshing.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
430

At this locality the botanists found Irish Spurge
(Euphorbia hiberna) with its beautiful red-tinted foliage; and
at Glengarriff London Pride (Sarafraga umbrosa) was
plentiful; the Royal Fern (Osmunda regalis) was also much
admired.

A straight line was made back for Cork, taking the right
bank of the Lee at Coachford, and reaching the Hotel at
7.45 p.m., again on time. Indeed in all the runs Dr. Grimes
kept well up to time, and yet no one had a sense of being
hurried.

The total run this day was 144 miles, the four days’ run
being in all 317 miles.

Wednesday, 14th July.

At 9.80 a.m. Dr. Grimes took the members to the
University, where they saw much that was interesting. The
University occupies spacious and well-planted grounds on
the banks of the river Lee. Part of it is erected on the site
of an old monastic school founded by St. Finbarr. It is
built of white limestone in the Tudor-Gothic style.

Adjoining the Dairy Department (which is under the
control of Dr. Grimes) are plant beds where all herbs
affecting cattle and their milk, for good or evil, are named
and their effects set out. The Natuarlists were full of
admiration for the careful and painstaken manner in which
the grounds are laid out. Every plant appears to be well
kept and clearly and distinctly named. The whole grounds
are really a model Botanic Gardens with Plant Houses. On
the wall of the grounds Wall Lettuce (Lactuca muralis) was
well established.

Before entering the University the President (A. A.
Campbell) expressed the thanks of the B.N.F.C. to Dr.
Grimes for all he had done for the visitors. This was
seconded by Miss W. J. Sayers and passed unanimously. Dr.
Grimes suitably replied and stated that he was sorry that
the visit was at an end.

So ended the Long Excursion of 1937, leaving behind it
very pleasant memories of much kindness freely offered.

PORTMUCK AND BROWN’S BAY.

Date—24th July, 1937. Conductors—A. M‘I. Cleland.
Number present, 35.
This was a combined Botanical and Geological excursion
by motor bus, made in perfect weather.
At Portmuck Harbour the members walked across to
the shore overlooking Muck Island, to examine the chalk

1987-38.]
451

platform exposed here with its line of chalk cliffs. The
shore here seems to indicate that the beach has been raised.

The considerable remains of the old Castle, to be seen
at the Island side of the Harbour, were also examined. These
include what appears to have been the Water Gate of the
Castle, now considerably raised above high-water mark.

The next halt was at a point near Mcllroy’s Port, where
a 40-foot fall drops directly into the sea, its sides lined with
magnificent festoons of Monkey Flowers (Mimulus
Langstorfii), a truly beautiful sight.

Stopping at Brown’s Bay for tea, the party halted at
Ballylumford, to inspect the quarry in interbasaltic beds at
one time worked by the late Dr. Ritchie for iron ore.

The final halt was made at the Druid’s Altar, over-
looking Larne Harbour, now divested of its clinging ivy,
Belfast being reached again at 9.0 p.m., promptly on the
time arranged.

CARNLOUGH, GARRON POINT AND STRAIDKILLY.

Date—21st August, 1937. Conductor—J. Skillen.

On this excursion the members went by the hilly district
north of Ballyclare, across the valley of the Glenwherry
River and by road to Carnlough.

The first stop was at Rathshee (the rath of the fairy).
There in the graveyard the President (A. A. Campbell)
related how the ancient church had been founded by St.
Patrick, and had been a Bishop’s See for many years. The
annals mention only one bishop, of the year 617. Prior to
the 1641 wars it was reported as ruinous.

The next stop was on the banks of the Glenwherry River
at the Pigtail Bridge. This valley and district was the refuge
of Covenanters who fled from Scotland durmg what have been
called ‘* the killing times,’’ chief of whom was Alexander
(Prophet) Peden. It is also the scene of Sir Samuel
Ferguson’s poem ‘‘ The Ballad of Willie Gilliland.”’

Hence the route followed the slopes of Tuftarney
Mountain (750 feet). Unfortunately the visibility was poor,
a mountain mist obscuring the magnificent view which can
usually be seen from there.

Soon was reached the peaceful and pastoral hamlet of
Buckna, where flax-pulling was in full swing. After a short
stay the road was again taken for ‘‘ The Sheddings,’’ the
party stopping on the way to inspect a cashel at Casheltown.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
432

This stone fort is in perfect preservation. It has enormously
thick walls buut of field stones, as are the dykes crossing the
fields in every direction.

Shortly afterwards Carnlough Glen was reached, and as
the visibility had improved the view down the Glen and out
to sea was exquisite.

After lunch at Garron Tower some members made their
way to the headlands by ‘“‘ My Lady’s Walk ”’ and others
visited Dummull, the great promontory fort, a notable
feature at Garron Point.

On the return by the coast road a stop was made at
Straidkilly, known as “‘ the slipping village,’’ the slipping
due to the presence of the underlying Lias clays.

Ballygalley Castle has as an adjunct a modern hotel,
built by Lord Antrim. Mr. J. J. Wall, J.P., agent for the
Antrim estate and a member of the Club, met the party
there and pointed out the interesting features of the Castle
and bawn. The bawn with its three outflankers has been
preserved as when built, possibly owing to the fact that it
had been used as the Castle garden. The Castle’s interesting
stone spiral staircase and the beautiful stone doorway with
its date 1625, and inscription “‘ God’s Providence is My
Inheritance,’’ will be preserved for all time, as well as the
unusual musketry portholes for guarding the door.

Tea at Larne terminated the excursion.

KILROOT, BELLAHILL, BALLYCARRY AND
RED HALL.

Date—4th September, 1937.

This was a combined Archaeological and Botanical
excursion in which much interesting work was done in both
branches of above sciences.

(No report.)
CONFERENCE EXCURSIONS. |

Date—24th-26th September, 1937. Conductors—A. A. Campbell and
J. Skillen.

The following Excursions and Meetings were made in

connection with the Sixth Annual Conference of Field Clubs,
held in Belfast on above dates :—

Friday, 24th September. The Conference met at the
Museum and Art Gallery, Stranmillis Road, at 4.30 p.m.,
where the visitors were conducted through the various

1937-38.]
453

galleries. The meeting was then adjourned till 6.80 p.m.,
being resumed at the Conversazione held in the Assembly
Buildings, Fisherwick Place.

Saturday, 25th September. On this day the members made
a very comprehensive archaeological excursion through the
Ards Peninsula, visiting the following among other places:
—Grey Abbey, founded in 1198 A.D.; Ardkeen Castle,
erected in 1180 A.D., one of the strongholds of the Savage
family; the ancient church of Slanes with its holy well; the
stone circle at Millin Bay; and Portaferry Castle and
Templecranny Church.

A meeting was held in Museum Buildings, College
Square North, at 7.30 p.m., where addresses were given by
various members on club co-operation.

Sunday, 26th September. In the afternoon the members
visited Nendrum (Island Mahee) and Downpatrick.

WINTER SESSION.

The authors of the Papers, of which abstracts are given,
are alone responsible for the views expressed therein.

CONVERSAZIONE.

The Winter Session opened with a Conversazione held
in the Assembly Buildings on Friday, 24th September, 1937,
an earlier date than usual, arranged so as to coincide with
the Annual Conference of Field Clubs meeting at the same
time. There was a very large attendance of members and
friends, Tea being served from 6.30 till 7.45 p.m.

The Exhibits included:—

Borany.—A. M'‘I. Cleland, Giant Puff Balls (Dun.
donald); Miss EK. M. Scott, 85 specimens of wild fruits,
Dr. Lynn and Miss Kertland, exhibit from Queen’s
University; Rev. W. R. Megaw and Roy Guiler, Mosses;
Miss W. J. Sayers, specimens of water plants from our
district; EK. N. Carrothers, Local Plants; A. H. Davison,
Living Fruits and Seeds; C. D. Chase, a few Flowers from
Greece; J. W. Porter, a collection of British Heaths;
Thomas Greer, Equiseta.

Grotocy.—A. M'‘I. Cleland, Zeolites (Craighulliar) :
Green Granite (Rostrevor) ; Marble (Cork) ; Colloidal Silica
(Saleen); Colloidal Silica (Cloyne); Jasper in Porphyry
(Cushendall) ; Cone-in-Cone Anthracite (S. Wales) ; Marble

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
454

(Kerry); Mina Davison, semi-precious Stones; Alex, H.
Davison, introduction to Geology of Belfast; Herbert 5S.
Black, Fossil Plants from Fifeshire.

Zootocy.—A. M'‘I. Cleland, Wasps’ Nests and Wasps
(Knock); C. D. Deane, habitat group of Moorland animals;
Louis J. Mason, some Butterflies and Moths of Northern
Ireland; some Dragonflies of Northern Ireland; D. J.
Carpenter, Land and Fresh-water Shells; W. M. Crawford,
Indian Butterflies; case of Tyrone Water Beetles; Belfast
Municipal Museum, the Blackbirds and Blackbird varieties ;
Subalpine Warbler from The Maidens Lighthouse (first
Ulster example).

ARcHAEOLOGY.—The President, Irish Socketed and Flat
Bronze Celts;. Swedish Flint Axe; Harry P. Swan, collection
of Gold Ring Money (Ireland, circa 1000 B.C.) ; collection
of Irish Bronze-age Pins; Miss M. Gaffikin, A. M‘L. May
and Angus MacDonald, exhibits of finds from Sandhill sites,
etc., Dundrum, Casterock, Whitepark Bay, Donegal; Miss
M. Gaffikin and Angus MacDonald, Models showing methods
of excavation of typical Horned Cairns, based on Browndod
(Co. Antrim); A. M‘I. Cleland, Pottery and Pumice
(Dundrum); J. A. S. Stendall, Model of an Irish Watermill.

PHorocrapuy.—A. M'‘I. Cleland, various photographs ;
Miss L. Rea and Mrs. Crozier, Archaeological photographs
(including original finds) taken during a holiday at
Cushendun; C. D. Deane, photographs of Animal Lite
including flashlight studies of wild Badger taken at night;
Snips from Birdland, unedited film of the habits of our
commoner birds; mounted specimen of Fulmar Petrel from.
Whitepark Bay; May L. Dunlop, photographs of Irish
scenery; Miss Dorothy M. Malet, Three Framed Sketches:
Ardmore Round Tower, Castle Mary Dolmen, Rostallan
House; A. R. Hogg, a 48 inch photograph of Hazelwood and
Floral Hall including M‘Art’s Fort and Cavehill.

MIscELLANEOUS.—Miss Mawdsley, Old Lace; Miss
Warnock, Books (Two Elzevirs) ; Picture of Derry (1839).

Junior Division Exurpirs.—Miniature garden; book
of flower paintings, May E. Beck; Models, etc., illustrating
prehistoric progress; pressed flowers, Felicity Bolton;
British and Foreign butterflies and moths; chrysalids; insect
mimicry; tableau of summer insect life, Vivian Gotto;
land and freshwater mollusca of Co. Dublin; collection of

1937-38.]
485

marine mollusca of Dublin Bay, Noel Gregg; model—
longitudal section—of souterrain at Dunalis, Patricia
Macmahon; waterbeetles and dragonflies, Cyril KE. K.
Mason; models—‘‘ A Holy Well ’’ and “ An Irish Sweat-
house;’’ fossils, Jean M‘Veigh; fruits; fossils and rock
specimens, Dorothy and Edna Nelson; wild flowers collected
during first year of membership, Jean Petticrew.

R.B.A.I. Natural History Society under the direction
of T. C. C. Adam, M.Sc.—Geological specimens, G. B.
Duffin; seaweeds and mosses, R. A. Guiler; flowers, R. D.
Meikle; plaster casts; moths and butterflies, D. H. and
M. N. Rankin; drawings, R. G. Sellar; moths and butter-
fies, TI. C. Shaw; collection of fruits, L. S. Stendall;
autumn fruits, berries, seed pods, etc.; skulls, H. B. Barry,
R. N. Beck, J. H. Jeffrey, 8. T. Kidd, J. C. M‘Robert,
I. W. Rea and R. W. Thompson.

The Junior Division prize winners were as follows:—

Botanical exhibit—1, R. A. Guiler (mosses and sea-
weeds) ; 2, Mary E. Beck (miniature garden books of flower
paintings).

Zoological—1, D. Rankin (plaster casts of bird tracks) ;
2, N. Rankin (butterflies); certificate, Noel Gregg and
Audrey Nelson.

Geology—1, Brice Duffin (elementary geology) ; 2, Jean
M’Veigh (fossils).

Archaeological exhibit—1, Felicity Bolton (models
illustrating prehistoric progress); 2, Patricia Macmahon
(souterrain) ; certificate, Jean M‘Veigh.

Special prize, exhibit by member under 138 years of age
—C. lk. K. Mason; special prize, plant competition—M.
Lauder.

Certificates awarded to members of R.B.A.I. Natural
History Society—L. 8. Stendall, H. B. Barry, and T. S.
Shaw.

In handing the prizes to the successful competitors, the
President (A. A. Campbell, F.R.S.A.I.) said he extended
a welcome to the members of the affiliated clubs and thanked
the exhibitors, many of whom had gone to considerable
trouble in arranging specimens, which were of great interest
to their fellow-members. The Junior Division had been
very energetic during the summer, and they were delighted
to see the splendid exhibits that had been brought forward.
One geological exhibit in the section was really wonderful.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
436

The President then announced, amid applause, that
the Committee had unanimously awarded the Club’s
Commemorative Medal to Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A.,
M.R.I.A., for his splendid work in the science of Botany,
coupled with his long continued efforts on behalf of the Club,
of which he had been a member since 1917. (See p. ).:

A very successful evening was brought to a close by an
exhibition of lantern views of places visited during the
summer excursions.

“ OURSELVES: THE STORY OF THE CLUB.”

The first ordinary meeting of the Winter Session was
held in the Museum Buildings, College Square North, on
Tuesday, 16th November, 1937, at 8.0 p.m., when the
President (A. Albert Campbell, F'.R.S.A.I.) delivered his
inaugural address.

Introducing his subject, Mr. Campbell said he would
try to help his fellow members to visualise the time and
place in which the Club was born, its nurses in infancy, its
tutors in adolescence, and some of its achievements when it
reached maturity.

In 18638 the world was in its usual state of unrest, and
the various causes of international bitterness in those far-
off days were glanced at. The changes in the dress and
habits of the people were touched on and illustrated by
coloured slides. Belfast of that time was described—no
telephones, no trams, no taxis, no safety bicycles, no public
parks, no Royal Avenue, no Botanic Avenue, no Lombard
Street, no Albert Memorial, etc. The most prominent man
in the town was John Rea, the “‘ Orange-Fenian ’’ Police
Court Attorney.

The intellectual life of the town was confined to a very
narrow circle, and the change brought about by the advent
of Ralph Tate as a lecturer on natural history was
emphasised. The story of the newspaper correspondence
suggesting the formation of a Field Club was told in detail,
and some account was given of the men who took a principal
part in establishing the new organisation, and those who in
after years occupied its presidential chair or were otherwise
prominent workers in its ranks:—Canon Grainger, S. A.
Stewart, Hugh Robinson, W. H. Patterson, Thomas
Workman, William Gray, Sir Wyville Thomson, George C.
Hyndman, Professor James Thomson (Lord Kelvin’s elder
brother), John Anderson, Canon M'‘Ilwaine, William

1937-38.]

437

Swanston, Francis Joseph Bigger, Nevin H. Foster, Robert
J. Welch, Robert Bell, Joseph Wright, Hugh Lamont Orr,
Nathaniel Carrothers, and many others. In most cases their
portraits were shown on the screen.

Various oustanding events in the history of the Club
were narrated, and the President closed by expressing the
opinion that so long as the Club encouraged a love of nature
in men and women immersed in the cares and responsi-
bilitiés of the workaday world, so long as it welcomed to its
membership people of all classes, all creeds, all shades of
political opinion, and afforded to them a common meeting-
place where, in the study of nature and of the records of
man, they could cultivate a spirit of mutual helpfulness,
forbearance, and good fellowship, so long would it continue
to flourish.

Appreciation of the address, on behalf of the meeting,
was conveyed to Mr. Campbell by Rev. W. R. Megaw,
M.R.I.A., and George C. Reilly.

THE EVOLUTION OF BELFAST AND ITS REGION.

The second meeting of the Winter Session was held in
the Museum Buildings, College Square North, on Tuesday,
7th December, 1937, at 8.0 p.m., when a lecture on above
subject was delivered by Mr. EK. E. Evans, M.A., F.S.A.,
illustrated by lantern views and a number of large diagrams.

The growth of Belfast, the lecturer said, was largely the
result of the industrial revolution, but its site was
determined by local factors, and the town had already gained
much importance and cultural distinction during the days
of water-power and Colonial trade in the 18th century.

The setting of the city was described in detail, and
special significance was attributed to the belts of sandy soils
which provided early routes meeting at the ford of the
Lagan. The remarkable concentration of streams at this
point was shown to be a factor encouraging early settlement
and favouring the construction of water-mills when linen
manufacture come to the fore.

A series of maps illustrated the early zones of
settlement from prehistoric times down to the coming of
Christianity and other introductions from overseas which
culminated in the Plantations.

The covering over of the Pound river to give the modern
High Street provided the city centre with a broad street
capable of carrying increasing traffic, but a supplementary

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
138

roud (Waring Street) was built to the docks. Industrial
activities later spread along the streams to the west and
around the port on both sides of the river.

The industrial and social geography of the city was
shown to be related in many ways to the landscape and to
the spread along ancient roads from which the districts of
the city still take their names. The lecturer also hinted at
some possible developments which would enhance the
reputation of the city.

A discussion followed in which A. H. Davison, J.
Skillen and J. M. Capper took part, and at its conclusion a
vote of thanks, proposed by J. A. S. Stendall and seconded
by W. M. Crawford, was passed with acclamation.

GEOLOGICAL EVENING.

The third meeting of the Winter Session was held in
the Museum Buildings, College Square North, on Tuesday,
18th January, 1938, at 8.0 p.m., when two papers were read,
as noted below, the President (A. A. Campbell) in the chair.

Geology and Water Supply, by R. K. L. Clarke, B.E.

Some Geological Features of Cork and District, by
A. M'I. Cleland.

Both papers were well illustrated by lantern views.

In his paper Mr. Clarke stressed the importance of a
pure and sufficient water supply to the community.

The Mourne reservoir was an exception to the rule that
reservoirs were usually situated in the older palaeozoic rocks.

Speaking of the dangers of accidental pollution he said
that special care was required where water was drawn from
a catehment area situated in a limestone district, as in
Croydon. Many people, he added, preferred well water to
‘“ town water ’’ on account of custom and taste. ‘“‘ Town
water,’ however, was more reliable.

The new red sandstone ranked next to the chalk in the
abundance of its yield of water. This rock was very pervious
and absorbent. Exposures in Northern Ireland in the Lagan
and Dundonald valleys contained many successful wells.
Belfast’s high reputation for the manufacture of mineral
waters was largely based on the possession of this splendid
source of water.

The semi-artesian well sunk into the traissic sandstone
under Lisburn had proved a great success. Such a supply

1937-38.]
439

would be practically inaccessible to gas contamination in
case of air raids.

The author paid tribute to the work carried out by the
Geological Section of the Belfast Field Club, and referred
particularly to the work of the late Robert Bell, Prof.
Charlesworth, and Messrs. J. J. Hartley, A. H. Davison,
and A. M‘T. Cleland.

In his short paper on the ‘‘ Geology of Cork,’’ A. M'T.
Cleland dealt chiefly with the geological features observed
during the Club’s Long Excursion in July last and those
noted on a subsequent visit he had made to the same district
in the following August.

PHAT INVESTIGATION AND POLLEN ANALYSIS.

The fourth meeting of the Winter Session was held in
the Museum Buildings, College Square North, on Tuesday,
Ist February, 1938, at 8.0 p.m., when Miss M. Patricia
Kertland, M.Sc., read a paper on above subject, illustrated
by lantern views.

[No Abstract. ]

QUERY NIGHT.

The fifth meeting of the Winter Session was held in the
Museum Buildings, College Square North, on Tuesday, 15th
February, 19388, at 8.0 p.m., when the evening was devoted
to the asking and answering a great variety of questions on
scientific subjects.

This was the second ‘‘ Query Night ’’ meeting the
Club has held, and was most successful, the members
unanimously agreeing that ‘‘ Query Night ’’ should find a
place on the programmes of all subsequent Winter Sessions.

SOCIAL HABITS OF BIRDS.

The sixth meeting of the Winter Session was held on
Tuesday, Ist March, 1938, at 8.0 p.m. in the Museum
Buildings, College Square North, when Mr. C. D. Deane
read a paper on above subject, beautifully illustrated by
many fine lantern views of his own taking.

In the course of his interesting paper Mr. Deane dealt
with the problems of bird ecology, and said that by instinct
birds were gregarious creatures, but owing to sex impulses,
factors concerning food, environment, etc., many lead a
solitary life. He dealt with the different aspects of the
individual in relation to the flock and in connection with
migration, and produced several new arguments concerning
the territory theory and the question of bird song.

[Proc. B.N.F.C,
440 |

ZOOLOGICAL EVENING.

The seventh meeting of the Winter Session was held
in the Zoology Department, Queen’s University, on Tuesday,
15th March, 1938, at 8.0 p.m., when short papers were read
by the following :—

‘“ Symmetry in Animals,”’ by Prof. T. T. Flynn, D.Sc.

‘“ Local Marine Boring Animals,’’ by G. Williams,
M.Sc. .

‘“ Adaptations in the Crustacea,’ by A. E. Needham,
B.A.

All the above were delivered before a large and
appreciative audience, and each was amply illustrated by
comprehensive lantern views.

[No Abstracts. |

MUSEUM-MINDED SCANDINAVIA.

The eighth meeting of the Winter Session was held in
the Museum Buildings, College Square North, on Tuesday,
5th April, 1938, at 8.0 p.m., when Mr. J. A. 8. Stendall,
M.R.I.A., read a paper on above subject, freely illustrated
by his own lantern views.

As a preliminary Mr. Stendall commented on the high
percentage of museums in Scandinavia, in proportion to the
population, and of their diversity of character.

The Open-air Folk Park Museums owe their origin to
the Swedes, that at Skansen, Stockholm, being the pioneer.
Views of this latter were shown, followed by others of the
Bygdoy Folkmuseum, at Oslo, and ‘‘ Den Gamle By ”’ (The
Old Town) at Aarhus, Denmark. In Aarhus a complete
town of houses, workshops, mills, schools, etc., has been
reconstructed from buildings secured from their original sites
throughout Denmark. The buildings date back to the 16th
century and all are furnished to illustrate their utility during
the days in which they flourished.

Various other museums, embracing antiquities, art and
natural history, in Copenhagen, Gothenburgh, Stockholm,
Oslo and Bergen, were reviewed; together with an account of
the home of Linneaus in Upsala, Sweden.

In addition to the above lectures, etc., a course of five
lecture-demonstrations on ‘‘ Common Algae ’”’ was given
during the Winter Session by Dr. Mary J. Lynn, D.Sc., in
the Department of Botany, Queen’s University.

1937-38.]
441
bos
ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual Meeting was held in Museum Buildings,
College Square North, on Tuesday, 26th April, 1938, the
President (A. A. Campbell) in the chair. The following
reports were presented :—

ANNUAL REPORT.

The Committee has pleasure in presenting the report
for the seventy-fifth year, and wishes to congratulate the
members on the continued vitality of the Club.

During the year 40 members were elected. Against this
there was a loss, through death, resignations, and lapsed
members, of 49, showing a decrease of 9. The membership
now stands at 495.

The programme of the Summer Session was carried out
in its entirety. All excursions were well supported and most
successful, the attendances in every case being very
satisfactory.

The various meetings of the Winter Session were held,
with some slight alterations, as per programme.

In addition a course of five lecture-demonstrations on
‘““Common Algae ’’ was given during the winter in the
Department of Botany, Queen’s University, by Miss Mary
J. Lynn, D.Sc.

We desire to put on record our best thanks to Dr. Lynn
for the trouble taken in preparing and delivering these
lectures of high educational value, and to the Vice-
Chancellor for granting the use of the rooms, and also for
permission to hold our Zoological evening on March 15th in
the Zoology department.

To the Roll of Honorary Members have been added the
names of Mr. and Mrs. C. R. Nodder, on their leaving for
India. Mr. Nodder was a former President of the Club,
and a keen botanist, and Mrs. Nodder for a number of years
was a most efficient Secretary of the Junior Division.

It is with pleasure that the Committee reports that the
new edition of the ‘‘ Flora of North-East Ireland ’’ will be
published by the Club in the present year.

The Committee held eleven meetings during the year,
the average attendance being 8 members.

From 24th till 26th September the Annual Conference
of Field Clubs took place in Belfast. It had been arranged

{Proc. B.N.F.C,
442

that the Conversazione should be held earlier than usual to
coincide with the dates of the Conference. Accordingly it
was held on the first evening of the Conference, in the
Assembly Buildings. The Conversazione was as successful
as any in the past, the attendance being much larger than
usual as a result of the presence of many members of the

affiliated Clubs. The exhibits were extensive and
interesting, the Junior Division again tabling a fine display.
J. SKILLEN, Hen.
W. G. R. SKILLEN, } Secretaries.

OBITUARY.

R. R. Boyd.

Very Rev. W. P. Carmody, M.A.
James Cowie.

A. G. Cromie.

W. A. Jenkins.

Rt. sHion. Ele aM. Polleek: Dalits MEP.
Nelson Russell.

Dr. JaabsuStewart, MED... dudRsCue:

LIBRARIAN’S REPORT.

The exchange list has been maintained without any
alteration during the year. A further batch of volumes has
been bound in the Museum Library, so that the collection
of books there is improving every year.

The list of Exchanges is appended.

W. M. Crawrorp, Hon. Librarian.

REPORT OF THE RECORDING SECRETARY.

The past year has not been noteworthy for any seasonal
fluctuations in the appearances of the usual types of fauna
or flora, but produced nevertheless some outstanding records
of rarities.

The chief of these undoubtedly was the taking of a male
Subalpine Warbler, Sylvia c. cantillans (Pall.) at The
Maidens Lighthouse, off Larne, on 13th June. This little
bird, readily identified by reason of its orange-coloured eye-
rings, struck the lantern in foggy weather and was killed.
It is only the second Irish example (the first being from
Hook Tower light, Co. Wexford), and the sixth for the

1937-38.1
445

British Isles, the others being Scottish. Fortunately the
Ulster specimen was secured, and is now in the Belfast
Municipal Museum collection.

The Black Redstart, Phoenicurus ochrurus gibraltariensis
(Gm.), was observed by two of our Junior Members—Neal
and Denis Rankin—in April, 1937, on the slopes of Cave
Hill. A further example of this uncommon visitor occurred
near Cookstown towards the end of the year.

Mr. Thomas Greer, J.P., a Corresponding Member of
the Club, in June took a small Plume Moth, named
Platyptilus tesseradactylus L., on the rocky moorland north-
west of Cookstown. This micro. has only previously been
obtained in the British Isles from Cos. Galway and Clare.

The most noteworthy plant find was that of Scirpus
nanus, in the Bann Estuary, by Dr. Praeger.

All the foregoing are fully noted in The Irish Naturalists’
Journal,

Botanists have been fully occupied during the year with
field work preparatory to the issuing of the new Flora.

J. A. S. Srenpauui, Hon. Recording Secretary.

REPORT OF BOTANICAL SECTION.

During the season the efforts of the Section were chiefly
directed towards verifying old records of plant stations for
the forthcoming Jubilee Edition of the “‘ Flora of North-
East Ireland.”’

The Section began the season’s programme by spending
an evening in the Municipal Museum, familiarising them-
selves with the appearances of *‘ wanted ’’ plants by studying
the herbarium specimens. During the summer excursions
were taken to Ballyalloley, Gawley’s Gate and Draperstown,
but a very much wider area was covered by small parties of
workers, who were frequently under the guidance of Dr.
Praeger.

Many of the numerous lakes of Co. Down were
examined for water plants; the stations of the tiny
Waterworts, Hlatine hexandra and EH. Hydropiper were
carefully noted; a boat was taken to the island in Lough
Neagh, where Carex Buxbaumii used to be found, and a final
but vain search made for any surviving traces of that rare
sedge. In order to ascertain the range of Nasturtium
Silvestre the Quoile was followed up its course to Inch,
wherever it was practicable to reach it.

W. J. Sayers, Hon.
W. R. Megeaw, Secretaries.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
444

REPORT OF GHOLOGICAL SECTION.

The first excursion took place on September 11th, 19387,
to Scrabo, under the direction of Professor J. K.
Charlesworth, D.Sc., who explained the mode or origin, and
nature of the Triassic sandstone, pointing out current
bedding, sun cracks, ripple marks, and lenticles of clay.
Special attention was given to the intrusive dykes and sills.
The chilled edges of the sills and their apophyses were
studied, and the baking of the adjoining sediments noted.
The transgressions of the sills across the bedding planes were
pointed out, and evidence shown that the intrusions came
from the North.

The second excursion, also conducted by Professor
Charlesworth, was to Coalpit Bay, Donaghadee, where many
fossils were collected from this very fossiliferous locality of
Ordovician and Silurian Rocks, whose story our late
member, Mr. W. Swanston, helped so much to unravel.

The third excursion took place on 5th February, 1938,
to Helen’s Bay, to examine a freshly exposed section of
boulder clay, on top of which was a magnificent example
of a raised beach. The section had been exposed as a result
of the severe storms of the previous week. A. M‘I. Cleland
secured five excellent photographs of this fine exposure,
which was soon greatly altered by the prevailing wintry
weather.

It was during an unofficial excursion by members of the
Section that J. J. Hartley discovered the inlier of Ordovician
near Ballynahinch, on which a paper was contributed to the
Trish Naturalists’ Journal.

Dr. J. 8. Loughridge reports that during a visit of the
Zoological Section on 15th May, to Dunny Neil Island in
Strangford Lough, a cliff of Boulder Clay was found under-
going erosion and leaving exposed many boulders from the
following geological horizons, namely:—Silurian, Carboni-
ferous Limestone from Castle Espie, Triassic Sandstone and
Dolerite from Scrabo.

J. K. CHARLESWORTH, Hen.
A. H. Davison, Secretaries.

REPORT OF ZOOLOGICAL SECTION.

Two excursions were held in 1937. One was by boat
from Killyleagh to Dunny Neil Island, in Strangford Lough,
on the 15th May. Numerous nests of Terns were found on
the shingle above high water mark, and a few nests

1937-36.]
445

of Mallard Ducks, containing many eggs, were discovered
underneath the vegetation.

The second excursion was held on the 29th May,
conjointly with the Botanical Section, to Portmore and
Gawley’s Gate.

J. S. LoucuripGe, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SECTION.

The Section held three excursions during the season,
the first to Carrickfergus, on the 19th June, to inspect the
improvements made by the Ancient Monuments Committee
in the Castle, and the collection of medieval arms and
armour now installed there. Before visiting the Castle a
stop was made at the Parish Church, where the Rev. Canon
Rutherford received the members and gave a full account
of the history and archaeology of the ancient building.

The town hall was next visited, where the Chairman of
the Urban District Council (Mr. John Campbell, J.P.) had
the ancient charters, with the sword and mace, ready for
inspection. The charter of James 1st of England and VI of
Scotland was much admired for its workmanship and good
condition.

The second excursion was held on 14th August to Lyle’s
Hill and Muckamore, calling on the way to inspect the
horned cairn on M'‘Ilwan’s Hill. This monument had
recently been excavated by Mr. Ivor Herring and some
students of the Royal Academical Institution. The forecourt
has been restored, but the stone-lined graves had entirely
disappeared before the work of investigation commenced.

At Lyles Hill, a site discovered by air survey, some
preliminary excavation has been done, and Mr. E. E. Evans
explained about the work already undertaken and what was
in contemplation. His opinion was that this is one of the
most important prehistoric sites in Northern Ireland. At
the ruins of Muckamore Abbey a short stop was made when
Mr. J. Skillen talked of what is known of the history of the
abbey.

The excursion ended by a visit to Boghead souterain,
one of the most interesting in Co. Antrim. It is double
storied and easy of access.

The third excursion was to Monkstown and Lisnalinchy
on 18th September. Very little remains of the ancient
ecclesiastical buildings of Monkstown. It has been claimed

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
446

that Fergus, King of Scotland, after whom Carrickfergus
is named, is buried here. Lisnalinchy is a fine ringed fort
of the mound type. It was probably used as a residence by
the Kings of Dalaradia, their other residence being at
Rathmore.

J SKILLEN, Hon.

R. 8S. LEpPPer, } Secretaries.

REPORT OF SURVEY OF ANTIQUITIES COMMITTEE.

The Handbook of Antiquities, published by the Ancient
Monuments Advisory Council, will appear within the next
few months. This publication incorporates the work of
the B.N.F.C. Survey of Antiquities, and full use has been
made of plans and photographs for illustrations.

In Dr. Mahr’s Presidential Address to the Prehistoric
Society especial mention was made of the B.N.F.C. Survey
as being an important undertaking in Irish Archaeology.

After a period of six years it is only natural that reports
of monuments of archaeological interest are not coming in
to the same extent. Several workers have written to say
that they have exhausted their particular districts. Mr.
M‘Namara, however, continues to send in reports from the
Ballynahinch area, and special credit is due to those in-
defatigable workers, Miss Rea and Mrs. Crozier, who have
added several hitherto unknown antiquities to the list.

The Belfast Municipal Museum is undertaking the
listing of Bronze Age Antiquities for Northern Ireland, and
all members of the B.N.F.C. are asked to send in reports
of any they may know of, and in this way assist in work
of the greatest interest and importance.

M. Garrixin, Hon. Secretary.
REPORT OF JUNIOR DIVISION.

The Committee met three times during the year, and
the number of members now stands at 101.

The following excursions and meetings were held:—

17th April: Geological Walk from Maze to Lisburn.
Ist May: Belvoir Park. 11th May: Evening excursion to
Lagan. 22nd May: For Botany and Marine Zoology at
Holywood and Cultra. 11th June: Cave Hill Quarry. 19th
June: Holywood Hills and Dundonald. 21st Aug.: Armagh
to visit Cathedrals, Observatory and Museum. 27th Aug.:

1937-38.)
447

Belfast Castle Grounds. 28rd Sept.: Cave Hill to collect
material for Conversazione. 24th Sept.: Conversazione.
6th Nov.: At Museum to examine prehistoric objects. 12th
Nov.: Bird Lecture illustrated by slides and films. 12th
March: Social Evening. 16th March: Talk at Museum on
local history. 29th March: Conversazione at Friends’
School, Lisburn.

A special prize presented by Miss W. J. Sayers on the
Season’s botanical work did much to foster interest in this
subject, while the popularity of archaeology was demon-
strated by the excellence and number of models exhibited
at the Conversazione.

E. EK. Barry, Hon. Secretary.

_CLUB MEDALLISTS.

1923. William Swanston, F.G.S.

1924. Nevin Harkness Foster, F.L.S., M.R.I.A.
1925. Nathaniel Carrothers.

1926. Robert Bell.

1927. R. Lloyd Praeger, D.Sc., M.R.I.A.

1928. R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.I.A.

en t No award.

1931. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.

19382. J.A.S. Stendall, M.R.I.A., M.B.0O.U.

19383. <A. M‘I. Cleland.

1934. Professor Gregg Wilson, O.B.E., D.Sc., M.R.I.A.
1985. No award.

1936. Professor J. K. Charlesworth, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S.
1937. Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A., M.R.IL.A.

Rev. W. R. Megaw joined the Club early in 1917, and
has served it almost continuously as a member of
Committee. He has been Honorary Secretary for Botany
on many occasions and occupied the Presidential Chair
during the session 1922-23.

But it is not for work done in the Club, however useful
and important, that the Commemoration Medal is awarded;
it is for work which materially benefits those sciences within
the scope of the Club’s interests.

In the science of Botany Mr. Megaw has long been a
leading member, specialising in the moss group, and it is
to him that Ulster scientists chiefly owe their present-day
knowledge of these lowly cryptogams.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
448

Mr. Megaw was elected a member of the Moss Exchange
Club, Section II, in 1918, and when it and Section I were
merged to form the British Bryological Society, in 1922, he
became a foundation member of what is now one of the
leading bodies of its kind in Kurope.

To the Proceedings of the above Society Mr. Megaw
has annually contributed the results of his researches in
moss distribution, chiefly in Northern Ireland, though by
no means confined to this area, as he has worked from time
to time in other parts of Ireland, as well as in England,
Scotland and Wales.

It has been Mr. Megaw’s good fortune to find a moss
new to the British Isles, in Webera calcarea, while he has
added several species and varieties to the Irish list.

In connection with the forthcoming new Edition of
the Flora of N.-E. Ireland, Mr. Megaw has undertaken to
prepare the section dealing with both mosses and hepatics.

When the Second Supplement to the old Flora was
compiled in 1923 by the late Sylvanus Wear, Mr. Megaw
supplied numerous records among the flowering plants.

In recognition of his services to botanical science he
was elected a Member of the Royal Irish Academy in 1929,
and in the same year he contributed in the compilation of
the R.I.A. ‘‘ Report on Recent Additions to the Irish Fauna
andy @lora: <

From the inception of the Irish Naturalists’ Journal in
1925 Mr. Megaw has acted as Editor for botany and has

contributed largely to its pages in his own sphere of scientific
research.

1937-38.]

1936-37.

=

449
LIST OF EXCHANGING SOCIETIES.

1937-38.
— Barrow-in-Furness—Naturalists’ F.C. and Lit.
and Sc. Association.
1 Belfast—Committee of Public Museums and
Art Gallery.
1 Committee of Public Libraries.
N.H. and Phil. Society.
= Presbyterian Historical Society of
Treland.
— Berlin—Zoologisches Museum der Universitat.

1 Birmingham—N.H. and Phil. Society.

1 Bournemouth—Natural Science Society.

1 Brighton and Hove—N.H. and Phil. Society.
— Bristol—Naturalists’ Society.

1 Brussels—Musée Royal d’Hist. Nat.

— Buteshire—N.H. Society.

1 Caradoc and Severn Valley—Field Club.

1 Cardiff—Naturalsts Society.

1 Carlisle—Natural History Society.

— Chester—Society of Nat. Sc., Lit. and Art.

1 Coventry—N.H. and Se. Soc.

1 Down and Connor—Historical Society.
1 Dublin—N.F.C.
1
1

—

Royal Irish Academy.
Royal Society of Antiquaries, Ireland.
— Royal Zoological Society of Ireland.
— Dumfriesshire and Galloway—Natural History
and Antiquarian Society.
1 Dundalk—County Louth Archaeological
Journal.
1 Eastbourne—N.H., Photographic and Lit.
Society.
1 Edinburgh—Geological Society.
Essex—Field Club.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
450

1936-37. 1937-38.

1

Eton College—Natural History Society.
Frankfort—Senckenbergische Bibliothek.
Glasgow—Royal Philosophical Society.
Glasgow and Andersonian Natural History and
Microscopical Society.
Guernsey—La Société Guernésiaise.
Halifax, Nova Scotia—Institute of Science.
Hertfordshire—N.H. Society and F.C.
Isle of Man—N.H. and Antiquarian Society.
Isle of Wight—Natural History Society.
Leeds—Philosophical and Literary Society.
Leicester—Lit. and Phil. Society.
Leyden—Rijks Ethnograpisch Museum.
Liverpool—Geological Society.
Naturalists’ Field Club
Llandudno, Colwyn Bay and District—Field
Club.
London—British Association.
British Museum.
Geologists’ Association.
Linnean Society.
Natural History Society.
Manchester—Geological Association.
Lit. and Phil. Society.
Microscopical Society.
Marlborough College—Natural History Society.
Mexico—Instituto de Biologia.
Montevideo, Uruguay—Museo de Hist. Nat.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne—Natural History Society
of Northumberland, Durham and
Neweastle-upon-Tyne.
Northern Naturalists’ Union.
Northern Naturalists’ Union.
University of Durham.
Norfolk and Norwich—Naturalists’ Society.
North Staffordshire—Field Club.

1937-38.]

1936-37.

eee Ye

Re Bt a hg

YS S| —S

451

1937-38.

Northern Naturalists’ Union.
Oxford—Ashmolean Natural History Society. .
Perthshire—Society of Natural Science.
Plymouth Institution and Devon and Corn-
wall N.H. Soe.
Stavanger—Staats Museum.
Scientific and Field Naturalists’
Society.
Toronto—Royal Canadian Institute.
Torquay—Natural History Society.
Wellington, N.Z.—Royal Society of N.Z.

Swansea

Us 2

Boston, Mass.—Society of Natural History.
Chicago—Academy of Sciences.

Field Museum of Natural History.

John Crerar Library.
Cincinnati—Lloyd Library.
Madison, Wis.—Wisconsin Academy of

Sciences, Arts and Letters.
Milwaukee, Wis.—Public Museum.
New York, N.Y.—Academy of Science.
Philadelphia—Academy of Natural Sciences.
Portland, Maine—Society of Nat. History.
Rochester, N.Y.—Academy of Science.
St. Louis, Mo.—Academy of Sciences.
Missouri Botanical Garden.

San Diego, Cal.—Society of Natural History.
San Francisco, Cal.—California Academy of

Sciences.

Staten Island, N.Y.—Institute of Arts and
Sciences.

Tuft’s College, Mass.—Katon Memorial
Library.

Washington—U.S. Geological Survey.
Government Printing Works.
National Museum.
Smithsonian Institution.

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455

ENE

Arse. of Birds, The” 58.

moans, Miss F. M. J., “ Linnaea”
alae

“Adaptations in
AAO,

Altikuragh and Giant’s Sconce 291.

Arboe Cross and Toome 11.

* Archaeology of Tyrone’’ 337.

* Archaeological Demonstrations ”’

the Crustacea ”’

401.
Armagh 145, 379, 418.
Asher, H. M. F., ‘“‘ Chromosomes

and Genes ”’ 312.

“Australia, Strange Animals of”
ist
251.

Bailev, C. S., ‘‘ Notes on the History

: of Botany ’’ 245.

Ballinderry and Glenavy 193.

Ballintoy 45, 293.

Do. ‘Exploration of Caves ”
Boge ole.

Ballyearry (Red Hall) 54, 482.

Ballveastle 149.

Ballyhornan and Benderg 229, 329.

Ballymacormick Point 297.

Ballymena 236.

Ballynahinch 192.

Barney's Point. Island Magee 187.

Baronscourt 299.

* Bees and Wasps ” 337.

** Beetles. Common British ’

S Belfast, Old 53.

Bellahill 432.

Bellevue Zoological Gardens 297.

Belvoir Park 48, 240, 391, 418.

Benburb 300.

Benevenagh 139, 377.

Benington, J. A., ‘Sport with a
Camera in Natureland’’ 59.
“The Meaning of Bird Song”
158. ;

Bessbrook 7, 101.

merry, Col. R.

Gods ”’ 61.

“ Biologists, Great '’ 206.

Itsy

(in > ® Dies Gehtine

= ET Semeeor

Birds, coe A.B.C.. 05," 58,

‘Bird Song, Meaning of” 158.

Bonamarghy 149.

Botanic Gardens 293.

Botanical Night 312.

‘‘ Botanical Travel, Notes on” 247.

Botany Demonstrations 314.

‘‘Botany for the Amateur ’’ 208.

‘‘ Botanizing in Garden and Field”
395.

‘‘Botanizing in Ireland "’ 205.

‘‘Botanizing in Rumania” 2%.

Boyne Valley 194, 231.

‘‘ Britain in the Bronze Age’”’ 204.

British Bryological Society 14.

‘‘ Bronze-Copper Transition Period "
154.

Browndod 331.

Brown’s Bay 430.

Bundoran and District 50, 415.

Cairns, Hugh, ‘‘ Great Biologists ”’
206.

Campbell, A. Albert, ‘‘ Ourselves :
The Story of the Club” 436.

Carngaver Hill 6.

Carlingford 234.

Carnlough, Garron
Straidkilly 431.

Carnmoney 379.

Carr’s Glen and Cavehill 421.

Carpenter, D. J., “‘ Moth and Butter-
fly Lore’ 16, ‘‘Romance of
Flowers "’ 337.

Castle Espie and Nendrum 237.

Castlewellan 420.

Cave Hill and M‘Art’s Fort 5,
328, 421.

“Cave Researches in England ’’ 61.

‘Celtic Gods ”’ 61.

“Changes in the Climate and Tife
of Europe since the Ice Age”
200.

Charlesworth, Professor J. K.,
“Palaeolithic Man in Sligo?”

Point and

139,

(Proc. B.N.F.C.

456

25, ‘‘ Origin of the Irish Fauna
and Flora’’ 114, ‘‘ Changes in
the Climate and Life of Europe
since the Ice Age”’ 200, ‘‘ Demon-
strations in Geology ”’ 340.

Chase, Captain C. D., ‘‘ Grasses ’’ 60,
“Some random thoughts on
Philosophy and Science” 112,
‘‘Flora of Spain compared with
that of Ireland ”’ 208, ‘‘ Botaniz-
ing in Rumania ’”’ 246.

Chester and District 104.

‘Chromosomes and Genes "’ 312.

Clarke, R. E. L., ‘‘Geology and
Water Supply ”’ 438.

Cleland; A. ‘M‘I., “The Eifects of

Heat on Flints”’ 206, ‘‘ Para-
moudras and other Hollow
Flints’’ 207, ‘‘An Interesting

Rock Exposure at Whitehead ”’
208, ‘‘Some Notes on Lough
Neagh ”’ 250, ‘‘ The Induration
of Rocks. by Heat"! (251, 7“ Kil-
waughter Quarries "’ 308, ‘‘ Geo-
logical Tour of Great Britain ”’
337, 340, “Elints”’ 399; °° Geo-
logical Features of Cork and
District ’’ 438.

Club Survey of Antiquities 308.

Coleraine 223.

Collin Glen 145.

Comber Estuary 104, 390.

Common: h, He -osoills 9399;

Conference of Field Clubs: Bally-
castle 197, Portballintrae 240,
Cookstown 301, JVondonderry
333, Portstewart 390, Belfast
432.

Conlig 421.

Cookstown 106.

Cork and District 422.

Craighuliar Quarries, Portrush 12.

Cushendall and Cushendun 377.

Cultra 229.

“Dalriada in Stone, Story and
Sono’ (sit.
Davies, O., ‘‘ Prehistoric Archae-

ology of Tyrone" 337, ‘‘ Stone
Circles in Northern Ireland ”
400, ‘‘ Archaeological Demon-
strations ’’ 401.
Davisony “Ay “H.;
Belfast ’’ 308,
Man ”’ 395.
Deane, C. D.,
Birds ’’ 439.

“ Neo-Anthropic
“Geology and

“Social Habits of

Demonstrations Zoology 255,
Botany 315, Geology 340,
Archaeology 401, Common Algae
440,

Derryadd 53.

Donegore 140, 382.

Downhill 103.

Drumbeg and Lambeg 417.

Dublin and District 8, 142, 330.

Dunluce 108.

Dunseverick 188.

Dumfries and District 189.

on

“ Ecology of Animals ’’ 337.
‘Effects of Heat on Flints ” 206.
Ellis’s Cut 294.

Enniskillen 327.

Evans, EH, Ei = iBritain ane the
Bronze Age” 204, ‘‘ Club Sur-
vey of Antiquities ’’ 308, ‘* Stone
Circles in Northern Ireland ”’
400, ‘‘ Evolution of Belfast and
its Region ”’ 437.

‘Evolution of Belfast
Region ”’ 437.

Exchanging Societies, Lists of 177,
175, 269, 349, 449.

Excursions (See Index).

‘“ Exploration of Ballintoy Caves ”
Roe oles

Farrington, A.,

and its

‘“Researches on

Bogs and other Recent De-
posits ’’ 310.
“Fauna and Flora, Origin of

Irish ”’ 114.

“February Skies, The ’’ 60.

‘“Field-work as a Handmaid to
History ”’ 57.

** Flints ’’ 399.

“Flora of Spain compared with
that of Ireland ’’ 208.

Flush, The 236, 297.

Flynn, Professor T. Thomson,
‘Strange Animals of Australia ”’
251, ‘““Symmetry in Animals”
440,

““ Folk-lore ’’ 115.

“Fungi and Diseases of Plants ”’ 18.

Gaffikin, Miss M., ‘‘ Club Survey of
Antiquities ’’ 308, ‘‘ Types of
Tae Sepulchral Pottery "
208.

Galgorm Demense 52.

Galway 294.

Garron Point 431.

“Geology for Beginners” 312.

1937-38.]

457

“Geology and Man ”’ 395.
“Geology of North-West
A Sketch of” 155.
“Geology and Water Supply ” 438.
‘Geological Features of Cork and

District ’’ 438. |
“ Geological Tour of Great Britain " |
337, 340.
Giant’s Causeway 296.
Giant's Foot 377.
Giant’s Ring 382.
Giant’s Sconce and Altikeeragh 291.
Glasdrumman and Kilkeel 188.
Glenann and Slieve-an-Orra 184.
Glenarm 147.
Glenshesk 418.
Glynn and Glenoe 379.
Gogan, L. -S., ‘“Bronze-Copper |
Transition Period ”’ 154.
Gortin Glens 329.
‘““ Grasses ”’ 60.
Greencastle and Kilkeel 11.
Greencastle (Co. Tyrone) 141.
“Grouping of Plants in Families,
The’”’ 156.

Tyrone,

Hare’s Gap and Diamond Rocks,
195.

Hartley, J. J., ‘‘A Sketch of the
Geology of North-West Tyrone ”’
155, ‘‘ Underground Connections |
between TLoughs Mask and |
Corrib” 308, ‘‘ Precious and
Semi-Precious Stones’) 399,

mem. S., “An Ulster Folk
Recital’ 248, ‘‘Dalriada in
Stone, Story and Song’ 311.

oo, 6«6Dr. S.-W, ‘ Thumb-nail
Sketches of Larne’ 24.

Hillsborough 197.

“How I Began to Botanize " 246.

“TInduration of Rocks by Heat"
251.

“Insect Menace " 244.

“Insect Societies ’’ 203.

“Interesting Rock Exposure at
Whitehead ” 208.

Jackson, Dr. Te WwW: ** Cave
Researches in England” 61,

“ Pleistocene Cave Animals and
their present Relatives’’ 116,
“The Life of Palaeolithic Man ”’
159, ‘‘ Exploration of Ballintoy
Caves” 252, 312.

i “* Local

| Loughridge, J. S.,

' Lynn, Dr.

Kerr, C. E., ‘‘ The February Skies ”’

60, “The Sun and the
Naturalist ’’ 153.
Kertland, Miss M. P., ‘‘ Peat In-.

vestigation and Pollen Ana-
lysis ’’ 439.
Killough and St. John’s Point 421.
Kilkeel 11, 332.
Kilroot and Bellahill 432.
‘““Kilwaughter Quarries ”’ 308.
Knockdhu 102.
Knocknadona and Dromore 331.

Lagan River 185, 227, 331.

| Lantern Night 114, 307.

Larriban Cliffs 45.

“Life and the Universe ’’ 113.
Limavady and Roepark 325.
‘“*TLinnaea ”’ 312.

Lists of Members 83, 178, 277, 362.

' **Tocal Marine Boring Animals ”’

4AQ,

Text-book illustrations in
Geology ”’ 27.

Lough Erne 327.

Lough Fea and Creggan 186.

Loughgall and Armagh 418.

Lough Neagh 49, 53.

“ Lough Neagh, Notes on ”’ 250.

““Tuminosity in
Animals” 202, ‘‘ Ecology of
Animals ”’ 337, ‘‘ Birds’’ 399.

Louth District 291.

Howry, | De OE.
Crusader ’’ 58.

“Luminosity in Animals ”’ 202.

Mary I., ‘‘ Demonstra-

tions on Common Algae ”"’ 440.

Slur tae

MacDonald, R., ‘‘ Pearls ’’ 337.
Maghera and District 47.
Magheramourne 109.

Magilligan 103.

Marino 103.

Massereene Park 333.

Medallists, R. J. Welch, D.Sc.,
M.R.1.A., 39, S. A. Bennett, B.A.,
Bisc., 174 J. A. S, Stendall,
M.R.I.A.,. 219, A. M‘I. Cleland
267, Professor Gregg Wilson,
NBA: MIRE A,...D:Sé., O.B Ee.
321, Professor J. K. Charles
worth, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S., 394,
Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A.,
M.R.1.A., 447,

{Proc. B.N.F.C.

458

Megaw, Rev. W. R., ‘‘ South Africa :

Its call to the Naturalist ’’ 26,
‘How 1 Began to Botanize ”
246.

M‘Kean, E. J., ‘‘ Folk-lore’”’ 115.

‘*Mendelism ”’ 208.

Moira 226.

Monlough 6, 292.

Montalto 109.

“Moth and Butterfly Lore ’’ 16.

Mounstewart 13, 148.

Mourne, Kingdom of

Muckamore Abbey 183.

“Museum Minded Scandinavia ”’
4A,

Muskett, A. E., ‘‘Fungi and Dis-
eases of Plants” 18, ‘‘ Botany
for the Amateur ’’ 208.

Sy

ant,

“Naturalism in Roman Art” 60. _
Needham, A. E., ‘‘ Adaptations in
the Crustacea ’’ 440.
Nendrum. 102, 237.
‘“Neo-Anthropic Belfast ’’ 308.
Newry and Slieve Gullion 328.
Newtowncrommelin 228.
Nodder, C. R.; ‘‘ Word Lore
Field Club Interests ’’ 306.
‘““Notes on the History of Botany
DAD:
“Notes on Lough Neagh ”’ 250.

and

”

O° Brien,, M. JA,
TOMS a=, Lully,

‘“Qoham Inscriptions ” 115.

“ Other Animals ”’ 399.

“Ourselves: The Story
Glub ”” “436.

“Ogham Inscrip-

of the

‘* Palaeolithic Man in Sligo ”’ 25.

‘“Palaeolithic Man, The Life of”
159.

“ Paramondras
Plints. 2-207.

Pearls? 3377.

and other Hollow

“Peat Investigation and Pollen
Analysis *’ 439.
‘Philosophy and Science, Some

random thoughts on ”’ 112.

‘Picture Writing and Conversing
by signs. ’’ 247.

“Pleistocene Cave Animals and
their present Relatives ”’ 116.

‘““Pond Life ’’ 307.

Portaferry 298.

Portglenone 52, 389.

Portmoré district 6.

-ortmuck 331, 430.

-ortstewart 390.

-raeger, Dr. R. LI., ‘“‘ Life and the
Universe "’ 1138, ‘‘ Botanizing in
Ireland ”' 205, “Notes on
Botanical Travel’ 247, ‘* Rela-
tions of Geology to Field
Botany ” 339, ‘‘ Progress of the

New Flora of N.E. Ireland ”’
AOL.

| “* Precious and Semi-Precious
Stones ” 399.

‘Progress of the New
| N.E. Ireland ’’ 401.
| Ourdysburn 45, 388.

Flora of

Juery Night 399, 439.

Ram’s Island 49.

' Records 353.

Red Hall 54, 432.

Gilly, (ES Oe
Beetles "’ 157.

“Relations of Geology
Botany ”’ 339.

“Researches on Bogs and other
Recent Deposits ”’ 310.

Richmond, Ian A., ‘‘ Naturalism in
Roman Art ”’ 60.

Rohleder, Dr. H. P. T., ‘‘ The So-
called Volcanic Necks of Nor-
thern Ireland ”’ 20.

“Romance of Flowers ”’ 337.

“Romance of a Packet of Seeds ”’
312.

Rosapenna 332.

Rules 79, 273.

“Common British

to Field

Saintfield Demesne 301.

Sallagh Braes 102, 326.

Sayers, Miss W. J., ‘‘ Field-work as
a Handmaid to History” 47,
“The Grouping of Plants in
Families ” 156, ‘‘ Botanizing in

_ the Garden and the Field ’’ 399,

Scarva 10.

Scawt Hill 326.

Scrabo 292.

Searle, G. O., ‘‘ Mendelism ”’ 208.

Shrewsbury and District 382,

“Sigurd the Crusader ’’ 58,

Silent Valley 196.

Sixiowns and Lough Patrick 238.

Skillen, J., ‘‘Some ‘Ifs’ of Trish
History ” 208, ‘‘ Picture Writing
and Conversing by Signs ’’ 247,
‘Some Reminiscences "' 337,

1937-38.]
459

Sligo 142.

Small, D.Sc., Professor J., ‘‘ Demon-
strations on Botany ”’ 315.

** Social Habits of Birds ” 489.

** Soils *’ 399.

“Some ‘Ifs’ of Irish History ’’ 208.

‘“ Some Museum Fancies, Facts and
Fads " 400.

‘**Some Reminiscences "’ 337.

‘South Africa, Its Call to
Naturalist ’’ 26.

‘Sport with a Camera in Nature-
land ’’ 59.

St. John’s Point and Killough 421.

piemdall, J. A. S., ‘The A.B.C. of |
“The Stewart Let- |
ters’ 252, ‘‘ Bees and Wasps” |
399, |

Birds ”’ 58,

337, ‘‘Other Animals’”’
‘Some Museum Fancies, Facts
and Fads” 400, ‘‘ Museum
Minded Scandinavia ”’ 440.
“Stewart Letters ’’ 252.
“Stone Circles in Northern
Jand ’’ 400.
Straidkilly 431.
Strangford Lough (West Side), 51.
“Sun and the Naturalist, The’’ 153.
“Symmetry in Animals "’ 440.

Ire-

“Talks and Slides ’’ 118.

Tardree and Scawt Hill 227.
Templepatrick 140.

“Thumb-nail Sketches of Larne”

¢
24.

Toome 11.

the |

Turner, A., ‘‘ Romance of a Packet
of Seeds ”’ 312

“Types of Prehistoric Sepulchral
Pottery ”’ 208.

* Ulster Folk Recital’? 248.
“Underground Connections be-

tween Loughs Mask and
Corrib’ 308.
Visits to Municipal Museum and

Art Gallery 314.
“Volcanic Necks of Northern Ire-
land, The So-called ”’ 20.

Welch, R. J., ‘‘ Local Text-book
illustrations in Geology’ 27.
“Geology for Beginners’”’ 312,
Obituary 403.

Welch Memorial Fund 394.

Whiteabbev to Macedon 234.

White Rocks Caves 108.
Williams, G.. ‘‘ Insect
203, ‘ Local

Animals ”’ 440,

Wilson, Professor
Insect Menace” 244, ‘* Demon-
strations in Zoology” — 255,
“Pond Life ’’ 307.

Woodburn Glen and Carrickfergus,

Societies ”’
Marine Boring

Gregg,

“The
DIAS

239).
“Word Lore and Field Club
Interests ” 306,

Zoological Evening 337.

460

PRESENTED
_2 WAY 1946

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Volcanic Necks in South Germany, Plate I (facing) 20.

Clay Figurine from Ballintoy Caves 254.

Portrait of R..J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.LA., Plate II (facing) 37’.

ANNUAL REPORTS

AN

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BELFAST NATURALISTS
FIELD CLUB

1938-39
till
1946-47

SERIES Ii.
VOL. X.

BELFAST.
Printed by the Northern Whig, Ltd., Bridge Street.

1947.

fo be iv

“PROCEEDINGS

AND

ANNUAL REPORTS

SERIES Il
VOL. X.

PART {
1938-1939.

FOR CONTENTS SEE INSIDE COVER.

PRINTED FOR MEMBERS ONLY.
PRICE OF EXTRA COPIES TO MEMBERS 1)-.

CONTENTS.

List of Officers, 1938-39 “= hed a i Mion

Excursions :-—Castleward and Strangtord; Holywood and
Cultra; Tynan Abbey ; Edenderry ; Rostrevor ;
Rowallan ; Church Hill Demesne and Maghery :
Athlone and District ; Ness Glen ; Magheramorne ;
Crawfordsburn Glen; Glenariff and Glen-
ballyemon ; Slemish; Omagh and District

Conversazione

Papers :—‘‘ The Bronze Age in Ireland,’ Miss M. Gaffikin
“Medicinal Plants,” Miss F. M. J. Adams, M.Sc. ...
Query Night
“4 Talk About Birds,” M. N. and D. H. Rankin
“* Volcanoes,’ Dr. A. W. Woodland) BiSsc., Phipaee

“Fifty Years of Field Work,’ Dr. R. Ll. Praeger,
D.Sc., M.R.1.A.

‘Trees,’ Miss W. J. Sayers, B.A.
Annual Meeting ...
Club Medallists
Report of Delegate to British Association
Bell-Welch Memorial Fund
List of Exchanging Societies

Statement of Accounts ...

PAGE

~

PULA "TIN “V 4q OJ0Y4 |

PROCEEDINGS ©
AND ANNUAL REPORTS

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB

For the Year Ending 3lst March, 1939
(SEVENTY-SIXTH YEAR)

PART I.
1938-1939,

SERIES Ik
VOLUME xX.

EDITOR :
A, M‘I. CLELAND,

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

SEVENTY-SIXTH YEAR, 1938-39.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President:
MISS MARY GAFFIKIN.
Vice-President :
J. J. HARTLEY, m.sc.
Hon. Treasurer :
ROBT. G. HENDERSON, F.c.a., 17 Castle Place.
Hon. Librarian:

W. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S.
Orissa, Marlborough Park South, Belfast.

Hon. Recording Secretary :
J. A. S. STENDALL, M.zB.1.4.
Hon. Secretaries Botanical Section:
MISS E. BARRY,
Rev. W. R. MEGAW, B.A., M.RB.1.A.
Hon. Secretaries Geological Section:
Prof. J. KAYE CHARLESWORTH, p.sc., M.R.1.A4., F.G.S.
A. H. DAVISON, F.R.s.A.1.
Hon. Secretaries Zoological Section:

J. S. LOUGHRIDGE, B.sc., M.D., F.R.C.S.
Emeritus Prof. GREGG WILSON, 0.B.£., M.A., D.SC., M.R.I.A.

Hon. Secretaries Archaeological Section :

R. S. LEPPER, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC,.
J. SKILLEN.

Hon. Secretary Survey of Antiquities Committee :
MISS MARY GAFFIKIN.

Hon. Secretary Junior Division:
MISS FELICITY BOLTON.

Members of Committee :
Retire 1940.

Retire 1939.
MISS KATHLEEN BOURKE, s.sc. D. J. CARPENTER, 4.8.c.sc.L.
RB: DP ACLARKE Bes. Bek: W. P. CHANDLER.
W. J. WEATHERUP, B:sc.

A. M'I, CLELAND.
Retire 1941.
A. ALBERT CAMPBELL, F.R.s.4.1.
ALFRED M. M‘KISACK.
MISS W. J. SAYERS, B.a.
Honorary Secretaries :

JOSEPH SKILLEN, ae a 8
W. GRAHAM RB. SKILLEN, } 25 Stranmillis Gardens.

PROCEEDINGS.

o————_-

SUMMER SESSION.

0

CASTLEWARD AND STRANGFORD.
Date—30th April, 1938. Conductor—J. Skillen.

A bus left the Museum Buildings, College Square
North, at 2.15 p.m., and conveyed the members directly to
the estate of Castleward, permission to visit which had been
kindly granted by Viscount Bangor. Here Old Castleward
and Audley’s Castle were inspected, these erections being
of the familiar pile type of fortresses erected to guard the
possessions of the English in Ulster.

From Castleward the party proceeded to Strangford and
the grounds of the estate of Old Court, permission to visit
the latter having been kindly granted by Lady Una Ross.

The next halt was at Kilclhef Castle, still in a good state
of preservation and in design a replica of Jordan’s Castle in
Ardglass.

Short stays were made at Benderg and Ballyhornan to
inspect the fine exposures of calcreted Glacial Clays and
Gravels to be seen there, the final halt being at Ardtole Old
Church (St. Nicholas), now listed as an ancient monument.
This building was formerly the parish church of Ardglass,
but owing to a massacre of the congregation while at
worship, in 1615 A.D., the church was brought within the
defences of Ardglass.

Tea was served in Ardglass, and the bus left for Belfast
again at 8.15 p.m.

HOLYWOOD AND CULTRA.

Date—10th May, 1938. Conductor—D. J. Carpenter.

This was an evening botanical excursion, the members
walking inland from Holywood to Cultra and returning by
the coast. Many land and seashore plants were collected
and some work was done in marine fauna.

(No report.)

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
4

TYNAN ABBEY.

Date—l4th May, 1938. Conductor—T. G. F. Paterson.

Leaving Museum Buildings, College Square North, at
9 a.m. the first halt, after a short stop at Armagh, was at
Navan Rath. This famous earthwork is said to have been
erected about the year.352 B.C., and to have been
continuously occupied until its destruction in 882 A.D.

From the Rath the members proceeded to Tynan village
and inspected the fine cross there, whose date is generally
assigned to the 8th or 9th century.

The crosses at Tynan Abbey were inspected by kind
permission of Captain N. Stronge, D.L. Here are to be
seen three crosses (Well Cross; Terrace Cross; Island
Cross), none of them being in their original settings.

Rathtrillick Fort was next visited, a triple-ringed
structure with a diameter of 140 yards and trenches 16 to
20 ft. deep. Lisghen Fort, Tamlaght Mound and Niall’s
Mound were also visited.

Tea was served at Armagh, and at 8.30 p.m. the bus
left for the return journey to Belfast.

EKDENDERRY.

Date—24th May, 1938. Conductor—J. A. S. Stendall.

This was an evening excursion, undertaken for the
purpose of studying various aspects of local botany.
(No report.)

ROSTREVOR.
(United Excursion).

Date—27th-29th May, 1938. Conductor—J. Skillen.

On this excursion headquarters were at the Great
Northern Hotel, Rostrevor, all the affiliated Field Clubs
being well represented. Members from the Dublin Field
Club and the Louth Archaeological Society were also present.

Saturday, 28th May.

On this day the members made a long tour through
North Louth, under the leadership of H. G. Tempest,
visiting, among other interesting places, Dun Dealgan, the
reputed Dun of Cuchulainn. The botanists thoroughly
examined the varied flora of the ground covered, and during
the evening, at headquarters, Dr. R. Ll. Praeger gave a very
interesting talk on the plants seen and collected.

1938-39.]

Sunday, 29th May.

On this day the members journeyed to South Armagh,
under the leadership of T. G. F. Paterson, making a
complete circuit of Slieve Gullion, visiting among other
places Forkhill, Silverbridge, Glassdrummond, Crossmaglen,
etc.

The two days excursion was most successful, being
favoured with excellent weather.

ROWALLAN.
Date—4th June, 1938. Conductor—Miss W. J. Sayers.

(No report.)

CHURCH HILL DEMESNE AND MAGHERY.
Date—18th June, 1938. Conductors—D. J. Carpenter and J. Greer.

This was essentially an excursion for the botanists and
was most successful, the variety of plants met with being
very numerous.

The members first visited Annagarriff Lough (now
partially drained and devoted to peat cutting), where, on
the site and along the former shore, the following plants
were obtained:—Alder Buckthorn (Rhamnus_ frangula) ;
Marsh Andromeda (Andromeda polifolia) ; Common Cow-
wheat (Melampyrum pratense) ; Common Sundew (Drosera
rotundifolia) ; Sweet Gale or Bog Myrtle (Myrica gale) ; Royal
Fern (Osmunda_ regalis); Bog Asphodel (Narthecium
ossifragum), etc.

The members next visited Maghery, at the mouth of
the Blackwater river, where on the edge of Lough Neagh
and the sides of various streams were met the following: —
Flowering Rush (Buiomus umbellatus); Great Water-
Plantain (Alisma plantago-aquaticum); Lesser Water-Plantain
(A. ranunculoides) ; Arrow-head (Sagittaria sagittifclia) ;
Meadow Rue (Thalictrum flavum); Marsh Yellow Cress
(Nasturtium palustre and N. amphibium), etc.

The additional plants also noted were:—Butter-fly
Orchid (Habenaria virescens); Hemlock (Conium maculatum);
Garlic Mustard (Alliaria officinalis); Common Hedge Mustard
(Sisymbrium officinale).

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
6

ATHLONE AND DISTRICT.

Date—11th-15th July, 1938. Conductor—J. Skillen.

For this, the Long Excursion of 19388, the district
chosen was Athlone and neighbourhood, the weather during
the four days being excellent.

The members left Belfast by train for Dublin on the
morning of the 11th, and from Dublin proceeded to Athlone
by bus, stopping at Mullingar for afternoon tea. Head-
quarters were at the Imperial Hotel, Athlone.

Tuesday, 12th July.

The members were afoot bright and early ready to
complete a full day’s programme. After leaving Athlone,
the first stop was at Kilconnell Friary, which was founded
in 1400 for the Franciscans. This building is remarkable for
the beautiful tracery of the windows and the perfect condition
of the cloisters, on which very interesting examples of
masons’ marks were to be seen. The tall square-sided tower
characteristic of Franciscan churches is in perfect condition.

The next stop was at Clonfert Cathedral, now the parish
church. The party was met here by the Dean of Clonfert
(the Very Rev. L. H. E. flrench), who gave a talk on the
history and architecture of the building, pointing out and
describing the doorway of beautiful Hiberno-Romanesque
architecture. The wattled roof of the ancient sacristy of the
monks is one of the few survivals of this architectural
feature.

Leaving Clonfert, Clonmacnoise, the celebrated religious
site on the banks of the Shannon, was soon reached. Some
considerable time was spent here examining the high crosses,
including the ‘‘ Cross of the Scriptures.’’ Here, and at
various places, R. 8. Lepper gave interesting talks on the
history and architecture of the various sites. The last place
to be visited at Clonmacnoise was the ‘‘ Nuns Church.’’ It
was founded by Dervorgilla, whose fall from virtue brought
about the Norman invasion.

This place was often raided by the Danes, as the
Shannon was a very suitable waterway for their war galleys,
and during the Danish domination Ota, wife of Turgesius,
the most celebrated Dane of them all, was enthroned here
on the high altar and gave oracles to her followers.

1938-39. ]

Wednesday, 13th July. »

An early start was made for another whole-day
excursion. Taking the road to Roscommon the first stop
was at Rindown Castle, which is built on the point of a
peninsula projecting into Lough Ree on the western side.
Across the base of the peninsula the Anglo-Normans built a
wall from shore to shore, converting the peninsula into an
enormous bailey about threequarters of a mile in diameter.
The wall was built with flanking turrets and arrow slits,
about four feet thick and twelve feet high. The castle itself,
even in ruins, is an enormous structure fitted with portcullis,
drawbridge, and a deep fosse.

It was held for a time by the knights of the Order of
St. John of Jerusalem, and the district round about is still
known as St. John’s. Their church, built beside the castle,
consists of a nave and a chancel; both it and the castle are
much overgrown with ivy.

The peninsula on which the castle stands is the property
of the Gunning family, who have resided here for several
generations. The house was formerly occupied by a married
sister of Oliver Goldsmith, and Mrs. Gunning showed some
relics of the poet, including a portrait of Goldsmith in oils,
presented by him to his sister, some initialled silver spoons
and some antique china.

Before tea in Roscommon a visit was made to the
abbey, which was founded by King O’Connor in 1257 for the
Dominicans. This was a noble building, noble still in ruin,
but fast hastening to decay. The interior is in a dreadful
state, hogweeds and nettles breast high obscuring the tombs
and carvings; while the ivy is carrying on its destructive
work.

Roscommon Castle was built by the Anglo-Normans in
1267, and is now but a shell. From its building to its
destruction in the Williamite wars, its history was one of
tumults and sieges. It is, or was, one of the largest castles
in Ireland. Returning to Athlone the way was taken to
Lissoy, the ‘‘ Sweet Auburn’’ of Goldsmith’s Deserted
Village.

Here a resident pointed out the objects of interest—
‘‘ the village preacher's modest mansion,’’ now in ruins;
‘‘ the never-failing brook,’’ still babbling on; ‘‘ the busy
mill,’ now, alas, no more; and ‘‘ the village church that
topt the neighbouring hill.’’

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
8

The inn, ‘‘ where nut brown draughts inspired,’’ now,
in addition to nut brown draughts, is the venue for picture
postcards, and was well patronised on this occasion.

‘“ Sweet Auburn ”’ is still a place of beauty, fresh and
green, compared with the grey limestone buildings and roads
of the surrounding district.

On returning to Athlone a meeting was held, when Dr.
R. Li. Praeger gave an address on the geography of the
central plain and the flora of the Shannon valley. Plants
peculiar to the district having been collected during the two
days, Dr. Praeger pointed out their characteristics.

A. H. Davison dealt with the geology of the district,
more especially with its glaciation and eskers.
Thursday, 14th July.

In the forenoon the antiquities of Athlone were
inspected, including the Anglo-Norman castle of King John,
the remains of the town walls in the rectory grounds, the
parish church, Ginckle’s house, and other interesting
remains of the British occupation.

The members left Athlone at 3.0 p.m., reached Belfast
again after an uneventful journey, and so ended another long
and very interesting excursion.

NESS GLEN.

Date—23rd July. Conductor—W. S. Ferguson.

On reaching Londonderry buses conveyed the members
to St. Brecan’s Chapel (within the precincts of Derry City),
an edifice which possesses ecclesiastical associations going
back to the 5th century. The present ruined building was
probably erected by Redmond O’Gallagher 1569/1602. In
1897 the church of that date was visited by Archbishop
Colton during his famous tour of the diocese. Here the
Conductor gave a very interesting address on the history of
the building.

The next stop was at Enagh Lough, in which are two
islands and on each a crannoge. On one of the islands stood
a castle of the O’Cahan’s. On the west side of the lough
are the ruins of an old church said by O’Donovan to be the
largest ecclesiastical ruin in the county. At the Plantation
it was used as a chapel of ease, and probably went into disuse
shortly after that period. Here the Conductor gave another

1938-39. ]

9

interesting address, though neither crannoges nor church
could be approached.

The shores of Lough Enagh have great botanical
interest, but no time was allowed to the botanists to make
any investigations.

Passing through LHglinton village (founded by the
Grocers’ Company in the 17th century), the next halt was
at the shoulder of Shevebuck. Here lunch was taken in
front of a magnificent prospect. The view is almost circular,
at an altitude of about 800 feet, fronting a broad valley across
which shadows chased each other. On the horizon could be
seen Slieve Snaght (the highest point in Inishowen),
Muckish, Errigal and many other heights.

Ness Glen (the chief objective of the excursion) was
reached shortly after 2.30 p.m., but, owing to various
circumstances, the time allotted the members was far too
short to permit of more than a cursory examination of the
many interesting geological and botanical aspects to be met
here.

Ness Glen was found to be a magnificent piece of
quite unspoiled territory, its lower end broad and with many
green swards, bathed in sunshine or deeply overshadowed
by the numerous trees filling the Glen. Here the pathways
are broad and quite safe.

At its upper end the Glen narrows, the paths become
mere tracks, not more than 6 inches wide in places, slippery,
running on the edges of precipices where a fall might have
serious consequences, or passing over roots of trees, or
round or over moss-grown rocks.

There is a fine overhanging mass of rock at the Glen
head, down which a beautiful fall tumbles, coffee coloured,
brilliant in the chequered sunlight.

Ness Glen appears to be situated in a Schistose district,
and both geologists and botanists were keenly disappointed
that so little time was afforded in which to do any serious
work in such a delightful and promising locality.

Tea was served in Londonderry, the members reaching
Belfast again about 10 p.m.

MAGHERAMORNE.
Date—26th July, 19388. Conductor—A. M'‘I. Cleland.

This was an evening excursion undertaken for the
purpose of studying the very varied botany to be found in

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
10

the old chalk quarry workings at Magheramorne. Some of
these workings have lain undisturbed for upwards of 80
years, and in that period have developed a wonderful growth
of tiny shrubs and humbler plants. Heavy rain had fallen
in the afternoon, but whilst the members were at Maghera-
morne the sun came out very brightly and the woods were
full of light, though overhead and underfoot everything was
reeking wet.

_ A rich harvest of plants was gathered, including Bee
Orchis (Ophrys apifera) and Rose-bay Willow (Epilobium
angustifolium), the latter in some abundance.

CRAWFORDSBURN GLEN.

Date—23rd August, 1938. Conductor—Miss W. J. Sayers.

This was an evening excursion (rendered possible by
the kindness of W. J. Stewart, Esq., M.P.), the object
being the study of the local botany.

(No report.)

GLENARIFF AND GLENBALLYEMON.

Date—20th August, 1938. Conductor—J. Skillen.

The members journeyed to Ballymena by rail and
thence by bus to Glenariff and Cushendall (where tea was
served), returning to Ballymena via Glenballyemon.

Glenariff was looking at its best, much water coming
over the falls, and the glen showing an abundance of wood-
land and early autumn plants.

Glenballyemon presented a _ great contrast with
Glenariff, being bare and bleak in comparison with the
sylvan beauty of the latter delectable spot. On the other
hand it presented fine views of the moutains, in particular
Tievebulliagh (sometimes called the Antrim Matterhorn),
where the stone-axe factory was found in former days.

(No report.)

SLEMISH.

Date—10th September, 1938. Conductor J. Skillen.
(No report.)
See Plate 1.

1938-39.]
11

OMAGH AND DISTRICT.
(United Excursion).

Date—23rd-25th September, 1938. Conductors—Rev. E. M.
Gumley, A. H. Davison and J. Skillen. Numbers present, 80.

On this occasion headquarters were at the Royal Arms
Hotel, Omagh, the following Clubs being well represented :—
Belfast, Route, Londonderry and Omagh.

Saturday, 24th September.

During this day the members journeyed via Drumquin
to Castlederg. Here they inspected the castle ruins and a
dolmen locally known as the Druid’s Altar.

From Castlederg the road was taken to Torney Dorragh
in Co. Fermanagh, the route touching three counties in ten
minutes. At Torney the members visited a chambered cairn,
and at Scraghey (where lunch was taken) they spent some
time either botanising or examining the “‘ sweat house ’’ to
be seen there. At Castle Archdale they explored the deer
park and a stone circle.

Sunday, 25th September.

During the afternoon the members explored the
beautiful Gortin Glen, the chief interest being botanical and
geological.

On the evening of assembly the President of the Omagh
Club (W. Edmund Orr) welcomed the members, and at the
end of the whole-day excursion Miss W. J. Sayers gave a
talk on the plants collected during the day.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.

WINTER SESSION.

The authors of the Papers, of which abstracts are given,
are alone responsible for the views expressed therein.

CONVERSAZIONE.

The Winter Session opened with a Conversazione held
in the Assembly Buildings on Tuesday, 11th October, 1988.
There was a very large attendance of members and friends,
Tea being served from 6.80 till 7.45 p.m.

The Junior Division prize winners were as follows:—
President’s prize, W. Archer.

Zoology—1, R. Vivian Gotto; 2, Audrey Nelson.
Botany—1, Joan M‘Connell; 2, Molly Lauder.
‘Geology—1, Edna Nelson; 2, Leslie Stendall.

Archaeology—1, Patricia and Clare Macmahon; 2, Joan
M‘Connell.

Certificates were awarded to the following:—Ethna
Barry, May Beck, G. F. Brice Duffin, Roy Guiler, Evelyn
James, Neal and Denis Rankin, Jean M‘Veigh, C. Shaw,
R. W. Thompson, R. D. Meikle, J. H. Jeffrey, A. O. Dyson,
W. B. Edwards, G. Honeyford, P. Ward, J. Levin, D.
Houston, M. Thompson, A. M‘Clay, M. Peile, H. Henning,
H. “Abraham, “R.’ Hobson,°\W. ‘Glass; (Si) louston, Hs
Johnston, R. M‘Clay, H. Corbett, W. Haughton, R.
Johnston.

Silver Medal (presented by Mrs. Bolton, for general
geological work), Owen Clarke.

In handing the prizes to the succesful competitors the
President (Miss M. Gaffikin) said she gave a very hearty
welcome to all there, members and friends. She paid
tribute to the splendid exhibition and congratulated the
exhibitors on the splendid way the articles had been laid out
and labelled.

The President then announced, amid applause, that
the Committee had unanimously awarded the Club’s
Commemorative Medal to Miss W. J. Sayers, B.A., for her
splendid work in the science of Botany, coupled with her
long continued efforts on behalf of the Club, of which she
had been a member since 1917.

1938-39.
13

The exhibits of the varied activities of the Club made
an extremely interesting display. The entire ground floor
of the Assembly Hall was devoted to the Exhibition, and
the interest of the spectators was manifest in the large
number who awaited the opening of the doors, and who
inspected the display until the commencement of the
business meeting almost three hours later.

A very successful evening was brought to a close by an
exhibition of lantern views of places visited during the
summer excursions.

THE BRONZE AGE IN IRELAND.

At the opening meeting of the Winter Session on
Tuesday, 15th November, held in the Museum Buildings,
College Square North, at 8.0 p.m., the President (Miss M.
Gaffikin) gave an address on above subject before a large
and interested audience, illustrating it by many lantern
views, maps and diagrams.

The President remarked that a comparison of
distribution maps of Bronze Age finds in Northern Ireland
with one of Megalithic Monuments shows one fact of
especial interest, viz.: on the whole a decided movement
from higher to lower levels.

Types of Bronze Age burials are as follows:—(a)
secondary cists in existing megalithic monuments; (b)
single cists in hill-top cairns; (c) in multiple cist cairns;
(d) single cists without any surface indication of their
existence; (e) single burials without any surrounding
stones; (f) urn fields. A detailed study of these with their
accompanying cinerary urns, food vessels, pigmy cups, and
other funerary ware might prove of inestimable value and
throw some light on their chronology. Cremation was usual.

Professor Walmsley distinguished various elements
which went to make up Bronze Age Man. (1) An epi-
palaeolithic race. (2) A race of people who were probably
responsible for the introduction of the megalithic culture.
(3) Beaker folk.

There was no great change in the population until the
Late Bronze Age, when invaders of mixed Nordic and
Alpine ancestry, accompanied by a subservient short dark
race, entered the country. A true Nordic type may also
have arrived at this time.

Study of the Bronze Age map and Dr. Charlesworth’s
Geological map shows that most of the sites are on areas

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
14

of lighter soils and gravels. For example by Lisburn to
Hillsborough and by Dundonald to Newtownards. The
river Bann seems to have been the principal entry and the
valley is thickly populated.

Flat axes, some beautifully ornamented, and halberds
are the best known type implements of the Early Bronze
Age. The wide overseas distribution of flat axes of Irish
type indicated flourishing trade. Lunulae made of the
famous Irish gold were also largely exported.

The palstave, a development of the flat axe, was
evolved during the Middle Bronze Age, which also produced
daggers, rapiers, spear-heads and other implements, as well
as various ornaments.

In the Late Bronze Age invaders brought the sword
and socketed axe; gold ornaments were more varied and
included the gorget.

According to descriptions based on certain finds the
dress of Bronze Age man would appear to have been some
loose fitting undergarments covered by a voluminous cloak.
Rich ornaments were fashionable. His dwelling may have
been of wood or stone according to accessible material. It
is interesting to note that some finds are labelled with the
names of sites of large ring forts, especially in the district
west of Armagh. Lately, Professor O’Riordan excavated
ring forts which can definitely be dated to the Bronze Age.

The occupations of Bronze Age man were probably
agricultural, pastoral and industrial. Ballymena seems to
have been a source of output for implements. No doubt its
geographical position as a focal point for routes from the
river fords and the valleys leading from the uplands made it
an important trade centre. Armagh and the surrounding
district were also areas of importance and it looks as
though Emania were already a flourishing realm. In fact,
when a perusal of the map shows concentration at such
points as Armoy, Ballymoney, Ballymena, Antrim, Toome,
Carrickfergus, Belfast, Lisburn, Hillsborough, Dundrum,
Armagh, Fivemiletown, Derry, etc., it may be stated with
certainty that our present day Ulster had its roots in the
Bronze Age.

At the conclusion of the address E. E. Evans and J.
Skillen expressed the great appreciation of the members of
the many interesting facts the President had placed so
clearly before them.

With the election of nine Junior Members the meeting
terminated.

1938-39. ]
15

MEDICINAL PLANTS.

The second meeting of the Winter Session was held on
Tuesday, 6th December, at 8.0 p.m., in the Museum
Buildings, College Square North, when Miss F. M. J.
Adams, M.Sc., read a paper on above subject, illustrated
by many excellent lantern views and specimens of plants.
There was a very good audience, and the many interesting
facts placed before the members were dealt with in an
extremely lucid and pleasing manner.

The lecturer first dealt with the interest of primitive
man in plants, either as food necessities or as means for
healing, though the latter was mixed with much magic and
superstition.

Coming to later times, it is to the ancient Greeks we
owe the first written and descriptive accounts of plants, as
evidenced in the ‘‘ Enquiry into Plants ’’ by Theophrastus,
who may be regarded as the Father of Botany. In the first
century of the Christian era Dioscorides wrote descriptions
of medicinal plants and might be called the Father of
Materia Medica. During the vast period of the Dark Ages
no advance was made for centuries.

At last appeared the first glimmerings of the scientific
attitude—to observe for oneself and record accurately—
many great names being connected with this period. Among
them may be mentioned Gerard’s delightful and quaint old
herbal, its pages steeped in folk-lore and full of unconscious
humour. A valuable copy of this work may be seen in the
library of Queen’s University.

Shakespeare may have walked in Gerard’s garden. He
makes many references to old English herb-lore, such as
the mandrake and the superstitious ideas connected with it.

An enormous advance in the scientific thought regarding
plants was made from the 16th and 17th centuries to the
present day. This study of plants for their own sake led to
the various systems of classification, and enquiries into
their medicinal properties became a special branch by itself
under the name of Materia Medica.

Plants of medicinal importance in each of the four large
groups of the plant kingdom include among the Thallophytes
such examples as Carrageen, Fucus, Yeast, Bacteria, Ergot,
ete. Of these yeast is of particular importance in connection
with vitamins; bacteria in connection with sera and
vaccines; whilst ergot, though naturally a destructive
organism, is nevertheless a potent medicine.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
16

Among the Bryophytes we have Sphagnum, a moss
used in the Great War as an absorbent.

In the Pteridophytes we have the Male Fern, which
has been used from time immemorial as a cure for tape
worm, and is still so used.

In the Spermaphytes (or Flowering Plants), medicinal
properties were at one time claimed for an enormous
number. The weeds familiar to most of us had each a virtue
ascribed to them. To-day only some of these are recognised
by the British Pharmacopoeia as of sufficient medical
importance.

These selected plants are subjected to an exhaustive
examination, the resulting drugs being standardised by
different methods. The headquarters where this vital work
is carried out are at the National Institute for Medical
Research, Hampstead, London.

All parts of plants may be used medicinally: seed,
flower, leaf, stem, root or bark. The substances which have
medicinal properties are numerous: oils, resins, mucilages,
alkaloids, glucosides, etc. Some families include many
plants of medical importance: Solanaceae; Leguminosae;
Ranunculaceae; Rubiaceae, etc.

In conclusion the lecturer dealt with the interesting
history of Cinchona, the romance of its discovery, and its
use by the native Indians of Peru; the economic history of
quinine, its value as a medicine and the origin of its name;
the discovery, properties and uses of vitamins and recent
research on the vitamins of yeast, etc., etc.

A discussion followed the conclusion of the paper in
which the following members took part:—Miss W. J.
Sayers, Rev. W. R. Megaw, J. Skillen, J. A. S. Stendall,
F, Storey, etc.

With the election of seven Junior Members the meeting
terminated.

QUERY NIGHT.

The third meeting of the Winter Session was held on
Tuesday, 20th December, at 8.0 p.m., in the Museum
Buildings, College Square North, the evening being devoted
to consideration of the various Queries put by different
members. Owing to the extremely severe weather the
attendance was small. The Lecture Room was also very
inadequately heated.

With the election of five Junior Members the meeting
terminated.

1938-39.]
17

A TALK ABOUT BIRDS.

The fourth meeting of the Winter Session was held on
Tuesday, 17th January, at 8.0 p.m., in the Museum
Buildings, College Square North, when a very excellent
paper dealing with the above subject was presented,
conjointly, by Messrs. M. Neal Rankin and Denis H.
Rankin, both members of the Junior Section.

The authors said: This paper is based on our own
observations during the past four or five years, and we try
to show how the changes in the city during the last century
or more have influenced the bird population. We still have
the remains of some of the bird haunts of one hundred
years ago in, for example, the Greencastle shore, which is
only a small part of the once enormous estuary of the
Lagan; and the Belfast Castle grounds which stood un-
disturbed until a few years ago.

We find that mainly surface feeding duck come to the
upper reaches of Belfast Lough, principally Wigeon in
flocks up to 10,000, Shelducks, Teal and Mallard, the last
three in small numbers. We have on the other hand seen
flocks of Scaups of 100-500 frequently in-shore, and
Mergansers stay in small numbers all the year round. The
Waterworks attracts Diving ducks: Tufted ducks, Scaups,
Pochard and Goldeneye all come in fair numbers. Other
swimming birds we see about the district are the Dabchick,
Slavonian and Great Crested Grebe, Mute and Whooper
Swan, Brent and some Grey Geese, Cormorants, Guillemots,
Black Guilletmot and the Red-throated Diver. We saw one
flock of Great Crested Grebes of 150-200 birds off the
Fortwilliam shore on 30th August, 1938. The six species
of Gulls all frequent the Lough, and all but the Kittiwake
may be seen about the Lagan and Waterworks. The
Common and Arctic Terns are seen in passage.

The Waders are represented chiefly on the Lough by
Redshanks, Oyster Catchers, Curlews, Ringed Plover,
Whimbrel, Sandpiper, Peewits, Snipe, Jack Snipe, Herons,
Golden Plover, Greenshanks, Bar and Black-tailed Godwits,
and Turnstones. The Woodcock nested some years ago in
Belfast Castle grounds, but does so no longer.

The Kestrel and Sparrow Hawk are frequently seen,
the former still nesting on Cavehill, where also the Raven
nests. Constant residents are the Rooks, Jackdaws and
Magpies, while more irregular visitors are the Grouse,
Bullfinch, Long-tailed Tit, Kingfisher and Dipper. Many

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
18

other smaller birds we have as interesting summer or winter
migrants, viz.: the Corncrake, Cuckoo, Swifts, Swallow,
House and Sand Martin, Spott Flycatcher, Grasshopper and
Sedge Warblers, Wheatear, Black Redstart, White Wagtail,
Redwing, Fieldfare and Snow Bunting. We encountered a
flock of some 300 of the latter bird on Colinward during the
prolonged cold spell of December, 1937.

We discuss some interesting problems connected with
birds seen about the city, chiefly the migration routes
followed over the town by Geese, Swans and Peewits.

We conclude the paper with a short discourse on the
roosting habits of the Tree Creeper as we have observed
them in Belfast Castle grounds. This we illustrate by a
few lantern views of their roosting holes and the birds awake
and asleep in them.

The hearty appreciation of the large audience for the
very entertaining paper having been suitably expressed by
J. A. S. Stendall and Rev. W. R. Megaw, the meeting
terminated.

VOLCANOES.

The fifth meeting of the Winter Session was held on
Tuesday, 21st February, at 8.0 p.m., in the Museum
Buildings, College Square North, when a most interesting
paper dealing with the above subject was presented by Dr.
A. W. Woodland, B.Sc., Ph.D., illustrated by a very fine
series of lantern views.

A short discussion followed the reading of the paper,
those members taking part including A. M‘T. Cleland, J. A.
S. Stendall and A. H. Henderson.

(No abstract. )

FIFTY YEARS OF FIELD WORK.

The sixth meeting of the Winter Session was held on
Tuesday, 7th March, at 8.0 p.m., in the Museum Buildings,
College Square North, when a deeply interesting lecture on
the above subject was given by Dr. R. LI. Praeger.

In the course of his remarks the lecturer dealt first with
early work in connection with the Belfast Club, helping
S. A. Stewart in field-work connected with the production
of the ‘‘ Flora of the North-east of Ireland,’’ which appeared
in 1888; and he pointed out the great advantage in acquiring
knowledge of a group from someone who is an expert in it,

1938-39.]
19

rather than by laborious search in books. Co-operation for
some years with W. H. Phillips led to an intimate knowledge
of native ferns and their varieties.

He told the story of the Club’s work on the Larne
gravels, which showed that man was present during the
whole time of their deposition, or earlier; also of his work
on the estuarine clays and raised beaches of the North-east.
With S. A. Stewart two summers were spent in a thorough
examination of the flora of the Mourne Mountains. He was
one of a Field Club committee who examined the interesting
glacial beds at Ballyrudder, and later, with W. J. Sollas, a
good deal of work was done in the boulder-clays and
associated beds south of Dublin.

Five years of botanical field-work all over Ireland
allowed of the publication in 1901 of ‘‘ Irish Topographical
Botany.’’ He described two maritime expeditions, one for
deep-sea dredging off the south-west coast, and the other to
the lonely islet of Rockall. Another unusual experience was
the investigation, with Prof. W. J. Sollas and others, of the
disastrous Kerry bog-flow of 1896, when eight persons
perished. He took part in the investigation of cave deposits,
inaugurated by Dr. Scharff and Mr. Ussher, which led to the
discovery of bones of a number of animals not previously
known to have existed in Ireland.

Previous work on the raised beaches came in useful in
1908, when his evidence helped to establish the Crown case
in the ‘‘ Gold Ornaments Trial,’’ when the British Museum
had to yield up to the Dublin Museum some beautiful objects
discovered near Limavady.

A botanical survey on ecological lines of the area south
of Dublin was carried out in conjunction with Dr.
Pethybridge, and a number of limestone caverns in
Fermanagh and at Mitchelstown were surveyed in co-
operation with a party of English speleologists. Several
years were devoted to the work of the Clare Island Survey,
when over a hundred biologists visited that western island
with surprising results, 1,253 animals and 583 plants being
added to the Irish fauna and flora.

For the purpose of his “‘ Tourists’ Flora of the West of
Ireland ’? much work was done in the west during 1906-9.
Then he joined with Prof. R. A. S. Macalister in
archaeological digging, carried on at intervals for nearly
twenty years, during which bronze age and iron age
structures at Carrowkeel, Naas, Usneach, Colbinstown, etc.,
were explored,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
20

A study of the genus Sedum and the Sempervirum
eroup occupied many years, and led to much travel in
Europe and the Canary Islands especially. The latest piece
of field-work was in connection with the second edition of
the ‘‘ Flora of the North-east of Ireland,’’ four months in
all having been spent during 1935-37 in verifying old records
and exploring the less known parts of Down, Antrim, and
Derry.

A short discussion followed the delivery of the lecture,
those members taking part including A. H. Davison, J. A. S.
Stendall and J. Skillen.

TREES.

The seventh meeting of the Winter Session was held
on Tuesday, 21st March, at 8.0 p.m.,-in the Museum
Buildings, College Square North, when a lecture on the
above subject was given by Miss W. J. Sayers, B.A., the
lecture being illustrated by a series of excellent lantern
views.

The lecturer first briefly referred to the beauty of trees,
whether in winter or summer; the comparatively small area
devoted to them in our islands; their structure; their
variation in size, from the 1,000 years-old oak, reaching 180
feet in height and perhaps 50 feet in girth, down to the tiny
scrub willow of 2 inches. Continuing, the lecturer spoke of
trees in relation to their associated plants; and to light,
water, soil and wind as affecting their growth.

The main object of the lecture was to show, by means
of lantern views and actual specimens, how this may be
identified by their form, bark, leaf buds and mode of
branching, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds.

In the discussion that followed the following members
took part:—J. A. S. Stendall, A. M'‘T. Cleland, J. Skillen,
A. H. Davidson.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual Meeting was held in Museum Buildings,
College Square North, on Tuesday, 18th April, 1939, the
President (Miss M. Gaffikin) in the chair. The following
reports were presented :—

1938-39.]
21

ANNUAL REPORT.

The Committee has pleasure in presenting the report
for the seventy-sixth year, and wishes to congratulate the
members on the continued vitality of the Club.

During the year 49 members were elected. Against
this there was a loss, through deaths, resignations and
lapsed memberships, of 60, showing a decrease of 11. The
roll of members now stands at 488.

Your Committee has pleasure in reporting that the
past year has been one of sustained interest and that after
an existence of seventy-six years the Club holds a prominent
place in the intellectual and scientific life of the community.

This year saw the publication of the 2nd edition of
the “‘ Flora of North-east Ireland,’’ fifty years after the
publication of the 1st edition and twenty-six years after the
publication of the second supplement to this edition.

Two volumes of the Proceedings have also been
published this year, and your Committee desires to thank
A. M’I. Cleland who, in the regretable absence of the Hon.
Librarian through illness, saw them through the press.

It may be noted that the Welch Memorial Plaque,
executed by Miss Rosamund Praeger, has been handed over
to the Municipal Museum and Art Gallery as a permanent
memorial of the life and work of R. J. Welch.

During the summer, and apart from sectional
excursions, fourteen field meetings were held, including the
Conference at Omagh.

The united week-end excursion in May had its head-
quarters at Rostrevor, and the two excursions held on this
occasion were to North Louth and South Armagh
respectively. Both at the Conference and the united
excursion the attendance was most satisfactory, the hotel
accommodation available being taxed to its capacity.

The long excursion in July was to Athlone, and the
attendance in this case was also satisfactory, the excursion
being most successful in every way.

The programme of the Summer Session was carried out
in its entirety. All excursions were well supported and most
successful, the attendances in every case being very
encouraging.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
22

The Winter Session opened with the Annual
Conversazione, the attendance being up to the average of
former years, a large and animated audience, with the
exhibits, entirely filling the ground floor of the Assembly
Hall. The Juniors under their energetic Secretary, Miss
Felicity Bolton, had a most varied and creditable display.
Special mention should be made of the exhibits shown by
the Natural History Society of the Royal Belfast Academical
Institution.

The various meetings of the Winter Session were held
as per programme. All lectures, with one exception, were
illustrated by lantern views, the attendances being very
gratifying.

The Committee held 10 meetings during the year, the
average attendance being 7 members.

J. SKILLEN, } Hon.
W. G. R. SKILLEN, Secretaries.

BEE ENT ST EL Ae LE OT oe ee
OBITUARY.

Hugh Aird.

Mrs. W. M. Crawford.
Miss M. EK. Cunningham.
Mrs. I. Green.

H. A:-C; Griffith.
Douglas Martyn.

REPORT OF LIBRARIAN.

There is little to report regarding the past year. The
exchange list has been maintained, a list of Exchanges being

appended.
W. M. Crawrorp, Hon. Librarian.

REPORT OF THE RECORDING SECRETARY.

There have been three events of outstanding importance
during the year.

First, the publication of the new Flora of the North-East
of Ireland, the result of indefatigable labours on the part of
Dr. R. Lloyd Praeger and Rev. W. R. Megaw, assisted by

1938-39.)
23

other keen field workers from within the Club, notably Miss
W. J. Sayers, Captain C. D. Chase, A. H. Davison, E. N.
Carrothers and C. R. Nodder.

This exhaustive volume has been generously received by
botanists throughout the British Isles, and is recognised as
one of the most complete of our regional floras; a tribute to
the joint authors in which we all join.

Next. comes the inauguration of what is now known as
the Bell-Welch Memorial Fund, made possible through the
generosity of a member of the Club who desires to remain
anonymous. This Fund, which fittingly bears the names of
two of our best known workers of recent times, is intended
to assist members of the Club with money grants in
furthering their researches, within the bounds of Field Club
activity. The initial capital sum is £100, and as only the
interest can be used the withdrawals will necessarily be
limited, until other members come along and add to the
capital, either anonymously or otherwise. (For Rules see
page 30).

The third item is the acquisition of White Park Bay as
a place of national interest, for preservation under the care
of The National Trust. Although the Club was not officially
connected with the project, it liberally subscribed and
through the knowledge and activities of individual members
largely assisted in many ways. As Field Naturalists and
Antiquarians we owe a debt of gratitude to the members of
the Northern Ireland Branch of The Youth Hostel
Association, through whose efforts White Park Bay has been
saved for all time.

The appearance on the Foyle of a Flamingo, Phoeni-
copterus ruber antiquorum Temm., on 8rd April, 1938, and
reported by F. W. M. Logan, B.A., Hon. Secretary of the
Londonderry Club, coupled with two subsequent records of
birds of this species having been seen in Counties Cork and
Limerick respectively, has led to the claim for recognition of
the Flamingo to be placed on the Irish list as a rare straggler
(I.N.J. vii 2. p. 54; 5. p. 127).

Starlings are no strangers in Ulster, especially during
the winter, but it is interesting to note that two birds were
captured in December, 1938, bearing rings which proved
that one, taken at Moy, Co. Tyrone, had come from Riga;
while the second, secured in Belfast, had been marked as a
nestling on a Dutch island on 25th May, 1938.

[|Proc. B.N.F.C.
24

Among insects the most interesting record is that of a
Silver-striped Hawk Moth, Hippotion celeric L., caught on
19th November, 1938, on Crumlin Road, Belfast. The only
previous Irish record for the species seems to have been in
1881. (J.N.J. vii 4. p. 114).

Numerous records of aquatic coleoptera were reported
by W. M. Crawford, B.A., F.R.E.S., which, together with
full details of the foregoing and other notes, will be found
in the pages of The Irish Naturalists’ Journal.

J. A. SIDNEY STENDALL, Hon. Recording Secretary.

REPORT OF BOTANICAL SECTION.

There were two excursions during the session, the first
on 7th May, when 34 members, conducted by Miss W. J.
Sayers and A. M'I. Cleland, visited Clandeboye Demesne
(by permission of Mr. M'Queen, Land Steward). The trip
proved of great interest, but no unknown flowering plants
were found.

On 11th June D. J. Carpenter conducted an excursion
to Seapark, by kind permission of Sir George Clarke. Having
carefully examined the trees the party was shown the hot-
houses by Mr. Baird (Head Gardener), who patiently
answered many questions. To his co-operation much of the
success of the excursion was due.

W. R. Mecaw, | Hon.
ELEANOR 1). Barry, Secretaries.

REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

On May 10th, 1938, an excursion to Holywood enabled
members to examine sections in cuttings made in the raised
beach at Marino.

At the long Excursion to Athlone in July the esker
on which Clonmacnoise stands proved of great interest, and
the contrast between this tumbled area of glacial debris and
the adjoining flat, boggy area of the central plain was most
striking. Good examples of the action of water on limestone
were seen, including mushroom rocks around the shores of
Lough Ree.

On September 3rd, 1938, Professor Charlesworth led an
excursion to Knockagh and Woodburn Glen, where he
explained the causes of the formation of the two magnificent

1938-39. ]
25

spillways which cut across this hill. He also pointed out the
effects of river erosion and rejuvenation in the formation of
Woodburn Glen and Gorge as well as the changes which
occur in the topography of the country at the junction of
the Chalk and Greensand. In addition he gave an exposition
on the formation of Salt in Keuper Marl times.

On September 10th, 1938, Mr. R. E. L. Clarke and Mr.
J. J. Hartley conducted an excursion to Lisburn and the
White Mountain Area. Mr. Clarke directed the party to the
new John D. Barbour Well, where he demonstrated by means
of sections and diagrams the sinking of the bore, the various
strata met with and the method of construction and
operation of the Pump.

Sections were examined in the course of the afternoon
in the Trias, Cretaceous, Kocene, and Pleistocene. A special
feature was the fifteen foot section of Chalk between the
Triassic Marl and the overlying basalt at Messrs. Belshaw’s
Quarry at Oldpark, while in a near-by quarry at Rockville
the chalk is from 35 to 40 feet thick. Mr. Hartley explained
the probable cause of this phenomenon and in addition
pointed out good examples of faulting, slickensides, and
dykes.

At Knocknadona the party examined the old chalk land
surface on which lignite and the remains of trees have been
found beneath a thick covering of Basalt.

J. K. CHARLESWORTH, Hon.
A. H. Davison, } Secretaries.

REPORT OF ZOOLOGICAL SECTION.

The Zoological Section regrets to report what is probably
its worst season on record. The weather was so inclement
that its two main excursions had to be adjourned until the
following summer. The third excursion was held in good
weather in the Zoological Gardens at Bellevue, where an
interesting and instructive afternoon was spent. The Section
is looking forward to better times in the incoming season.

J. S. Loucurince, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SECTION.

The Section held three excursions during the summer
session, all being well attended.

The excursion to Rathshee included Ballylinney and
Lisnalinchy. At Rashee and Ballylinney photographs were

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
26

taken of the ‘‘ corpse-houses ’’ in these old graveyards, as
well as the ‘* mort-safe ’’ in the former place, for publication
in the Ulster Journal of Archaeology. While here a native
of the district, who is now a member of the Club, took the
party to inspect a rath which apparently had not been
officially recorded.

The second excursion was to Skerry Old Church in the
Braid Valley, a patrician foundation. Here preservation
work has been carried out on the building, and what remains
of the church will now stand for many years. The ancient
vault of the O’Neills’, where the noted French John O'Neill
is buried, is now in use as a charnel house, and as a store
and shelter for the grave-digger.

The third excursion was to Struell, where Mr. A. Albert
Campbell gave a talk on the holy wells.

The holy wells were once famous for pilgrimages,
especially on the Eve of St. John, but have been
discontinued since the middle of the last century. Recently
there has been a revival of visits from a religious point of
view.

The wells are stone roofed, showing their antiquity, the
most interesting being Tubbernasoul—the well of the eyes.
It is of beehive shape and with a domed stone roof.

A visit to St. Patrick’s Chair, a rude stone seat on a
near-by eminence was always included in a tour of the
wells by visiting pilgrims.

R. 8S. LEPPER, Hon.
JOSEPH SKILLEN, } Secretaries.

REPORT OF SURVEY OF ANTIQUITIES COMMITTEE.

The Survey continues to make progress. During the
past year antiquities of various types have been reported,
including a good many standing stones. A new souterrain
at Maghera, Co. Down, was explored and planned, some
bones, reported to be human, were found in it, but investiga-
tion proved them to be otherwise. It is hoped to publish a
report and plan of this souterrain in the Ulster Journal of
Archaeology.

Once more especial thanks are due to Miss Rea and
Mrs. Crozier for their excellent work. Miss Rea, in
collaboration with Miss D. Malet, sent in an interesting
report of Antiquities in the Omagh district.

1938-39.]
27

Students of Queen’s University continue to make use
of the Survey. It was also consulted by a student of
Manchester University who was engaged in research work
on megalithic monuments. Professor Fleure and Dr. E.
Evans obtained some information from the Survey in
planning an outing for the students at the Summer School
at Stranmillis Training College. It is gratifying to realise
that the work of the Survey is of real value.

M. GArFFikiIn, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF JUNIOR DIVISION.

There have been 37 new members. Hight members
resigned on leaving the district and three were transferred
to the Senior Section. The present membership of the
Division is 126.

This year the Committee decided to renew the Factory
excursions which proved so popular some years ago.

Old members have done excellent work. This year
marked an occasion of unusual honour for the Junior
Division when two of our members, Neal and Denis Rankin,
were invited to lecture to the Club.

During the year there have been five Committee
meetings and one General Meeting. At the General Meeting,
following a suggestion by Mr. Bailey, it was decided that
the Junior Division should attempt a Survey of some local
area. After some preliminary investigation it has been
decided to survey the Belfast Castle Grounds and part of
the Cave Hill. Permission has been granted for the Juniors
to work and collect in the Castle Grounds, and leaders of
various Sections have been appointed. The Survey will, of
course, take some considerable time, and this season we
hope to tackle the Botany and Zoology of the area. Leaders
of sections will do individual work, assisted by the bulk of
the Juiors as ‘‘ Mass-Observers..’’

The Annual Conversazione in October was marked by
the excellence and number of Junior exhibits, all more
scientific than formerly, and showing great promise. This
year the Natural History Societies of the Friends’ School,
Lisburn, and the Royal Belfast Academical Institution
exhibited with the Junior Division.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
28

The Junior Division Special Conversazione which con-
cluded the winter meetings of the Division, was much
enjoyed, and everyone present appeared most eager to start
work on the Survey and on their own collections.

Meetings and excursions during the year were as
follows: —

14th May: Ballyduff Quarry. 24th May: Hdenderry.
14th June: Black Mountain. 18th June: Holywood Hills.
23rd July: Larne. 8rd Sept.: Newcastle and District.
17th Sept.: White Mountain. 8th Oct.: Malone Golf Course
Pond. 11th Oct.: Annual Conversazione. 15th Nov.:
Discussion in Old Museum. 26th Nov.: Natural History
Films in Municipal Museum. 29th Nov.: Belfast Rope
Works and Inglis’ Biscuit Factory. 7th Jan.: Cave Hill.
17th Jan.: Talk on Birds. 18th Feb.: Talk on Geology.
25th Feb.: Ballyclare Paper Mills. 25th March: Junior
Division Conversazione.

Fexiciry Boiron, Hon. Secretary.

CLUB MEDALLISTS.

1923. William Swanston, F.G.S.
1924. Nevin Harkness Foster, F.L.S., M.R.LA.
1925. Nathaniel Carrothers.
1926. Robert Bell.
1927... R.Lloyd Praeger, D.Sc., M.R.1.A.
1928. R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.1A.

9
ean } No award.
1931. -§: A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc:
1932.) AS Stendall, Mon A SM .O. U7
1983. A. M'I. Cleland.
1934. Professor Gregg Wilson, O.B.E., D.Sc., Wetec
1935. No award.
1986. Professor J. K. Charlesworth, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S.
1937. Rev. W. BR. Megaw, B.A., M.R.I.A.
1938. Miss W. J. Sayers, B.A.

REPORT OF CLUB’S DELEGATE TO MEETING OF
BRITISH ASSOCIATION.

I had again the honour of acting as the Club’s Delegate
to the Conference of Corresponding Societies convened by
the British Association at Cambridge on 19th and 22nd
August, 1938, presided over by the Rt. Hon. the Earl of
Onslow, P.C., G.B.E., and largely attended.

—-. ts."

1938-39. |
29

In his Presidential address on the opening day, Lord
Onslow advocated a scheme in detail for the establishment,
preferably in some large area of deerpark on the West Coast
of Scotland, of a National Park, mainly for the preservation
of the native Fauna and Flora.

The mammals preserved might include red, roe, and
fallow deer; wild or park cattle, like those in the herds of
Cadzow, Chartley, and Chillingham; wild goats; foxes;
badgers; stoats; weasels; otters; wild cats; pine martens,
and pole cats; and the rarer bats.

The Park should also contain a strict bird sanctuary,
with breeding grounds for sea birds.

The address led to a lively and interesting discussion.

This was followed by a fine joint paper from
Mies Nee GB; Kinnear, and Dr. D. H.: Valentine on
Wicken Fen, and what the National Trust has done
for East Anglia, in which Mr. Kinnear, as a Zoologist,
dealt with Blakeney Point in Norfolk, and other marine
reserves, while Dr. Valentine described the interests of
Wicken Fen for a Botanist.

On the second day Dr. H. W. Parker propounded a
scheme for The Co-operation of Corresponding Societies in
the study of systematics in relation to general biology, and
afterwards noted the names of Societies and individuals
likely to be helpful to his project, including some in Ulster.

Dr. Vaughan Cornish then read a short paper on
The Preservation of Crown Lands, with special reference to
a tract of heath and woodland in Surrey and Berks, near
Camberley and Bracknell, being part of the old Forest of
Windsor.

This was followed by a most interesting and enjoyable
visit to the University Botanic Garden, by kind invitation of
Professor F. T. Brooks, M.A., F.R.S., Professor of Botany,
who showed us slowly round the grounds, entertained us
most hospitably, and gave us every opportunity to examine
and admire the fine collection of rare exotic trees, shrubs,
and water plants, so successfully grown, excellently labelled,
and beautifully grouped in spite of the severity of the inland
climate and the natural flatness of the ground.

R. S. Lepper, Delegate.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
30

THE BELL-WELCH MEMORIAL FUND.

A sum of £100 has recently been placed at the disposal
of the Club, and the Committee (with the assent of the
donor) has decided that this shall form the nucleus of a
Fund, called ‘“‘The Bell-Welch Memorial Fund,’’ the interest
from which is to be used to provide assistance for members
of the Club who undertake research work in the field. The
rules governing the Fund are as follows:—

RULES.

1. The Fund shall be known as ‘‘ The Bell-Welch Memorial
Fund. 7

2. The money shall be placed on deposit in the Belfast
Savings Bank to the credit of the Bell-Welch Memorial
Fund.

3. The capital shall be allowed to remain intact, only the
interest being used.

4. The interest may be allowed to accrue.

5. The accrued interest up to the amount of £10 at any one
time is to be devoted to giving assistance to any member
or members of the B.N.F.C. in respect of travelling
expenses in furtherance of research work in the field—
geological, botanical, zoological, or archaeological.

6. The Fund shall be administered by a Standing Com-
mittee of five B.N.F.C. members to be elected by the
Club Committee and to retain office until March, 81st,
1944, or until their resignation from the said Standing
Committee. Vacancies shall be filled by election by the
Club Committee.

7. The Standing Committee shall elect its own chairman
and secretary.

8. Grants from the Fund shall be given at the discretion
of the Standing Committee after the members thereof
are fully satisfied with the bona-fides of the grantee.
Payments to be made by the Hon. Treasurer of the Club
on written instructions from the Standing Committee.

9. Any member of the B.N.F.C. may recommend a suitable
member to the Standing Committee for a grant.

1938-39. ]

31

10. Grants shall be made without publicity, and recipients’

BE.

12.

13.

14,

names shall not be disclosed, and the accounts of the
Fund shall be made up to 3lst March each year and
appear on the Treasurer’s balance sheet.

The recipient of a grant shall fully report to the Standing
Committee on the use made of the grant.

The existence and object of the Fund may and shall be
given publicity from time to time.

The capital may be added to either by private subscrip-
tion or by the Club.

The foregoing rules will be revised by the Club Com-
mittee immediately following the 31st March, 1944.

M. GAFFIKIN, President.

JOSEPH SKILLEN, Hon.
W.G. R. SKILLEN } Secretaries.

11th October, 1938.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.

LIST OF EXCHANGING SOCIETIES.

1937-38. 1938-39.
oo — Barrow-in-Furness—Naturalists’ F.C. and Lit.
and Se. Association.
1 1 Belfast—Committee of Public Museums and
Art Gallery.
Committee of Public Libraries.
N.H. and Phil. Society.
Presbyterian Historical Society of
Treland.
Berlin—Zoologisches Museum der Universitiit.
Birmingham—N.H. and Phil. Society.
Bournemouth—Natural Science Society.
Brighton and Hove—N.H. and Phil. Society.
Bristol—Naturalists’ Society.
Brussels—Musée Royal d’Hist. Nat.
Buteshire—N.H. Society.
Caradoc and Severn Valley—Field Club.
Cardiff—Naturalists’ Society.
Carlisle—Natural History Society.
Chester—Society of Nat. Sc., Lit. and Art.
Coventry—N.H. and Se. Society.
Down and Connor—Historical Society.
Dublin—N.F.C.
Royal Irish Academy.
Royal Society of Antiquaries, Ireland.
Royal Zoological Society of Ireland.
Dumfriesshire and Galloway—Natural History
and Antiquarian Society.
1 1 Dundalk—County Louth Archaeological
Journal.
a 1 Fastbourne—N.H., Photographic and Lit.
Society.
Kdinburgh—Geological Society.
Hssex—Field Club.
Kton College—Natural History Society.
Frankfort—Senckenbergische Bibliothek.
Glasgow—Royal Philosophical Society.
Glasgow and Andersonian Natural History and
Microscopical Society.
Guernsey—La Société Guernésiaise.
— 1 Halifax, Nova Scotia—Institute of Science.

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—
—_—

1938-39.1
33
1937-38. 1938-39.
Hertfordshire—N.H. Society and F.C.
Isle of Man—N.H. and Antiquarian Society.
Isle of Wight—Natural History Society.
Leeds—Philosophical and Literary Society.
Leicester—Lit. and Phil. Society.
Leyden—Rijks Ethnograpisch Museum.
Liverpool—Geological Society.
Naturalists’ Field Club.
Llandudno, Colwyn Bay and District—Field
Club.
London—British Association.
British Museum.
Geologists’ Association.
Linnean Society.
Natural History Society.
Manchester—Geological Association.
Lit. and Phil. Society.
Microscopical Society.
Marlborough College—Natural History Society.
Mexico—Instituto de Biologia.
Montevideo, Uruguay—Museo de Hist. Nat.
Neweastle-upon-Tyne—Natural History Society
of Northumberland, Durham and
Neweastle-upon-Tyne.
Northern Naturalists’ Union.
University of Durham.
Norfolk and Norwick—Naturalists’ Society.
North Staffordshire—Field Club.
Northern Naturalists’ Union.
Oxford—Ashmolean Natural History Society.
Perthshire—Society of Natural Science.
Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall
N.H. Soc.
Stavanger—Staats Museum.
Swansea—Scientific and Field Naturalists’
Society.
Toronto—Royal Canadian Institute.
Torquay—Natural History Society.
Wellington, N.Z.—Royal Society of N.Z.

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USA.
Boston, Mass.—Society of Natural History.
Chicago—Academy of Sciences.
Field Museum of Natural History.
John Crerar Library.

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1937-38.

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[Proc, B.N.F.C.
54

1938-39.

et he ee

Cincinnati—Lloyd Library.
Madison, Wis.—Wisconsin Academy of
Sciences, Arts and Letters.
Milwaukee, Wis.—Public Museum.
New York, N.Y.—Academy of Science.
Philadelphia—Academy of Natural Sciences.
Portland, Maine—Society of Nat. History.
Rochester, N.Y.—Academy of Science.
St. Louis, Mo.—Academy of Sciences.
Missouri Botanical Garden.
San Diego, Cal.—Society of Natural History.
San Francisco, Cal.—California Academy of
Sciences.
Staten Island, N.Y.—Institute of Arts and
Sciences.
Tuft’s College, Mass.—Eaton Memorial
Library.
Washigton—U.S. Geological Survey.
Government Printing Works.
National Museum.
Smithsonian Institution.

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36

BELFAST NATURA
HONORARY TREASURER’S ACCOUNTS
ACCOUNT No. 1. RECEIPTS AND

RECEIPTS.

Balance at credit of ‘‘ General Account ’’
at 31st March, 1938, viz.:—

With Northern eae Ltd. £90 16 8
On hands ... 5 La
Ee) a
Subscriptions received ... is 159) 2 70
Entrance Fees, 38 @ 5/- ... 910 0
Excursions Account (without charg-
ing printing or postages) ah eee (0) 5
Club Badges sold ... Rat : LS
Donation ae 010 0
Junior Division Subscriptions Seo! 3
Do. Badges sold aly) Tate}
———_ 317 ll
Shy Ry
£290 11 4
3alance brought down ... me mee cs a

Receipts in connection with the
recently published 2nd edition
of A Flora of the North-East of
Ireland.

Balance which at 31st March,
1938, was at credit of the
Club’s Thrift Deposit Account
at Northern Bank ... 16l 6 2

Interest on above Deposit up to
18th January, 1939, on which
date the moneys were trans-
ferred to Club’s No. 1 Current

Bank Account ie ©
This Club’s 4th and final Grant,
as above a 25 0 0
Sales to date and “prepaid
Postage son aa ate gl a 8}
to, 23M)

Balance at debit of ‘‘ General
Account ’’ at 31st March, 1939,
V1Z.:—
Due to Northern Bank, Ltd. 31 8
Less Cash on hands as 019 2

2@

i R. G, Henderson, Hon. Treasurer.
18th April, 1939.

37

LISTS’ FIELD CLUB.
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 3ist MARCH, 1939.
PAYMENTS ON GENERAL ACCOUNT.

PAYMENTS.
Printing and Stationery ... sit sete, (8) al
Postages ... oa: hic ae a
Incidentals ee ik Ae 12 6

Hire of Lecture Hall and Committee Room

Lanternist’s Fees uae “ed ae det

Conversazione Account (without charging
printing or postages) ... So

I.N.J. Affiliation Fee for 1939 ;

Subscription, The National Trust.

Subscription, Whitepark Bay Preservation Fund

Fourth Annual Grant towards publication of
2nd edition of Flora. See below

Junior Division Expenses

Costs of printing, publishing and distributing
Proceedings of the Club for the years S 1934/80.
1935/36, 1936/37 and 1937/38

Balance carried down

98 3
2 6

£290) 1. 4

Payments in connection with the recently
published 2nd edition of A flora of the
North-East of Ireland.

Accounts of Printers, Binders and Publishers
Costs of printing Prospectus, Insurance of
Stock ; and postage and delivery expenses

Audited and found correct.

E272 4 2

A. M. M'KISACK,

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i'r

- PROCEEDINGS

AND

ANNUAL REPORTS

SERIES Il.
VOL. X.

PART II.
1939-1940.

FOR CONTENTS SEE INSIDE COVER,

PRINTED FOR MEMBERS ONLY.
PRICE OF EXTRA COPIES TO MEMBERS 1/-.
@

CONTENTS.

List of Officers, 1939-40 =o ie oe
Excursions—Saintfield Demesne ; Laganvale Brick Works ;

Conversazione .. es ae ae ere
Papers—‘‘ Dalradian Rocks: Their Geology and Scenery,”

Ballycastle; Drumbo and Farrell’s Fort ;
Lough Beg and Ballyscullion ; Ellis’s Cut and
Lough Neagh; Crawfordsburn Glen; Culla-
more Mountain and Altadavin Glen ; Dublin
anc District ; Minerstown and Tyrella; Carr's
Glen ; New Grange and Dowth ; Inch Abbey ;
Londonderry

J.J. Hartley, M.Sc.

‘‘ Dragon Flies,’ Prof. Gregg Wilson, | Bs Se.

‘* Lyle’s Hill: A Neolithic Hill Site,” Dr. E. E.
Evans, M.A., F.S.A.

‘‘Some Thoughts on the New ie of oe
North-East of Ireland,” Dr. R. Ll. Praeger,
D.Se., M.R.1LA.

Lantern Night .. afd a

Annual Meeting

Club Medallists : :

List of Exchanging Societies ns ae ate sve
R. J. Welch Memorial Fund ye we bie he)
Statement of Accounts .. ;

Pacr.
40

41
54

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7 i * .
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Carr’s Glen, Belfast.

[Photo by A. M‘I. Cleland,

PROCEEDINGS
AND ANNUAL REPORTS

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB

For the Year Ending 31st March, 1940
/ (SEVENTY-SEVENTH YEAR) |

SERIES Il.
VOLUME X.

PART Il.
1939-1940:

EDITOR:
A. M'I. CLELAND,

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

SEVENTY-SEVENTH YEAR, 1939-40.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President:
J. J. HARTLEY, m.sc.
Vice-President :
A. H. DAVISON, F.R.s.A.1.
Hon. Treasurer :
ROBT. G. HENDERSON, F.c.4., 17 Castle Place.
Hon. Librarian:

W. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S.,
Orissa, Marlborough Park South, Belfast.
Hon. Recording Secretary :

J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.4.

Hon. Secretaries Botanical Section :

V. F. GRAINGER.

MISS K. BOURKE, B.sc.

Hon. Secretaries Geological Section :

Prof. J. KAYE CHARLESWORTH, p.sc., M.R.1.4., F.G.S.
W. J. WEATHERUP, B.sc.

Hon. Secretaries Zoological Section :

J. S. LOUGHRIDGE, B.sc., M.D., F.R.C.S.
Emeritus Prof. GREGG WILSON, o.8.E., M.A., D.SC., M.R.I.A.
Hon. Secretaries Archaeological Section :

R. S. LEPPER, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC.

J. SKILLEN.

Hon. Secretaries Survey of Antiquities Committee :
MISS MARY GAFFIKIN.

MRS. T. H. CROZIER.

Hon. Secretary Junior Division:

MISS FELICITY BOLTON.

Members of Committee :

Retire 1940. Retire 1941.
Dr. R. H. COMMON. A. ALBERT CAMPBELL,
W. P. CHANDLER. F.R.S.A.I.
S, D. THOMPSON. ALFRED M. M‘KISACK.

MISS W. J. SAYERS, B.a.
Retire 1942.
MISS MARY GAFFIKIN.
MISS E. BARRY.
Rev. W. R. MEGAW, B.A., M.R.1.A.
Honorary Secretaries :
JOSEPH SKILLEN,

W. GRAHAM R. BS bach} 25 Stranmillis Gardens,

PROCEEDINGS.

0
SUMMER SESSION.
fo)

SAINTFIELD DEMESNE.

Date—29th April, 1939. Conductor—Miss W. J. Sayers.
Number present—63.

A most enjoyable afternoon was spent in Saintfield House
Demesne, under ideal weather conditions, through the kind-
ness of Canon E. H. Blackwood-Price, who himself escorted
the party to the ‘‘ rough wood,’’ where Nature has been left
undisturbed, and later on through the gardens and con-
servatories.

The main object of the excursion was a study of trees
in their habitats, following a lecture delivered to the Club
in the Winter Session by the Conductor. At various points
in the woods she drew the party’s attention to the charac-
teristic buds, leaves and flowers of the various trees, also
indicating the effect on the undergrowth. Many spring
flowers were seen to be coming into bloom before the
foliage of the trees should intercept the sunshine.

In the enclosed gardens the Canon showed his visitors
a magnificent Thuya gigantea and in the pleasure garden an
aged oak, deemed to be over 1,000 years old. He also
entertained the company with an interesting account of the
happenings at Saintfield House in the ’98 rising.

The hearty thanks of the Club were conveyed to the
Canon by the Vice-President, A. H. Davison.

LAGANVALE BRICK AND TERRA COTTA WORKS.

Date—9th May, 1939. Conductors—T. Courtland Hunter and
J. J. Hartley. Number present—80.

The pits were first visited and there a fine section of
Malone Sands was seen overlying the Lower Boulder Clay.
Both the sands and clays are required for the manufacture
of bricks, being mixed in the proportion of 1 to 8.

After a short talk on the glacial origin of the deposits,
an examination of the Boulder Clay resulted in the discovery
of several pebbles of the Riebeckite Microgranite of Ailsa
Craig. It was also of interest to note that much of the
lower portion of the clay consisted of material which was
obviously redeposited Keuper Marl.

{Proc. B.N.F.C.
42

Passing the mounds where the clay has to be weathered
for eighteen months or so before use, the party moved on
to the brickmaking machinery, inspecting first the pugeing
mill in which the clay and sand are intimately mixed. The
material is then passed through cleaning rolls, where all
large stones are extracted, including the highly deleterious
chalk pebbles. The cleaned mixture then passes between
two consecutive sets of rollers, whose functions are to crush
the small pebbles to very small particles. From here the
clay is forced, as a continuous slab, through a moulding and
perforating apparatus on to the wire-cutting table, the wires
slicing it into bricks of soft clay. The wet bricks are then
conveyed to the drying sheds (long roofed buildings heated
by the waste heat from the kilns and by steam pipes),
where they remain for a week or more, the temperature
being gradually raised to 120 degs. F. In this drying
process the bricks shrink to the standard size required.

From the sheds the dried bricks are removed to the
kilns, permanent structures built back to back and heated
by good quality English coal. The bricks are piled to the
roof of the kiln, with spaces between them, and remain for
several days as the temperature is gradually raised to
1,500 degs. F. The fuel is applied and fresh fuel added in
such a way that no coal can possibly come in contact with
the bricks.

In addition to the making of ordinary bricks, the
members were also shown the process of manufacture of
various terra-cotta articles: chimney pots, ridge tiles, coping
tiles, ventilating and “‘ fancy ”’ bricks, etc., ete.

Iverything the visitors saw was of much interest and
the hearty thanks of the members were expressed to Mr.
Hunter and his son for a most enjoyable and instructive
evening.

BALLYCASTLE.

(United Excursion.)

Date—19th-21st May, 1939. Conductors—Major A. Creery and
J. Skillen. Number present—s0.

This excursion included members from the Belfast,
Londonderry, Route, Limavady, Tyrone and Armagh Field
Clubs.

On Friday, the evening of arrival, and after tea the
members visited Bonamarghy Abbey, and the carved stones
aut Carrickhonagh, west of Ballycastle,

1939-40. ]
43

On Saturday morning a start was made for the full day
excursion going via Ballintoy and White Park Bay, stopping
for a short time at Dunseverick Castle. The next stop was
at Ballylough, the residence of Captain Traill, whose
grounds and gardens were left open for inspection. The old
castle, close by the dwelling-house, was examined with
interest. It has an unusual feature in the shape of a dove-
cote or columbarium in the tower. An ancient dug-out
canoe, found in a crannoge nearby, with some unusual
ornaments, found in association therewith, were shown by
Captain Traill.

The next stop was at Derrikeighan old church, where
generations of the Scots, brought over by Sir Randal
MacDonnell in the early part of the 17th century, are buried.

On arriving at Stranocum the proprietor, Mr. R. Ford-
Hutchinson, met the party and took them to inspect two
raths inside his estate. One of the raths has an interesting
souterrainn, and in the other, which had been excavated
recently, was found a burial, eure a very curious stone, a
puzzle to the antiquaries assembled.

The road was then taken to Glenshesk, stopping on the
Way to examine two ancient ecclesiastical crosses at Mullag-
hora. At Glenbank House Major and Mrs. Creery enter-

tained the members to afternoon tea on the lawn, the
weather being perfect, and afterwards the return was made
to Ballycastle.

After dinner a meeting was held in the hotel, Major
Creery (President of the Route Club) in the chair, when
Dr. Praeger gave a talk on ‘‘ The Yew in North-Kast
Treland.’’ After this a very interesting discussion took
place, and afterward, on the motion of Mr. B. 8. Lepper,
an enthusiastic vote of thanks was passed to Major and Mrs.
Creery for their generous hospitality. The Hon. Secretary
(Mr. Joseph Skillen) was also thanked for the trouble taken
in organising the excursion.

On the 21st the forenoon was free, and in the afternoon
an excursion was held to Fair Head and Murlough Bay, the
conductors being A. H. Davison and V. F. Grainger. This
excursion was chiefly arranged for the botanists and
geologists, and was most informative and enjoyable.

Looking from Fair Head, owing to an unusual clearness
in the atmosphere, Arran Island, in Scotland, and the Paps
of Jura appeared surprisingly near. Most of the members
essayed the long walk down from the headland to Murlough

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
44

Bay, and the very arduous climb back. Beside the old
church at the bay, and amongst the talus from the head-
lands, some archaeologists were excavating an iron-age site.

During the excursion, although there were plenty of fine
cloud effects, no rain fell to mar the pleasures of the outing.
The botanists of the party were well pleased with the results
of their work during the two days. No acclivity or declivity
seemed to deter them from their search for the rarer plants.

After tea there were the usual partings with the unani-
mous opinion that it was one of the most successful outings
of the united excursions of the Field Clubs.

DRUMBO AND FARRELL’S FORT.

Date—23rd May, 1939. Conductor—J. Skillen.
Number present—26.

This was an evening excursion and at the round tower
of Drumbo a discourse was given by A. A. Campbell on the
use and origin of such structures, during which he pointed
out that, judging by its masonry and doorway, Drumbo was
one of the earliest erected, the stump only now remaining.

Farrell’s Fort is a very imposing earthwork, with a
fosse about 30 feet deep.

LOUGH BEG AND BALLYSCULLION.

Date—3rd June, 1939. Conductors—Miss W. J. Sayers, B.A., and
V. F. Grainger. Number present—46.

In brilliant sunshine the members explored a district
unknown to many of them—the north-eastern shore of Lough
Beg. The route lay through Antrim and Toomebridge,
where members of Cookstown Club joined the party, to
New Ferry.

After a talk by the President, Mr. J. J. Hartley, M.Sc.,
on the diatomaceous clay, which was conspicuous on the
Derry side of the lough, the party made its way along the
shore of the lake towards Ballyscullion East and were
rewarded by finding several plants with which they were not
familiar, including Meadow Rue (Thalictrum flavum) seen
in abundance, and here and there in full bloom; also Flower-
ing Rush (Butomus umbellatus) coming into bloom, and
Common Arrow-head (Sagittaria sagittifolia). The water
plants were suffering badly in consequence of the low level
of the lake, some of them being stranded many feet from
their natural home. Even the water lilies lay unhappily in

1939-40.
45

a hollow which was no longer a pond. An unwonted feature
of the excursion was the flocking of the thirsty naturalists
to the wells of scattered farmhouses, where kindly hands
supplied copious draughts from nature’s store.

The absence of the bird-life to be expected in that quiet
countryside—and indeed previously noted there—was dis-
appointing, but most of the party appeared to be more
interested in plants. .

On the homeward journey a short halt was made at
Moneyglass to visit the magnificent grotto attached to the
R.C. chapel there, constructed of rough-hewn Wicklow
granite, and to get a last glimpse of the waters of the lake,
the Sperrins in the evening light making a soft and beautiful
background to the scene.

ELLIS’S CUT, LOUGH NEAGH.
Date—10th June, 1939. Conductor—E. N. Carrothers.

The party met at the Old Museum and went via Drum
Bridge, Lambeg, Lisburn, and Magheragall, and then along
the southern limit of the basaltic plateau of County Antrim.
Near Soldierstown a steep descent from the plateau led to
the Broadwater on the Lagan Canal.

A few miles further on the party stopped to inspect
the ruins of the old church at Aghagallon. Here the
conductor (Mr. EK. N. Carrothers) gave a brief account of
the place based on the writings of Reeves and O’ Laverty.

The earliest record of Aghagallon is under the year 799.
A record report made in 1622 states that the church was then
ruinous. It was observed that the bygone custom of avoid-
ing the north side of a church as a place of interment was
particularly noticeable here.

The next stop was at Leansmount, where the party
walked to Ellis’s Cut, which connects the Lagan Canal with
Lough Neagh. Here by the lough shore County Down
separates County Antrim and County Armagh by less than
one mile. The botanists in the party saw a number of the
interesting plants to be found in this secluded corner of
County Down.

Afterwards the party went to Lurgan, where a visit was
paid to Shankill Graveyard, where an 18th century tomb-
stone with a curious inscription was explained by Mr.
Joseph Skillen.

[Proc. B.N.F.C,
AG

Before returning to Belfast the party spent a short time
round Brownlow House.

Two plants of considerable interest were found during
the excursion—Lesser Reedmace (Typha angustifolia) in a
lake near Brownlow House, and Marsh Meadow Rue
(Thalictrum flavum) in a meadow by the lough shore at
Ellis’s Cut. The finding of the latter adds a new plant to
the flora of County Down.

CRAWFORDSBURN GLEN.

Date—20th June, 1939. Conductors—Miss W. J. Sayers and
Miss M. P. H. Kertland. Number present—50.

An evening excursion was made to this glen by kind
permission of Mr. W. J. Stewart, M.P. Though there was
little water in the stream in consequence of the dry weather
in May, the beauty and verdure of the glen were in no way
lessened. Melica uniflora (Wood Melick Grass) was noted
and a fine colony of Geranium striatum was found to have
established itself on the bank of a stream in the demesne.
Efforts to rediscover Carex strigosa, previously noted here,
proved unavailing.

CULLAMORE MOUNTAIN AND ALTADAVIN GLEN.

Date—24th June, 1939. Conductor—T. G. F. Paterson.
Number present—o0.

An early start was made from the Old Museum building,
College Square North, and the journey was very interesting.

At Portadown the road was taken through Woodhouse
Street for Moy and Dungannon. The house in this street
bearing the tablet marking the birthplace of Sir Robert
Hart, the distinguished nineteenth century administrator,
was pointed out.

Passing through Charlemont the members were informed
that this was the borough which returned Grattan to the
Irish Parliament, as well as the site of the historic Charle-
mont Fort, the fort having met the fate of many historic
buildings during the recent rebellion.

The party next passed through Moy, so unlike the
traditional Irish town, as it was built by a former Lord
Charlemont on a Continental model.

Proceeding through Donaghmore the high cross standing
in the street was pointed out, as was the rectory at Castle-
caulfield, where Rev. George Walker, of Derry siege fame,

1939-40. ]
47

resided. Close by Mrs. Chembre brought the botanical
members to a bank where there is growing a rare variety of
Valerian.

At Dungannon a halt for refreshments was made.
When Paranaur—the home of the Burges family—was
reached Mr. Thomas Greer, J.P., Hon. Secretary, Tyrone
Field Club, joined the members. He had received per-
mission to visit this place for the purpose of examining
some antiquities preserved there, but unfortunately time
did not permit, the journey being continued to Altadavin.
Before reaching this place Favor Royal was passed, the seat
of the Moutray family. Through this property the boundary
runs separating Monaghan and Tyrone, and thus Northern
Ireland and Hire.

Altadavin Glen was up to recent times quite inaccessible
to wheeled traffic, but since it was taken over by the Ministry
of Agriculture for afforestation it can be reached in this way,
but over an execrable road.

- The glen is one of the finest viewpoints in the North,
aud contains St. Patrick’s Chair and Well, which has been
a place of pilgrimage from the dawn of Christianity, and
may actually have been pagan in its origin. The Chair has
been held in great esteem in the past, and, indeed, up to
the present. Carlton relates in his tale ‘‘ Shan Fadh’s
Wedding ’’ that it was here that Shan Fadh and Mary
pledged their troth and to the present this custom is
followed.

During the visit to the glen a great variety of wild
flowers was noted, but none of outstanding rarity. Some
of the ancient forest which covered the glen still remains,
such as hazel and holly, and the whole place is a mass of
blackberry bushes.

The party having assembled on a level sward Mr. A. H.
Davison gave a talk on the geology of the glen and its rock
formation. It had been stated that the glen, which consists
of two large parallel glacial dry gaps divided, geographically
speaking, by a hog’s back, had been formed as overflow
channels during the retreat of the Donegal ice in the glacial
period. Mr. Davison pointed out that his belief was that
the two parallel valleys were really carved out by a river,
which had now shrunk to a rivulet.

Mr. Paterson also gave a talk on the monuments and
folklore of the district, and repeated some of the tales,
mentioning some of the words still in use in Carleton’s

[Proc. B.N.E.C.
48

country, as well as ancient rites still practised at Hallowe’en
and midsummer eve.

The next stop was at the double horned cairn of
Carnagat, which is a very rare type of prehistoric burial
monument.

Proceeding by Glen Road to Clogher time permitted a
visit to Carnpadrig. This also is a prehistoric burial cairn,
but very much disturbed, possibly by treasure-hunters. It
was interesting to note the great quantities of bog myrtle.

From Clogher the route led to Armagh, and after a very
pleasant drive through the Clogher Valley this city was
reached. After tea a formal meeting of the Club was held,
presided over by the Vice-President (Mr. A. H. Davison),
when some junior members were elected.

Returning from Armagh to Portadown the old coach
road was followed. From some of the higher hills on this
road there are very extensive views. Nearer at hand are the
Antrim hills, and further away the Sperrins, the Mournes,
and the Slieve Gullion range.

It may be noted in reference to recent inquiries about
the variation in distribution of the corncrake that not a single
one of these birds was heard all day.

DUBLIN AND DISTRICT.

(Long Excursion.)
Date—11th-14th July, 1939. Conductor—J. Skillen.

On arrival at Dublin after a comfortable journey in
reserve compartments, a high tea was enjoyed in the
Standard Hotel, which was the headquarters of the Club
during the excursion. After tea, Stephen’s Green, with its
statuary, was visited, and also the National University,
returning to the hotel through Harcourt Street to examine
the interesting Georgian houses in the neighbourhood. Not
many fanlights now show ‘‘ The White Horse,”’ the
Hanoverian emblem.

The next morning an early start was made for the Vale
of Avoca and Glendalough in brilliant weather, the sun
shining with ‘‘ ardent frown,’’ to quote Sir Walter Scott.
The ‘‘ Meeting of the Waters ’’ was soon reached and the
sylvan beauty of the place has not been exaggerated in
Moore’s well-known poem.

After a few hours spent in this beautiful valley, the
journey was resumed to ‘‘ Glendalough of the Seven

1939-40. ]
49

Churches.’’ The road to this place was through the Wicklow
Hills—dells and valleys of great beauty. Arriving at
Glendalough, and before making closer acquaintance with
the ecclesiastical ruins, lunch was enjoyed in the shade of
the trees. Afterwards the cathedral, the round tower, St.
Kevin’s Kitchen (which is really a church) were visited in
turn as well as the Bullaun Stone, where, tradition states,
a doe filled it with her milk each morning to sustain a
foundling who had been rescued by St. Kevin. It is
interesting to record that a member of the party (Miss
L. C. Rea) noted seven bullaun stones during the excursion.
Leaving Glendalough the road was taken by the upper lake
to see St. Kevin’s Bed, which is a cave in the face of the
cliff, believed to have been a rock-hewn tomb such as are
found in the East.

The return to Dublin was along the slopes of Sugarloaf
Mountain which looks, with its outcrops of white limestone,
as if it were dusted with sugar.

Next morning after breakfast the party set out to visit
the various historic places in central Dublin. First Trinity
College, where was experienced the first and only disappoint-
ment of the excursion, for the library was shut, and therefore
no opportunity of seeing the Book of Kells. Other buildings
that were open were inspected in turn—the Examination
Hall, the Chapel, the Dining Hall, all with their numerous
portraits of past celebrities, including one of Good Queen
Bess, the Foundress of the University.

The next visit was to the National Library where Dr.
Best, chief librarian, and his assistants showed the party
round. Leaving here the Dail Parliament House was visited,
the members not being in session; and, lastly, the National
Museum, where courteous and kindly attendants accom-
panied the party and showed the chief exhibits.

After luncheon the members drove to Enniskerry
village for Powerscourt demesne. This visit was very
enjoyable, although the weather was moist, but not
sufficiently so to mar the pleasure of the members. A walk
of about a mile through this beautifully wooded demesne
brought the party to Powerscourt Castle where the grounds
and gardens, kept in most beautiful order, were much
admired. Many statues, illustrating classical mythology,
adorn the grounds, and the view from the front of the castle,
looking down the descending terraces to the ornamental
waters, with the County Wicklow mountains as a back-
ground, is unsurpassed.

[Proc. B.N.F.C,
50

The forenoon of Thursday, 13th, was devoted to visiting
College Green, the old Irish House of Parliament. The most
interesting things to see here are the old silver-gilt mace of
the House of Commons, the roof-high tapestries, woven by
the Huguenots, illustrating the Siege of Derry and the Battle
of the Boyne, ‘the W aterford cut-glass chandelier, showing
the spectrum in every crystal. The next place to be visited
was Dublin Castle, the State apartments and the Chapel
Royal. One is much impressed by the past glories of this
place, the crimson and gold of royalty, now dusty and
tarnished, yet carefully preserved by the Government of
Hire.

The Cathedrals of Christ Church and St. Patrick were
next visited. In the former are the tomb of Strongbow and
the mummified heart of St. Lawrence O’Toole, and in the
latter the graves of Dean Swift and Stella; here also is the
Royal pew, last occupied by the late King George V. and
Queen Mary, of the old regime, now the pew of the President
of the State, of the new regime. St. Patrick’s also has the
crimson upholstered chair which was used by William III
when he attended service in the cathedral.

The last visit, just before leaving for home, was to St.
Michan’s Church, which is noted for the mummified bodies
of the dead in the vaults beneath. For some reason, not
explained, bodies deposited here, and even coffins, do not
decay. ‘To visitors are shown the body of a Crusader, over
700 years dead, and yet his skin has not entirely decayed,
and it is curious to see the coffin of the murdered Lord
Leitrim as fresh as when it was put in over half a century
ago.

"On the return to the hotel, bags were packed, the bus
being in waiting to take the members to the train. On this
train there were many happy excursion travellers, not least
being the members of the Field Club who attended the
annual long excursion of 1989.

MINERSTOWN AND TYRELLA.

Date—22nd July, 1939. Conductors—V. J. Grainger and
E. N. Carrothers.

(No report.)
CARR’S GLEN.

Date—25th July, 1939. Conductor—A. H. Davison.
Number present—20.

At a viewpoint where a number of streams could be
seen coming off the escarpment the Conductor gave a talk

1939-40.]
51

on these streams and their courses from sources to Belfast
Lough, with special reference to the Milewater river which
forms Carr’s Glen, and flows by Antrim Road Waterworks
and Alexandra Park to the Docks.

The effects of river erosion in the Glen were then
examined, and also the various strata and some dykes. At
the waterfall fossils were obtained from the Lias and
Cretaceous beds so well exposed there, but nothing was found
worthy of special mention. (See Plate 2.)

NEW GRANGE AND DOWTH.

Date—dth August, 1939. Conductor—J. Skillen.
Number present—322.

The party proceeded by train to Drogheda, where a bus
Was in waiting to convey them to Dowth and New Grange.
These sepulchral remains were visited in turn, candles
provided by the caretaker being brought into service.
The above places are only two of a number constituting
the tumuli of ‘‘ The Royal Cemetery of Brugh Na Boinne.”’

The next stop was at the Hill of Slane on which stand
the ruins of a Franciscan monastery, consisting of the
monastic buildings and the church, but perhaps more
celebrated by the visit of St. Patrick to the hill when he
first arrived to evangelise Ireland. The view from here was
magnificent, including the Hill of Tara.

On the way to Navan (the capital town of Meath) a
stop was made at Donaghmore to inspect the ecclesiastical
remains here, which include a perfect Round Tower, 100
feet high.

Lunch was partaken at Navan, as the members sat on
the banks of the Boyne, where that river joins its waters
with those of the Blackwater.

Passing the magnificent ruins of Athlumley Castle a
halt was made at Beauparc, to visit the Boyne gorge at this
place, which was reached after considerable difficulty.

The last place visited was Rosnaree, the burial mound
of King Cormac MacArt, and the road to Drogheda was
then taken by Oldbridge, the site of the battle of the Boyne.

On the train home from Drogheda a high tea was
enjoyed, the weather during the whole day having been
perfect,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
52

INCH ABBEY.

Date—19th August, 1939. Conductor—J. Skillen.
Number present—36.

On arriving at the abbey Mr. A. Albert Campbell gave
a talk to the members, who were assembled on the green-
sward at the cloister garth, pointing out that it was a very
ancient religious foundation—the usual Celtic monastery
with attached church.

The Annals of the Four Masters record that it was
plundered by the Danes in 1001. The remains of the ancient
church were in existence less than a century ago, when they
were demolished to make room for a sepulchral vault.

In 1180 John de Courcy erected a monastery here
(close to the site of, and not interfering with, the old Celtic
foundation) and brought over Cistercian monks from Furness
Abbey to conduct it.

Of the buildings at Inch only the ruins of the church
remain, with fragmentary parts of the domestic buildings.
Unlike its sister Grey Abbey, the church was furnished with
aisles. The chancel has three beautiful lancet windows of
pointed design which succeeded late Norman architecture.

Supplementary to the talk given by Mr. Campbell, the
Honorary Secretary (Mr. Joseph Skillen) gave illustrations
of the signs used by the monks in communicating with each
other. The monks of the Cistercian Order, in addition to
their vows of poverty, chasity, and obedience, had a rule
which strictly enjoined silence. Under these conditions an
elaborate system of signs was evolved to enable the monks
to communicate one with another.

The signs used for the various officials of the abbey,
the books used in the church services, the food, the clothing,
etc., were shown. This rule of silence is not observed in
modern Cistercian houses, save with the Trappists, who are
a branch of the Cistercian Order.

The distinction between monks and friars was pointed
out, and although it had been recently, although erroneously,
stated that it was friars who peopled and built Grey Abbey,
the friars did not come to this country until long after both
rrey Abbey and Inch Abbey had been founded,

1939-40. ]
53

These abbeys were not built by the monks but by guilds
of masons, who erected the cathedrals and abbeys in the
Middle Ages, and who left their masons’ marks on the
stones.

On leaving Inch Abbey the road was taken to Down-
patrick, where the cathedral was visited, and also the grave
of St. Patrick. Before leaving for home tea was enjoyed
in the Road House, Spa. Fine weather enhanced the
pleasure of the excursion.

NOTE.

The Conference arranged to meet at Londonderry on
September 22nd-24th was cancelled owing to the outbreak
of War.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
54

WINTER SESSION.

The authors of the various Papers, of which abstracts are
given, are alone responsible for the views expressed therein.

CONVERSAZIONE.

Notre.—Owing to the outbreak of War the Annual
Conversazione was abandoned.

DALRADIAN ROCKS: THEIR GEOLOGY AND
SCENERY.

At the opening meeting of the Winter Session on
Saturday, 28th October, held in the Museum Buildings,
College Square North, at 8 p.m., the President (J. J.
Hartley, M.Sc.) delivered an address on above subject
before a large and interested audience.

The President said that he was about to give a short
account of what were, so far as is known at present, the
oldest rocks found on the mainland of Ireland. He pointed
out on the map the four chief areas of Galway, Sligo,
Donegal and Derry, and north-east Antrim where they are
exposed. Each area was seen to lie near to the coast and
they were separated from each other by inlets of the sea.
The scenery to which the rocks gave rise included some of
the finest in the country. The name Dalradian, given to
these particular rocks forty years ago by the late Sir A.
Geikie, was derived from the old kingdom of Dalriada, but
the original adjective had to be modified for euphonistic
reasons. :

The rocks themselves represent the debris from the sea-
shore of a long vanished continent once lying to the north-
west. The sands and muds of the old sea beaches had been
hardened and altered to give rise, respectively, to the massive
quartzites now forming the Twelve Bens of Connemara, as
well as Errigal and Muckish; and to the softer mica schists
which build up so much of Inishowen and the Sperrin
mountains. At intervals lime secreting organisms, most
probably algae, had secured from the sea-water the materials
which now form the limestones of Torr Head and Dungiven,
whilst submarine volcanoes made at intervals a contribution
of lava to the slowly accumulating pile of sediment.

At subsequent periods the trough in which the whole
series had been deposited was subjected to intense lateral
pressure and was gripped, as it were, in the jaws of a vice,

1939-40. ]
55

The rocks overflowed the edges of the trough, rolling forward
in some instances like the waves of the sea or, where they
were more rigid, sliding forward like a launched ship.

In this process molten material, now represented by the
granites of Galway, Donegal and Tyrone, was squeezed and
sucked up from below and oozed out along the sides of the
basin.

The President explained that the details of such an
eventful history were somewhat difficult to interpret. The
presence of limestones, quartzites and mica schists at
several horizons did not greatly help, for there were too
many of them. Fortunately, however, there were at hand
two special types of rock which acted as threads to guide one
through the labyrinth and to disentangle the confused com-
plexity. These two bands consisted of a ‘‘ Boulder Bed ”’
in Donegal and Mayo; and a thin layer of volcanic debris,
the ‘‘ Green Beds ’’ of Antrim and Tyrone. Through the
recognition and tracing out of these two horizons it had been
possible, during recent years, to gain a clearer insight into
the structure of the Irish Dalradian rocks.

The President concluded by showing a series of views
illustrating typical Dalradian scenery. It was pointed out
that both the finest cliff and mountain scenery were found
amongst the quartzite beds, owing to their relative hardness;
whilst the softer mica schists and limestones gave rise to a
more subdued topography, though one which, in the Sperrin
country especially, had a characteristic charm of its own.

DRAGON FLIES.

The second meeting of the Winter Session was held on
Saturday, 25th November, at 3 p.m., when Professor Gregg
Wilson, D.Sc., gave a lecture on above subject. There was
a very good audience, and the many interesting facts placed
before the members were dealt with in the Professor’s well-
known extremely lucid and pleasing manner.

The lecture was intended to call attention to remarkable
adaptations of structure to function, both in the adult
dragonfly and in the larval or ‘‘ naiad ”’ stage.

The adult is insectivorous, and seems to feed exclusively
on living prey, consequently speed and good sight are
important. The great wings in some species are kept wide-
spread, when the insect is at rest, ready for a quick ‘‘ take
off ’’; and in some there is an amazing development of

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
56

speed, upwards of 20 miles per hour being recorded, and
even 60 miles per hour, in the case of one Australian species.

The head shows great compound eyes, and it has been
claimed that the dragonflies have the best sight of all
insects. The mouth is noteworthy for having both upper
and lower lips mobile, an arrangement which facilitates the
picking of captured prey from the remarkable insect-trap
that is formed by the forwardly-directed legs and their
spines. The mouth also is provided with powerful
mandibles, with which wings and other inedible parts of a
victim are snipped off, to be discarded.

The whole thorax and its appendages are curiously
modified in connection with the construction of the trap
already referred to. It is as if there had been a rotation of
the thoracic rings, with the result that the legs are shifted
forwards and the wings backwards. Thus the legs instead
of being below the wings are in front of them; and the fore
wings instead of being in front of the hind wings are in
many cases directly above them. The legs have naturally
lost their ordinary function, and are not used for walking;
they can hold fast, and they are used for crawling up weeds,
but their chief use seems to be in connection with feeding.

The abdomen of the dragonflies is remarkable for its
creat length, as well as for its wonderful colours. The length
is associated with the egg-laying habits. In some species
eges produced by the female are got rid of during flight by
dipping the tip of the abdomen into water. In others the
abdomen is plunged into the water, and the eggs are
inserted into slits made by an ovipositor in the stem or the
under-surface of the leaves of water-plants. In either case
the long abdomen is an advantage.

The larvae of dragonflies show many devices to fit them
for their mode of life. Those connected with respiration
and those for securing food are of special interest. All
breathe by tracheae exposed to water by the general surface
or by special tracheal gill-plates or filaments. The light-
bodied dragonfly larvae (Zygoptera) have three leaf-like
posterior gill-plates; while the heavy-bodied species
(Anisoptera) have developed remarkable internal gills in a
special expansion of the rectum, which serves as a gill-
chamber. Rather curiously both types of breathing
apparatus have their use in progression: the gill-plates of
the one type are waved to and fro as propellers, while the
gill-chamber of the other type by sudden contraction can
drive the larva forwards by rocket action,

1939-40.]
57

A unique peculiarty of all dragonfly larvae is the
modification of the lower lip to form a ‘‘ mask,’’ so-called
because it largely covers the face region. This mask is
constructed out of the ordinary parts of the insect’s lower
jaw, but is remarkable for the development of the base parts.
These in the dragonfly larva are so long that they are stowed
doubled-up under the head and thorax. They and the
terminal grasping parts resemble a bent arm with a hand
at the end. This structure can be shot out suddenly, and
enables the rather sluggish larva to lie concealed, till chance
sends a possible victim within reach of the long arm.

The lecture was illustrated by mounted specimens of
local dragonfly adults and by living examples of the different
types of larvae.

BYGE S-HILL: A NEOLITHIC HILL SITE:

The third meeting of the Winter Session was held on
Saturday, 20th January, at 3 p.m., when Dr. E. HE. Evans,
M.A., F.S.A., gave a lecture on above subject before a very
good and appreciative audience.

The lecturer said that:—It was Wing-Commander
Wright, of Aldergrove, who spotted from the air evidence
of the existence at Lyle’s Hill of the site of a neolithic village
with an encampment of nearly 13 acres. Two seasons’
excavation work have brought to light many new facts.

By means of a series of maps Dr. Iivans showed the
importance of the site as a meeting-place for the hill-tracks
of South Antrim, at a time when most of the lowlands were
encumbered with forests. Hvidence was found of the
cultivation of wheat and the rearing of pigs. The most
remarkable feature of Lyle’s Hill, said the lecturer, was a
burial cairn on the hill-top, the erection of which had been
accompanied by elaborate ritual. Several bodies had been
cremated together, and on the burning pyre thousands of
flint tools, arrowheads, stone implements, personal orna-
ments and potsherds had been thrown, including stone aes
brought from south-east Antrim, and beads imported from
overseas. At a much later date the site continued to be
venerated, for burials were made in urns dating from various
times in the Bronze Age and early Iron Age, and even in the
early Christian period someone had deposited amber and
glass beads alongside the ancient burials.

The cairn was enclosed in a circle of standing stones,
and had a false entrance formed by a stone slab elaborately

{[Proc. B.N.F.C.
58

carved in a style which was best parallelled in western
Germany, a region to which ancient Ireland exported its
gold ornaments. Dr. Evans showed how many of the
elements of early culture had survived down to our own
day. lLyle’s Hill, he concluded, must have been the
metropolis and sacred centre of a wide area, and further
excavation at some future date should reveal more details
concerning the daily lives of a people who laid the founda:
tions of Irish civilisation.

The work at Lyle’s Hill was carried out with the
assistance of the Prehistoric Research Fund administered
by the Belfast Museum, supported by the Unemploy ment
Relief Grant of the Ministry of Finance.

A short discussion followed a most interesting lecture,
which was illustrated by many very clear diagrams and
excellent lantern views.

‘“ SOME THOUGHTS ON THE NEW FLORA OF THE
NORTH-EAST OF IRELAND.”

The fourth meeting of the Winter Session was held on
Saturday, 17th February, at 8 p.m., when Dr. R. Ll.
Praeger, D.Sc., M.R.I.A., gave a lecture on above subject,
during which he said:—

The problems which the field botanist has in mind in
investigating the plant population in any area, large or small,
may be summed up in a series of questions: —What plants
go to make up the local vegetation? Where do they grow?
Whence did they come? How did they reach their present
stations? And when did they arrive?

A book such as the one recently issued by the Field
Club attempts to answer the first two of these questions
by presenting a list of local plants with an indication, general
or detailed, of where each is found; and this is as far as work
in the field will directly take us.

The remaining questions of whence, how and when are
more difficult. The solution of the first of them proceeds
from a study of the distribution of the plants in surrounding
areas; this usually furnishes clues as to their origin. The
Jrish flora, for instance, devoid of any well-marked forms
not also found elsewhere, was derived mainly from the great
land-mass lying to the eastward, though in a few very
interesting cases the plants came from the far west—from
northern Nort th America,

1939-40. ]
59

The how involves a study of the methods by which
plants migrate, and especially, in the case of an island such
as Ireland, the question of trans-marine dispersal. The how
combines with the when in the fact that at various times in
the past Ireland has formed portion of the European
mainland. Geology has to be appealed to in an attempt to
determine at what periods Irish plants would have had an
opportunity of immigrating from the Continent over land
surfaces, for the difficulties of trans-marine migration are
much greater than those which confront plants which have
only to traverse continuous surfaces of land.

The lecturer then discussed the question of future field-
work in the Belfast Club, and suggested that instead of
limiting themselves any longer to the flora of Down, Antrim
and Derry, botanists should aim at extending their activities
to further investigation of District 10 of ‘‘Cybele Hibernica’’
—the counties of Armagh, Monaghan, Cavan, Tyrone and
Fermanagh.

An animated discussion followed, in which several
members took part.

LANTERN VIEWS OF SUMMER EXCURSIONS, ETC.

The fifth meeting of the Winter Session was held on
Saturday, 16th March, at 3 p.m., when a large variety of
views taken on the Summer Excursions was shown, in
addition to a number of others of a wider range.

Those contributing views were:—Miss M. B. Cahgun,
Mrs. A. A. Campbell, “Miss M. L. Dunlop, Miss M. Muir,
Miss I. Elliott, A. A. Campbell, W. P. Chandler, W. S.
Cordner, J. S. Loughridge, A. M‘I. Cleland.

- All the slides shown were of excellent quality and were
described by Miss M. L.. Dunlop, J. Skillen and A. M’‘I.
Cleland.

' Special mention must be made of some beautiful
coloured subjects exhibited by Miss M. L. Dunlop and
J. S. Loughridge.

The meeting was very well attended and the various
views shown aroused much interest.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual Meeting was held in Museum Buildings,
College ‘Square North, on Saturday, 20th April, 1940, the
President (J. J. Hartley, M.Sc.).in the chair. The follow-
ing Reports were presented :—

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
60

ANNUAL REPORT.

In presenting the seventy-seventh Annual Report your
Committee has pleasure in recording that the activities of
the Club have been satisfactorily carried out during the past
Summer and Winter Sessions.

During the year 20 members were elected. Against
this there was a loss, through deaths, resignations and
lapsed memberships, of 48, showing a decrease of 28. The
roll of members now stands at 460.

The Committee desires to put on record its deep regret
at the loss by death of the Rev. E. M. Gumley. He was a
keen Field Naturalist and with a view to interesting others
in the pleesures of nature he founded the Route Field Club,
which at present is in a flourishing condition; and when he
was called to Clanabogan as rector of that parish he founded
the Omagh Field Club, of which he was honorary secretary
up to the time of his death. His loss will be deeply felt,
especially by the members of the Omagh Club, and it is
hoped that the activities of that Club will not suffer by his
removal.

During the year Mr. F. Adens Heron has passed away.
He was our oldest member, joining in 1876, 63 years ago.
In all this long period he kept in close touch with the Club,
attending our meetings and excursions up to the last. When
the publication of the new Flora was inaugurated he gave
a handsome donation towards the cost.

In the past year thirteen field meetings were held,
which on the whole were fairly well attended. There was
also a number of sectional excursions.

At the beginning of September War broke out, and this
necessitated the cancelling of the Conference arranged to
be held at Londonderry. From the same cause the
Annual Conversazione was cancelled, which was a regretable
necessity as it is our most important function in the year.
It also brings to the notice of the public, in a special way,
our activities in the fields of Natural History and
Archaeology.

The united week-end excursion was held at Ballycastle,
when there was a fair representation from the other Clubs,
especially from Londonderry. To Major and Mrs. Creery
our warmest thanks are due for the trouble taken in making
all the necessary arrangements, and for entertaining the
members to afternoon tea at their residence, Glenbank

House.

1939-40. ]
61

To our five affiliated Clubs a new one has been added,
the South Armagh Ramblers’ Field Club, which we w armly
welcome into our ranks.

During the year the Welch collections of mollusca and
scientific negatives, purchased from the trustees of his
estate by the Field Club for presentation as a memorial
to R. J. Welch, have been offered to the Municipal Museum
with certain conditions attached. In this connection a
report will be presented at this meeting.

It was considered advisable, owing to the War, to
reduce the number of lectures in the Winter Session, so
that only five were delivered. The attendance at the
lectures was most satisfactory, considering that they were
held on Saturday afternoons in order to obviate the
difficulties of the “‘ black-out.’’

For courtesies extended to us during the excursions our
best thanks are due to the following: Canon Blackwood-
Price, Saintfield Demesne; T. C. Hunter, J.P., Laganvale
Brickworks; W. J. Stewart, M.P., Crawfordsburn; and
Capt. Traill, of Ballylough House.

Also our thanks are due to the Press for reporting our
meetings and to the various Scientific Societies who
exchange their publications with us.

J. SKILLEN, Hon.
Wi Gey Eu a ta Secretaries.

OBITUARY.
F. Adens Heron. A. R. Hogg.
John M. Colton. James D. Laird.
Mrs. R. G. Henderson. Peter Warnock.
Rev. E. M. Gumley. Mrs. A. M‘T. Cleland.
F. W. Henry. Kathleen Johnston.

a SE SS) SS SES)
REPORT OF LIBRARIAN.

The work continues as usual and the list of Exchanges
is maintained as in former years.
Further progress has been made in completing various
sets of periodicals, thereby increasing their usefulness.
A list of Exchanges is appended.
W. M. Crawrorp, Hon. Librarian.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
62

REPORT OF .BOTANICAL SHCTION,

During the summer three excursions were held. The
season was irregular and a bad one for plants in general.

The first excursion was held on July 29th to Brown’s
Bay and the north end of Islandmagee and was conducted
by Mr. EK. N. Carrothers. Although a search for Picris
echioides Linn. (the Bristly Ox-Tongue) proved fruitless,
there seemed to be a fair number of places where it could
have occurred, and a more thorough search may yet confirm
this record. The stations for Parnassia palustris Linn.
(the Grass of Parnassus) and Ligusticum scoticum
(Scottish Lovage) were examined, both of which seemed to
be flourishing vigorously. The former plant occurs in
Antrim and Derry mostly near the coast, but has not been
seen so far in Co. Down, the nearest station to the latter
county being Woodburn Glen. The plant is calcicole and
might easily be found on the limy soils of the Downpatrick-
Ardglass district.

The second excursion was held on August 12th to
Carnalea, Dr. M. J. Lynn being the conductor. Mr. Lepper
kindly conducted the members from Carnalea Station to the
shore through the grounds of Elsinore House. On reaching
the shore Dr. Lynn gave an explanatory talk on the Marine
Algae, pointing out that the shore could be divided into
zones as far as the seaweeds were concerned, different sea-
weeds being characteristic of the different zones. The
zoning was due to the different periods that the various
seaweeds could withstand drying between tides. Afterwards
the members were very kindly invited to tea by Mr.
Lepper.

On September 2nd there was a combined excursion of
the Geological Section and the Botanical Section to
Newcastle and Glassdrummond, conducted by Mr. A: H.
Davison. On this occasion very few members were present
owing, no doubt, to the imminence of War. No plants of
outstanding interest were found.

During the season a number of interesting plants was
added to the Herbarium at the Municipal Museum by
various members of the Section, but many local plants are
still required. pal

On December 2nd, 1989, a meeting of thie‘Seution was
held in Old Museum, about sixty being present.

1939-40.]
63

A discussion took place as to the best way to encourage
members to take a more active part in the work of the
Section; and Dr. Praeger kindly offered to conduct an
excursion in the spring of 1940.

K. M. Bourks, Hon. Secretary.
REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

The following sectional excursions were held in 1939:—
April 15th, Barney’s Point, Islandmagee; conductor, Mr.
J. J. Hartley. September 2nd, Bloody River and Glass-
drummond; conductor, Mr. A. H. Davison. September
16th, Cultra and Holywood; conductors, Mr. J. J. Hartley
and Mr. A. H. Davison.

At Barney’s Point a walk along the shore, and then
inland to the quarry on the main Whitehead road, provided
a very complete section of the various rocks found in
Islandmagee.

It was pointed out by the conductor that the Rhaetic
and Lias shales are so alike in appearance that they can
only be distinguished by their fossils. On searching, many
of the typical Rhaetic lamellibranch, Pteria contorta, were
found. This find is important, as the Rhaetic bed is not
indicated, at this point, on the published geological maps.

The finding of numerous ammonite fragments at higher
horizons showed the presence of the Lower Lias shales.

On the railway bank, south of Whitehead, an excellent
example of the columnar structure of the lower Basalts was
visited. (See J.N.J., vol. IV, p. 209.)

On the Glassdrummond excursion, the Mourne Dyke
Swarm was studied as well as possible in the time available.

At the mouth of the Bloody River the conductor drew
attention to the quartz-felspar-porphyry dyke, which appears
to be part of a ring dyke or cone sheet encircling the Mourne
Mountains. The continuation of this dyke was examined
at Glassdrummond, where it is composed of an outer ring
of basalt and an inner ring of quartz-felspar-porphyry, while
at the junction of the rings the two rocks form a hybrid
porphyry.
~~ At Cultra the lower portion of the Permian succession
was examined, no fossils being found. An interesting point
observed was the sharply defined areas of seaweed, that
growing on the limestones and also on a dyke of dolerite
being Fucus while on the more open-textured sandstones a
species of Ulva flourished.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
64

The overflow channels about a mile N.E. of Holywood
Station were visited. Here the conductors gave an interest-
ing talk on the probable origin of the channels, when Belfast
Lough was blocked by a tongue of Scottish ice and the
drainage of the Holywood Hill area was in a westerly
direction towards Belfast.

J. K. CHARLESWORTH, Hon.
W. J. WEATHERUP, \ Secretaries.

REPORT OF ZOOLOGICAL SECTION.

The Zoological Section held two interesting excursions
during the season. The first outing was by boat from
Donaghadee to the Copeland Islands on the 13th May. The
objective was the bird life on the islands, and the party was
well rewarded in the number of individual birds belonging
to some 19 species which were seen during the afternoon.
Nesting was in full swing, and there was ample opportunity
for studying nests, eggs and young. The second excursion
was held on the 15th July to Rock Angus in the mouth of
Strangford Lough. The Section left Killyleagh by fishing
boat and had a pleasant run through the Narrows to Rock
Angus. The animals seen during the afternoon included
seals, porpoises, gannet, heron, and other common birds of
the seashore. Sea urchins, sponges, etc., also were found.
A drag net was filled with sea gooseberries and other
coelenterata.

J. S. LouenrivGce, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SECTION.

The first excursion of this Section was to Portmore on
May 12th, the first stop being at the Middle Church,
Ballinderry. As is well known, this building has been
restored to the condition in which it was in the time of
Bishop Jeremy Taylor. All the woodwork of the church is
made from oak grown in the woods at Ballinderry. Two
interesting fixtures are the standard candle sconces (so
arranged that one candle served to light two of the high-
backed pews) and the double-decked pulpit for the parson
and his clerk.

Moving on to the old church at Portmore, which is built
on a rath at the lough side, the ruins of the building, which
are fairly extensive, were examined. In the graveyard is
a bullaun stone. These stones are somewhat enigmatic to

1939-40.
65

antiquaries, and being so often found associated with ancient
churches may have some religious significance. ‘Two of our
members, Mrs. Crozier and Miss L. C. Rea, have been
investigating their origin and uses, and at the present time
are preparing a paper on bullaun stones for publication
shortly in the Ulster Journal of Archaeology. After tea in
Crumlin there was an interesting walk through Crumlin
Glen as far as the waterfall, and on the way home Lyle’s Hill
was visited.

On June 17th the excursion arranged was to Bally-
roney, near Castlewellan. Ballyroney mote and bailey
were built by John de Courcy to defend the road to Newry
and the south. This was circa 1180. As these earth defences
were always superseded by stone castles, Seafin Castle
replaced Ballyroney mote and bailey in 1252, an interval of
over 70 years. After many vicissitudes, this castle was in
the possession of Sir Arthur Maguiness in 1641. As he
joined O’Neill in the rebellion of that year, his property
was confiscated and bestowed on the Trevor family. The
infant river Bann flows between the earthen mound and the
stone castle.

On our visit to Ballyroney it was found to be almost
impossible to reach the top of the mote, crowded as it is with
trees and undergrowth.

On the way back a stop was made to examine a “‘ but
and ben’’ house. This style of domestic architecture was
introduced at the Plantation and is now fast disappearing.
The house in question is in ruins, but sufficient remains to
show that the mud-and-wattle technique had been used in
part of the building.

An excellent tea at the Road House, Spa, ended an
instructive and enjoyable excursion.

R. 8S. Lepper, Hon.
J... SKILLEN, , Secretarics.

REPORT OF SURVEY OF ANTIQUITIES COMMITTEE.

Owing to the outbreak of War and shortage of petrol,
the Survey of Antiquities has not made as much progress as
in former years. However, thanks to the interest and
energy shown by Mrs. Crozier and Miss Rea, some new sites
have been added to the list.

In the townland of Eglish, Co. Antrim, three new cairns
have been found—one round, one single-chambered, and one
which may have been a long cairn.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
66

Miss Rea reports another cairn in the neighbourhood of
Loughavema, and a second one close by. <A detailed report
of the former will be published in The Ulster Journal of
Archacology.

Dr. Dundee has given a list of nine standing stones in
Islandmagee and Francis Crozier discovered a very interest-
ing old inscribed cross in the same district.

Added to these interesting antiquities, various others,
including forts, have been reported in different localities.
Mrs. Crozier and Miss Rea have carried out important
investigations on bullaun stones and their joint article on
these interesting relics is awaited with the keenest of
interest. .

The work of the Survey must of necessity lapse to a
certain extent during the present War, but it is hoped to
carry it on as far as possible and to take it up fully once
more suitable times come again.

M. Garrixin, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF JUNIOR DIVISION.

The Junior Division has enjoyed yet another successful
year, the membership now standing at 135, an increase of 9
on last year’s figure. During the year 7 members resigned ;
2 Juniors entered the Senior Division, and there were 17
new members.

Good progress has been made with the Junior Division
Survey, and provisional maps have already been made of
vegetation areas, etc. Whilst botany has mainly been
considered this year, a start has also been made on mapping
the geological features of the area, and it is intended this
season to concentrate on the making of lists of plants, etc.,
further to augment the maps.

Owing to the War we had reluctantly to discontinue our
factory excursions, but the Juniors were invited to attend
the Senior Club lectures.

Following numerous requests, the special Junior
Division Conversazione was held, as usual, in March and
was well supported.

There have been 12 meetings during the year, not
counting 4 lectures and 5 Committee meetings. The
attendance was good at all excursions.

1939-40.]
67

Meetings and excursions during the .year were as
follows :—

May 9th.

Tuesday evening Excursion in company with Senior
Section to Laganvale Brickworks.

May 20th.

Excursion to Survey area to note trees. Led by Miss
K. Maxwell.

June 3rd.

Botanical Ramble with Captain Chase over Holywood
Hills .to Dundonald, where Captain Chase very kindly
provided tea. This excursion was particularly interesting
as Juniors present checked occurrence of flowers noted
during a similar ramble last year.

July Ist.

Excursion led by Miss Rea, M.Sc., to Carnalea, to
study seaweeds.

July 25th.

Jivening excursion in company with Senior Geologists,
under leadership of Mr. A. H. Davison, to Milewater River,
one of the boundaries of our Survey area.

July 29th.

This year the Junior Division was again invited to be
responsible for an exhibit of wild flowers in the Municipal
Museum for the week commencing July 31st. Accordingly,
on Saturday, 29th July, an excursion was made to Scrabo,
Newtownards, where a good collection of hillside flowers was
made by the botanists, while the geologists worked under
Mr. A. H. Davison studying erosion, ete.

August 19th.

Repeat of excursion which proved very popular some
years ago to Carrickfergus, where we traced the ancient
walls, noting the gateway, old buildings, and lay-out of town;
and where we visited St. Nicholas’ Church, when we heard
a most interesting talk by Canon Rutherford; and so on to
the ever-exciting castle, improved since our last visit by the
discovery of an additional ‘‘ secret ’’ stairway.

August 29th.
[Evening excursion to Survey area to make lists,

{[Proc. B.N.F.C.
68

September 2nd.

Archaeological excursion to Drumena, by private bus
generously provided by Miss Gaffikin. The route was
through Clough, where we left the bus to inspect the Norman
mote and bailey; Maghera, where we inspected the church,
round tower, etc.; Burnwood, and so on to Drumena.

November 4th.

Excursion to Survey area to make peclimaene list of
fungi.

Following Dr. Evans’s lecture on January 20th, there
was a meeting of the Junior Division at the Museum,
Stranmillis Road, where Mr. A. George showed us some of
the actual objects mentioned in Dr. Evans’s talk, and made
other points clear by further display of examples of pottery,
etc.

March 16th.

Junior Division Special Conversazione. This was very
successful, and there was a large attendance. The Friends’
School, Lisburn, brought a number of splendid exhibits.
Prizes for exhibits were awarded by Mrs. Bolton, Miss Rea
and Mr. M‘Kissack; and Miss Gaffikin provided prizes for
the games which concluded the evening.

Fenicity Botton, Hon. Secretary.

CLUB MEDALLISTS.

1923. William Swanston, F.G.S.

1924, Nevin Harkness Foster, F.L.S., M.R.1.A.
1925. Nathaniel Carrothers.

1926. Robert Bell.

1927. KR. Lloyd Praeger, D.Sc., M.R.I.A.

1928. R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.BR.I.A.

No award.

19381. S.A. Bennett, BA., B-Se.

1932:> J. A. S. Stendall, M.R.1.A., MB O:U:.

1983. <A. M‘I. Cleland.

1984. Professor Gregg Wilson, O.B.E., D.Se., M.R.I.A.
1935. No award.

1986. Professor J. K. Charlesworth, D,Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S.
1987. Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A., M.RB.I.A.

1988. Miss W. J. Sayers, B.A,

1939. No award,

1939-40.
69

LIST OF EXCHANGING SOCIETIES.

1939-40.
=- Bamw- in-Furness—Naturalists’ F.C. and Lit.
Se. Association.
a Ba lg mites of Public Museums and
Gallery.
a Committee of Public Libraries.
N.H. and Phil. Society.

Birmingham—N.H. and Phil. Society.
Bournemouth—Natural Science Society.
Brighton and Hove—N.H. and Phil. Society.
Bristol—Naturalists’ Society.
Brussels—Musée Royal d’Hist. Nat.
Buteshire—N.H. Society.
Caradoe and Severn Valley—Field Club.
Cardiff—Naturalists’ Society.
Carlisle—Natural History Society.
Chester—Society of Nat. Sc., Lit. and Art.
Coventry—N.H. and Sc. Society.
Down and Connor—Historical Society.
Dublin—N.F.C.

Royal Irish Academy.

Peco ee ae eer ar | fas

Royal Zoological Society of Ireland.
Dumfriesshire and Galloway—Natural History
Antiquarian Society.

Edinburgh—Geological Society.

Kssex—Field Club.

Kton College—Natural History Society.

Frankfort—Senckenbergische Bibliothek.

Glasgow—Royal Philosophical Society.

Glasgow and Andersonian Natural History
Microscopical Society.

Guernsey—La Société Guernésiaise.

Halifax, Nova Scotia—Institute of Science.

— Hertfordshire—N,H. Society and F.C,

Beil a ae

Sy

Royal Society of Antiquaries, Ireland.

Dundalk—County Louth Archaeological Journal.
Eastbourne—N.H., Photographie and Lit. Society.

and

Art

Presbyterian Historical Society of Ireland.
Berlin—Zoologisches Museum der Universitit.

and

and

1939-40.

Pe ctl terre tel a) Wee 1 Al

| ee Shi

ee

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
70

Isle of Man—N.H. and Antiquarian Society.
Isle of Wight—Natural History Society.
Leeds—Philosophical and Literary Society.
Leicester—Lit. and Phil. Society.
Leyden—Rijks Ethnograpisch Museum.
Liverpool—Geological Society.
Naturalists’ Field Club.
Llandudno, Colwyn Bay and District—Field Club.
London—British Association.
British Museum.
Geologists’ Association.
Linnean Society.
Natural History Society.
Manchester—Geological Association.
Lit. and Phil. Society.
Microscopical Society.
Marlborough College—Natural History Society.
Mexico—Instituto de Biologia.
Montevideo, Uruguay—Museo de Hist. Nat.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne—Natural History Society of
Northumberland, Durham and Neweastle-
upon-Tyne. 7
Northern Naturalists’ Union.
University of Durham.
Norfolk and Norwick—Naturalists’ Society.
North Staffordshire—Field Club.
Northern Naturalists’ Union.
Oxford—Ashmolean Natural History Society.
Perthshire—Society of Natural Science.
Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall N.H.
Society.
Stavanger—Staats Museum.
Swansea—Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Society.
Toronto—Royal Canadian Institute.
Torquay—Natural History Society.
Wellington, N.Z.—Royal Society of N.Z.

Sead

Boston, Mass.—Society of Natural History.
Chicago—Academy of Sciences.
Field Museum of Natura] History.
John Crerar Library.
Cincinnati—Lloyd Library.

1939-40.]

1939-40.
i

ee ete | mre eal | | eee eo

71

Madison, Wis.—Wisconsin Academy of Sciences,
Arts and Letters.
Milwaukee, Wis.—Public Museum.
New York, N.Y.—Academy of Science.
Philadelphia—Academy of Natural Sciences.
Portland, Maine—Society of Nat. History.
Rochester, N.Y.—Academy of Science.
St. Louis, Mo.—Academy of Sciences.
Missouri Botanical Garden.

San Diego, Cal.—Society of Natural History.
San Francisco, Cal.—California Academy of Sciences.
Staten Island, N.Y.—Institute of Arts and Sciences.
Tuft’s College, Mass.—Eaton Memorial Library.
Washington—U.8. Geological Survey.

Government Printing Works.

National Museum.

Smithsonian Institution.

{[Proc. B.N.F.C.
72

REPORT OF THE R. J. WELCH MEMORIAL FUND
SUB-COMMITTEE.

From the Account presented herewith, which has been
prepared by our Honorary Treasurer and audited by
Messrs. John M‘Cullough & Sons, Chartered Accountants,
it will be seen that a sum of £309 19s. 5d. (made up of
Subscriptions £294 2s. Od. and Savings Bank Interest
£15 17s. 5d.) was raised for the purpose of providing a
fitting memorial or memorials to the late R. J. Welch,
M.Sc., M.R.1.A.

The Sub-Committee has been fortunate in attaining the
object for which the Fund was initiated. After payment
of expenses, consisting of stationery, printing, postages and
receipt stamps, amounting to £16 4s. 9d., the entire balance
of the Fund has been devoted to suitable memorials to the
deceased.

The Sub-Committee was successful in acquiring the
deceased’s collections, the purchase price thereof being
£250. After adding expenses incidental to the purchase the
total cost of the collections amounted to £253 18s. Od.

With the approval of the General Committee, Miss
Rosamond Praeger, M.B.E., M.A., H.R.H.A., was com-
missioned to execute a bronze portrait plaque of the
deceased. This plaque, which cost £25, has been formally
presented to and accepted by the Belfast Municipal Museum
and Art Gallery.

Also with the approval of the General Committee suit-
able wording was inscribed on the memorial stone on the
deceased’s grave in the Belfast City Cemetery, and at the
same time the earlier inscriptions on the stone were re-gilded
and the entire stonework repaired and renovated, at a total
cost of £18 2s. Od. The additional words inscribed on the
memorial stone are :—

ROBERT JOHN WELCH, M.Sc., M.B.IL.A.,
an Ardent Student of Nature,
Ex-President, Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club,
Died September 28th, 1936,

Aged 77 Years.

After the foregoing payments had been made there
remained a balance in hands of £1 14s. 8d., which the Sub-
Committee presented to the ‘‘ Bell-Welch Memorial Fund ”’
as a donation.

The Sub-Committee has offered the deceased’s collec-
tion of Scientific and Antiquarian Negatives, together with
two cabinets containing his collection of Irish Holocene and
Recent Land and Freshwater Mollusca, to the Belfast

1939-40. |

p=
de

Municipal Museum, and Art Gallery on the following

conditions, subject to your approval: —

1. The Mollusca are offered unconditionally.

2. The Negatives are offered subject to the following
conditions :—

(a) That a complete list of the titles be prepared in
manuscript immediately and that this be printed
in catalogue form as soon as possible, the said
catalogue to be available to the public at a nominal

| - price.

(b) That a complete set of prints be taken from the
negatives and made available either in file or album
form for reference by the public in the museum.

(c) That the copyright in the negatives be the property
of the Belfast Municipal Museum and Art Gallery.

(d) That prints required by students or others from
the negatives be available at a price per print to
be fixed by the Belfast Municipal Museum and Art
Gallery authorities.

(e) That copyright fees be chargeable for prints of any
of the negatives required for reproduction at the
discretion of the Belfast Municipal Museum and
Art Gallery authorities, provided always that when
prints are required for strictly scientific purposes,
which shall be determined by the Curator, no copy-

' right fee shall be charged.

(f) That the negatives shall be properly housed.

(g) That during hostilities, should it be necessary to
safeguard the negatives in such a way as to
preclude their easy access, conditions (b) and (d)
may be held in abeyance.

These conditions have been approved by the Belfast
Municipal Museum and Art Gallery and we now submit
them to you for your approval.

After approval of these terms by the General Committee
of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club and the execution of
a deed conveying the copyright in the negatives to the
Belfast Municipal Museum and Art Gallery, it will then be
arranged to hand over the collections formally and officially
as a permanent memorial to a leading Field Naturalist who
was beloved by all.

For the R. J. Welch Sub-Committee.
(Signed) A. H. Davison.
J. SKILLEN.
R. G. HENDERSON.
W. R. MEcaAw.
Belfast.
9th April, 1940.

74

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——

PARTS
3,45: 6, TS:
_1940—1941.

1941—1942.
1942—1943.

1943—1944.
19441945.
1945—1946.

ae ee
‘ at a
poe

is

See

*

]
oa

: , a < pes 4 as “Aas he te } ; ’ ad
A.M‘. CLELAND. ae
2 eg one & Fj e Wan ee = : ,
~~ - * 5 » ~ Poe

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4 - A 7 a ‘ w t ~~ ¢ :
wel gee cae Cie ys } : “hi i nn ys,
Co DN tye AA ee f pe 4 ,
he etree vig Math. : Ny ’ Pra
7 it a P ‘ y ‘}' . . :

NOTE.

All Proceedings and Reports for the years 1940/1 1941
to 1945/1946, inclusive, have necessarily been very. shy
condensed owing to pees eave by the late War.

Pisces will be more ee and detailed.
AMEE o. Ev

PROCEEDINGS

AND

ANNUAL REPORTS

OF THE

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB

For the Year Ending 31st March, 1941.
(SEVENTY-EIGHTH YEAR)

SERIES Il.
VOLUME X.

PART Ill.
1940-1941.

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

SEVENTY-EIGHTH YEAR, 1940-1941.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President
A. H. DAVISON, F.R.S.A.1.

Vice-President
J. S. LGUGHRIDGE, B.SC., M.D., F.R.C.S.
Hon. Treasurer
ROBT. G. HENDERSON, F.c.A., 17 Castle Place.
Hon, Librarian
W. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.R.E.S.,. F.Z.S.
Orissa, Marlborough Park South, Belfast.
Hon. Recording Secretary
J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A.
Hon. Secretaries Botanical Section
MISS K. BOURKE, B.SC.
MISS W. J. SAYERS, P.A.

Hon. Secretaries Geological Section
Prof. J. KAYE CHARLESWORTH, D.SC., M.R.1.A., F.G.S.
W. J. WEATHERUP, B:sc.
Hon. Secretaries Zoological Section
J. S. LOUGHRIDGE, B.SC., M.D., F.R.C.S.
Emeritus Prof. GREGG WILSON, 0.B.E., M.A., D.SC., M.R.T.A.
Hon. Secretaries Archaeological Section
R. S. LEPPER, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC.
J. SKILLEN.
Hon. Secretaries Survey of Antiquities Committee
MISS MARY GAFFIKIN.
MRS. T. H. CROZIER.
Hon. Secretary Junior Division
MISS FELICITY BOLTON.
Members of Committee

Retire 1941. Retire 1942
A, ALBERT CAMPBELL, V. EF. GRAINGER.
F.R.S.A.L. MISS E. BARRY.
ALFRED M‘KISACK. Rev. W. R. MEGAW,
MISS W. J. SAYERS, B.A. B.A., M.R.I.A.

Retire 1943.
A. M‘I. CLELAND.
J. J. HARTLEY, M.Sc.
WM. SWEENEY.
Honorary Secretaries
JOSEPH SKILLEN,

W, GRAHAM R, §

: ‘AiJapuapy ivau ‘uesey oyy
‘OTIWV 4q OV04 [1

CQ anwMmrty

PROCEEDINGS.

_()
SUMMER SESSION.
———+

The following Excursions were made during the Session,
but owing to restrictions imposed by the War no reports are

appended.
30th April ... Black Mountain.
14th May ... Lagan Canal.
24th—26th May oe Londonderry and see
1st June ... Derryadd.
8th June ... Newtownhamilton.
11th June ... Newtownards.
22nd June + lame:
12th—15th July ... Cavan and District.
20th July pe wArdolass:
27th July ... Ballymena and District.
10th August .... Rostrevor.
20th August ... Carrickfergus.
24th August ... Portstewart.
6th—8th September ... Ballycastle.

WINTER SESSION.

The authors of the various papers, of which abstracts are
given, are alone responsible for the views expressed therein.

SOCIAL MEETING.

Owing to War conditions the usual form of Conversazione
was abandoned, a Social Meeting being arranged instead, to
be held in the Museum Buildings, College Square North, on
Saturday, 19th October, 1945, beginning at 2.30 p.m.

This meeting was organised entirely by the Junior
Division under the supervision of its energetic Secretary, Miss
F. Bolton, and there was a very gratifying attendance of
members, the rooms being crowded throughout the afternoon.
The Junior Division supplied the exhibits, and a most
extensive. and instructive display covered the tables.

When afternoon tea had been taken by all present, the
President (Mr. A. H. Davison), welcomed the members and
friends (the latter including three from Dublin and one from
far away Calcutta), and congratulated the Juniors on their
splendid work in collecting and displaying the exhibits.

[Note—The programme of lectures for the Winter Session of
1940-41 was a combined programme of the Belfast Natural History
-— eo Seciety and the Belfast Naturalists’ Field
Club,

{Proc. B.N.F.C.
82

IRELAND, PAST AND PRESENT.

This lecture, arranged by the Committee of the B.H.N.
and P.S., was given by Mr. T. H. Mason, M.R.I.A., before
a crowded and appreciative audience. It was delivered on
16th November in a very attractive manner, contained much
of a humourous character, and was illustrated by a series of
splendidly artistic lantern views.

GEOLOGY AND THE EVOLUTION OF PLANTS.

The second meeting was held on 80th November, the
President of the Natural History and Philosophical Society
(Dr. Alworthy), in the chair, when the President of the
Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club (Mr. A. H. Davison,
F.R.S.A.I.), gave his Inaugural Address, his subject being
as above.

In the course of his remarks the President said : —

The study of fossil plants is a very modern development,
for nothwithstanding the great abundance of fossil plants in
the countries of the classical world, the limestone quarries of
the Greeks, the petrified forests of Nubia, and the vast public
works of ancient Rome, none of the writers of antiquity
mention fossil plants, although some of them carried on a
lively discussion regarding the nature of animal fossils.
Petrified wood is not recorded until about the middle of the
thirteenth century.

The earlier commentators explained fossils as due to
the mystical action of the stars or the mysterious working of
spiritual forces. Nothing was further from the accepted
thought than that fossils were the remains of real organisms
that once had lived. The nearest approach to such a view
was that they were some of the models used by the Creator,
or that they had developed from abortive germs of animals
and plants that had become lost in the earth.

Then at last fossils were looked upon as the remains of
organisms that were regarded as evidence of the Flood of
Noah, an interpretation suggested by Martin Luther in 1539.

This Flood theory or diluvial hypothesis found numerous
advocates throughout the seventeenth and even far into the
eighteenth century. Fossil plants then excited interest,
chiefly as supposed evidence in the controversy as to whether
the Flood took place im May or August. '

James Parsons figures numerous fossil fruits from the
early Eocene deposit of Sheppey in the Thames estuary.
These he thought would furnish evidence of the season of
the year in which Noah and the rest of creation were obliged

1940-41. ]
83

to take refuge in the Ark, and he concludes from the maturity
of these fossil fruits that the deluge commenced in the fall
of the year and not in the Spring as bis contemporary, Dr.
Woodward, had supposed.

One Swiss exponent published a Herbarium Diluvianum
at Zurich in 1709, and even figured the bones of one of
Noah’s less fortunate brethren which he found among fossil
leaves at Oeningen on the Swiss border of Baden, and which
subsequently proved,to be the bones of a large Miocene
amphibian.

The Flood theory passed through various phases of
opinion. At first the fossil plants were regarded as similar
to those still growing in the vicinity, a “natural enough belief
when the universal acceptance of the Mosaic cosmology and
a world but 5,000 years old is borne in mind. When the
differences in the fossils became apparent they were thought
to represent forms still existing in the tropics that had been
swept to Europe and buried by the waters of the Flood.

When the progress of knowledge of tropical plants made
this view untenable it was thought that the fossils represented
plants exterminated by the Flood, and from this it was but
a slight step to the opinion advocated by many that the
antedulivian vegetation was of a far higher order than: that
of the present, with none of the thistles or other weeds of
modern times, and that our modern forest trees are the
degenerated descendants of delightful Adamitic fruit trees,
a phytological fall paralleling and ascribed to the Fall of
Man.

Geologists have found animals, rocks, and minerals more
useful than plants in reconstructing the history of the past,
and in correlating strata all over “the world, and even in
estimating climates. Most of the main stratigraphical
divisions have been based on marine fauna.

Marine flora is generally so soft and thas so little skeleton
that few remains are ever found. Most of our strata were
laid down in water, and the breaks between represent periods
when the sea floor was raised to form dry land. Such periods
are periods of erosion, denudation, and destruction, yet most
ot the plants preserved are dry-land plants, and further, it
is mostly plants with woody stems or leathery leaves that
have been preserved.

In exceptional circumstances soft plants and soft parts
have been marvellously preserved by petrification, or being
caught in amber, but their percentage is small.

A curious result of this is that plants living at the close
of a geological age are often clearly separated from those

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
84.

living at its beginning, and for the same reason plants from
the upper beds of one age are often nearly related to those
from the lower beds of the succeeding age.

Reckoning the whole of geologic time as 100 per cent.
it has been estimated that the Archean period represented
30 per cent. and the Proterozoic 25 per cent. of the total
length of time. These terms are unfortunate because they
imply more knowledge than we have got. There are, of
course, no sharp boundaries any more than there is between
youth and age.

In the Archean no recognisable trace of life has hen
found, and this was probably an age of unicellular life. In
the Proterozoic only algae and bacteria are known to have
existed. These two periods together form 55 per cent. or
more than half of geologic time.

During Cambrian, Ordovician, and Siiurian times only
seaweeds are known with certainty to have lived, although
animal life at this time was wonderfully developed and
varied. The abundance of animal life argues for an
abundance of plant life which must have been their food
supply, either directly or indirectly. Both animals and
plants were confined to the water. Air-breathing animals
(Scorpions) appeared in the Upper Silurian, but no accept-
able evidence for land plants has yet been produced for
this time.

All the periods so far mentioned make up 70 per cent. of
geologic time, but not a trace of land plants is yet known.

The Devonian period is the time when the first land
plants appear, and it is believed they came into existence
in the early Devonian. One form, Psilophyton, occurs im
the Middle and Lower Devonian. It appeared as a mat of
creeping stems which arose to about a height of two feet
and with woody stems about half-inch thick. Other primitive
plants from Lower and Middle Devonian have been found.
One interesting form is Rhynie from the Rhynie chert beds
of Aberdeenshire which here represent an ancient, silicified
peat bed, and there are only two species. <A third form,
Asteroxylon, bore a resemblance to the living clubmoss
Lycopodium. These three types are called ‘‘The Psilophyton
flora,’’ and may have given rise to the ferns and club-moss
with which they show some relationship. Notice that they
were rootless and leafless with underground stems. Hairs
apparently serving the purpose of roots. Notice the spirally
curved ends to the branches of Psilophyton, ‘and if these had
leaflets would look extremely like ferns. They also have

1940-41. }
85

stomato or breathing pores and therefore were not submerged.
Traces of spores have also been found.

There is evidence of ferns and fernlike types in early
Devonian, but in Upper Devonian a flora of fern. club-moss,
and seed-fern appears. There are also Arthrophyte (Horse-
tail) types such as Archeocalamites. The ferns include
Archeopteris, a tree-fern type which is common in _ the
Kultorcan Beds of Co. Kilkenny. Itis in the Upper Devonian
that fronds of modern type ‘with well developed web-like
green leaflets with veins come into prominence and set a
fashion in construction which has persisted ever since.

The Carboniferous period shows one of the most wonder-
tuliand luxuriant floras, although not so varied as later times,
and we know more about the structures than of any other
times except the present. To this period belongs the giant
club-moss, Lepidodendrons; and the Sigillarias and the great
horse tail (Calamites). These resembled in their appearance
and structure the small and insignificant Club-moss of our
hills and the Horsetails so emai to all of us, but in these
times they were giant trees massed together into huge
forests in the shade of which grew innumerable plants with
fern-lke foliage.

Among living plants one can trace the evolution from
primitive aquatic algae through primitive land plants like
liverworts and mosses to ferns, horsetails and iclub-mosses.
Then modern botanists find a hugh gap between these spore-
producing plants and the seed- producing plants, which it is
impossible to bridge by any known living plants. Palaeo-
botanists have, however, been able to find the missing links
among the fossil plants preserved in the rocks.

In some of the Lepidcdendra which somewhat resemble
our Lycopods or Club-mosses it was found that the number
of megaspores in each case was reduced to one which
germinated in situ on the tree, i.e., producing the prothallus
while still in the Sporangium. Then a plant with a perfectly
fern-like frond called Lyginopteris was found with the fructi-
fication invested by a curious cup or cupule though the
anatomy reminds one of the lowest group of recent seed-
bearing plants—the Cyeads. The name Pteridosperms or
seed-ferns has been given to this group.

Dr. Marie C. Stopes in her book on *‘ Ancient Plants,”’
makes the relationship between the spore-plants and seed-
plants very clear in a short series of diagrams. It will be
seen from these diagrams how difficult it would have been to
bridge the gaps in the evolution of the seed plants if we had

{Proc. B.N.F.C.
86

not had the fossil seeds and spores represented in the third,
fourth, and fifth diagrams.

During Carboniferous times we find seed-ferns of
herbaceous, climbing, and tree forms as well as true ferns
mostly of tree type. Gyranosperms of Coniferophyte types
occur such as Cordaites.

All these had a world-wide distribution suggesting
uniform chmatic conditions. The perfection of the trunks
in the Carboniferous forests indicates an absence of parasitic
and epiphytic forms of life which crowd the tree trunks of
our present warm forests.

Profound changes came during the next and last period
of Palaeozoic time, the Permian. In the Southern hemis-
phere there were several areas of glaciation, with the result
that the Carboniferous flora was almost entirely blotted out
in the Southern hemisphere, and became gradually replaced
by a flora of coarse fern-like plants known as the Glossopteris
or Gangamopteris flora from two of the most abundant types.

Within 3800 miles of the South Pole the members of
Captain Scott’s expedition had collected examples of
Glossopteris indica and other plants and these were found at
the famous final camp with ‘their bodies.

The Carboniferous flora continued little changed in the
Northern Hemisphere, but before the close of the Palaeozoic
period with the drying up of the swamps and the climatic
changes, conditions were not so ideal. Certain types, such
as the Seed-ferns, Lepidodendrons, Sigillarias, and Calamites
did not live beyond the Palaeozoic. Cordaites almost dis-
appeared, but managed to survive almost to the end of the
Triassic.

The only representative of the Arthrophyte (Calamite)
family that has survived is the single genus Equisetum.

The next great Era in the history of life is called the
Mesozoic. The characteristic flora of this Hra was fully
established during the early part of the Traissic Epoch, and
remained remarkably uniform up to Karly Cretaceous times.
Ferns were numerous and a few Club-mosses and Horsetails
have been found, but the greater and more prominent part
of the Land vegetation was Gymnospermous. These
belonged to three main groups; conifers, ginkgoales, and
cycads. Though important in themselves, the conifers and
ginkgoales have little bearing on the evolution of flowering
plants.

Conifers were well represented, and remains have been
found of all the living families Araucarias (Monkey Puzzles),
Sequoias, Pines, Cypresses, Yews, etc. Not, so different

1940-41. ]
87

from the present day representatives and nothing to suggest
relationship with the higher flowering piants.

Ginkgo biloba is now a perfectly isolated species without
relations in the living flora. It is the last survivor of an
ancient family which flourished and had a wide distribution
in Secondary times, and may even be traced to Primary
rocks. The Ginkgos have much in common with the Cycads.

The Cycads are a definite link between the ferns and the
flowering plants.

. The Cycads were so numerous and so characteristic. and
had such a world-wide distribution, especially in Jurassic
times, that the Mesozoic has been called the age of Cycado-
phytes or Gymnosperms.

The Cycads are still represented by nine genera and
about 100 species. In the Mesozoic Flora two out of every
five plants were Cvycads, and they had a wide distribution
from the Tropics to the Arctic. They agree with the seed-
ferns in having a pollen chamber and motile spermatozoids,
and in this character they have affinites with Ginkgo as well
as with ferns.

In the Lias at Larne large chunks of some coniferous
wood is frequently unearthed almost hke the jet of Whitby.
It can be identified as coniferous in thin sections.

The Cretaceous has hitherto been taken to mark the
appearance of the flowerimg plants or Angiosperms.

The apparent rapidity with which the flowering plants
developed and overspread the world towards the end of the
Cretaceous period was described by Darwin as an abominable
mystery, and the problems concerning their ancestry are still
unsolved. One point worthy of notice is that insects became
abundant about the same time, and the mutual adaptation
of pollinating insects and honey-bearing flowers was un-
doubtedly an important factor in their success.

Bees and Wasps (Hymenoptera) do not appear before
the Upper Oolite (Jurassic). The early ‘Butterflies and
Moths (Lepidoptera) about the same age, i.e., both a little
before the flowering plants. :

The insects of Carboniferous times were chiefly Cock-
roaches and Dragonflies, one species of which was fourteen
inches long and had a wing spread of two feet. .

Darwin postulated a Southern continent on which they
may have evolved. ‘This Southern continent certainly
existed in the late Palaeozoic and early Mesozoic times, but
so far it has produced no clear evidence bearing on the
question.

[Proc. B.N.F.C
88

The Polar regions have been suggested, but the teeming
tropics on general grounds seem more likely to have cradled
wv hew race. At present. however, we know less of the
tropical fossil forms than of those of the Arctic, and we must
wait for more evidence. Some of the oldest known fossil
leaves and fruits are from early Cretaceous beds in Greenland
at least 300 miles north of the Arctic Cirele.

That was before our Antrim Chalk was upraised from the
sea floor, and before these plants had migrated to Antrim
and Mull, and the Southern part of the Thulean continent
where we find them in the interbasaltic beds.

These first Angiosperms, most of which can be referred
to living families, and some even to living genera, were so
characteristic and modern in appearance that they must have
had their origin further back in geological times.

In 1938 it was disclosed by Dr. J. B. Simpson at the
B.A. Meeting at Cambridge, that pollen of two dicotyle-
donous families were got from the Jurassic coal Kimmeridge
of Sutherland, viz., 1 Magnoliaceae and Nymphaceae. In the
Lower Cretaceous the following families are represented,
Willow, Birch, Elm, Mulberry or Fig, Laurel, Grape, and
Water Lilies.

By Upper Cretaceous times Angiosperms had spread
over the earth and became the dominant group of plants.
Many new and modern types had come in, such as sassatras,
tulip tree, walnuts, persimmons, maples, oaks, beeches,
dogweods, planes, holhes, ivies, sveamores, eucalyptus, etc.
Some floras were made up entirely of flowering plants, but
there were also in places mixed floras of hardwoods and
conifers such as sequoias, junipers, cypresses, pines,
ginkgos, etc. A certain number of Monocotyledons are also
found. Palms quite conclusive for leaves, fruits and stems
with structure preserved have been found. The oldest fossil
palm — a cocoa-nut — from the Cretaceous of France
equivalent to our Upper Greensand. The Palm is thus one
of the oldest known Angiosperms, though there are plenty
of dicotyledons of the same age. A fossil lily was found in
Japan in the Upper Cretaceous in which Angiosperms and
Gymnosperms are found in nearly equal numbers.

The Angiosperms undoubtedly show the most frequent
adjustment of the plant organism to a strictly terrestrial
existence. Adaptable to a degree unequalled in other phyla
they inhabit the most diversified environments, and some
have secondarily invaded the sea margins as well as lakes
and streams, while others have Weceme parasites, sapro-
phytes, or epiphytes. The modification of their flowers for

1940-41.
89

securing cross-pollination through the agencies of insects and
birds is well known, as are the various modifications of fruits
and seeds for dispersal by wind, mechanical ejection,
floating, passing unharmed through the alimentary tract of
birds and mammals, sticking or clinging to fur, feathers, etc.
Ranging in size from tiny aquatics to giant trees several
hundred feet tall and ranging in their life span from that of
a single season to several thousand years, they are the most
impressive members of the vegetable kingdom.

It seems more than a coincidence that the evolution of
a group of plants of the capacity of Angiosperms, in which,
as in some cereals, 30 per cent. of the total weight of the
plant is stored as elaborated food in the seeds, should have
been contemporaneous with the evolution of warm-blooded
mammals. At any rate, it seems certain that human civiliza-
tion could not have evolved but for the evolution of this plant
phylum.

The Cainozic, including the Tertiary and Quarternary,
was the time of modern life.

Hocene times show rich floras, and those of the inter-
basaltic of Antrim and Mull are well known.

My. J. Starkie Gardner in two important papers given
to this Club in 1883 and 4, states that the Flora iat the base
of the Kocene implied a climate as temperate as we now
enjoy. There was an increase in heat towards the middle
of the Eocene when the temperature of the London area
became tropical. In referring to the inter-basaltic flora of
the Island of Mull and to the rich assemblage of plants
obtained within 100 feet of the base of the basalts on Ardtun
Head, he states that these resemble those of Sezame believed
to be the oldest Eocene beds in France. Next in age he
places those of Glenarm and Ballypallady with a group of
nettles known as Macchintockia, which resemble those from
the oldest Eocene of England in the Isle of Thanet. The
Lough Neagh plants, he states, are newer than those of
Glenarm, but that it is not possible to determine their age
definitely. They may perhaps be Oligocene.

The Ginkgo, which occurs in the Mull beds, was at that
time widely distributed from Canada to Greenland and
Spitzbergin, North America, Europe, and Asia. The last
and only habitat now existing is in China, where it is even
doubted if it is anywhere natural. This living fossil may
only have been preserved on account of its being regarded
as sacred by the Chinese.

In Pliocene times there was a lowering of temperature
and comparatively few species are known from this time.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
90

During the Pleistocene or Great Ice Age, plants were
forced to migrate southward. Some did this successfully,
others were overwhelmed. The Sequoias are believed to
have been caught between the Ice and the Mountains, or the
Sea in Hurepe and overwhelmed, while in America they
could pass southward over land and migrate north again
when conditions ameliorated. Still others were stranded on
Southern mountain tops, and from this flora has develeped
the plant life existing to-day.

It has been estimated that 90 per cent. of the plants
now living in the area covered by the ice were in existence
throughout all of Pleistocene times.

It is interesting to notice that the forest trees which
erew in the second interglacial period were remarkably hke
those we know to-day. It as a proof that Europe was
enjoying a mild, pleasant climate, a little warmer than we
have now, and it was a time at which the first creature we
can call man put in an appearance in Kurope. Men began to
make things with their hands at a time when the land was
full of firs, maples, beeches, oaks, even vines, clematis, and
fig trees, and we may date that age from anything above
halt-a-million to a million years ago.

I do not intend to deal with the Palaeobotany of the
Quarternary which was so recently and ably explained to
the Club by Miss Kertland. The method is briefly from the
pollen of plants still living and whose habits are known to
compare and plot from the fossil pollen what plants have
invaded or migrated from a particular area and the order of
such succession. ‘l'his gives a key to climatic changes which
can be co-related with other factors suck as archaeological
finds.

The method of pollen analysis is now being used not only
to tell us the succession of the climates and forests of the last
few thousands of years, but as Dr. J. B. Simpson has shown,
can be applied to the older rocks such as the Jurassic and
Interbasaltic. _

There was a very large attendance, the audience showing
great interest in the subject, which was illustrated by a fine
range of views, in addition to an excellent series of geological
and botanical objects.

WATER-BOATMEN AND THEIR RELATIVES.

The third meeting of the Winter Session was held on
14th December, the President of the Belfast Naturalists’
Field Club (A. H. Davison, F.R.S.A.1.), in the Chair, when

EE eeeeEeEEeE———E——= = —

1940-41. ]
91

Emeritus Professor Gregg Wilson, O.B.I., M.A., D.Sc.,
M.R.1.A., lectured on the above subject.

In the course of his remarks the Professor introduced the
Order Hemiptera as a group of great importance to mankind,
but one that had been far from popular with naturalists. He
discussed the principal character by which the members of
this Order may be recognised as belonging to it, and gave
an account of the structure and functioning of the unique
proboscis which they possess. Passing to the Water
Hemiptera, he showed thow the above-water forms are
distinguished from the underwater types. Three examples
of each of these sub-divisions were ccnsidered.

Hydrometra, the ** Water Measurer,’’ was regarded as
an essentially out-of-water insect, not entering the water at
all, but liable to be drowned if accidentally immersed. It
is ‘an insect that breathes and breeds very much like other
insects; but it spends its life on the surface of ponds, where
it can find comparative safety from attack, and a supply of
food readily accessible. It can easily be recognised by its
slender body and legs, and especially by its very long head,
with prominent proboscis.

Gerris, the “‘ Pond Skater,’’ and Velia, the ‘‘ Water
Cricket,’’ were shown to be also adapted for moving and
feeding on the surface of ponds or streams; but they were
described as more tolerent of immersion.

The under-water Hemiptera were shown to have special
modifications, such as: (1) Great reduction of antennae; (2)
development of swimming apparatus; and (8) breathing
devices that enable the insects either to carry air with them
under water, or to derive air from above water by means of
respiratory tubes. It was emphasised that the Hemiptera
have not acquired tracheal gills for water respiration like
those that are found in may-fly and dragon-fly larvae. Three
types of under-water Hemiptera which were considered
were: (1) Notonecta, the “* Water Boatman ’’ proper, which
normally swims on its back; (2) Corixa, which, with its near
relatives of the genus Sigara, has remarkable devices for
producing a chirping noise, and is also noteworthy for its
shght proboscis; and (3) Nepa, the ‘* Water Scorpion.’’ This
last type has remarkable prehensile fore-legs and a long
posterior respiratory tube; and it is sluggish in habit, not
having developed special swimming legs, but rather resem-
bling Hydrometra in its walking habit.

The lecturer concluded by calling attention to the fact
that there is still room for workers at this interesting group.

{Proc. B.N.F.C.
92

The Professor had a large audience, spoke in his well
known vigorous style, and illustrated this subject by a fine
series of lantern views, supplemented bv an excellent range
of well displayed objects, dead and alive

EXPLAINING THE MILKY WAY.

This lecture was arranged by the Committee and the
B.N.H. and Ph.S., and was given by Dr. E. M. Lindsay,
M.Se., A.M., Ph.D., M.R.I.A., (Director of Armagh Obser-
ratory). It was delivered on i8th January before a large
audience, whose presence was a distinct compliment to Dr.
Lindsay, as a dreadful blizzard began early in the afternoon
and continued all evening. The lecture was most interesting
and ‘was splendidly ikastrated by a series of excellent lantern
views.

FOSSILS AND EVOLUTION.

The fifth meeting of the Winter Session was held on 2nd
February, the President of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field
Club (A. H. Davison, F'.R.S.A.I.), in the Chair, when Prof.
J. Kaye Charlesworth, D.Se., F.G.S., M.R.I.A., lectured on
the above subject.

In the course of his remarks Dr. Charlesworth traced,
in a most interesting manner, the gradual development of
animal life from its first humble - beginnings to the present
day, illustratmg what he said by a series of very carefully
selected and apical lantern views. He did not fail to point
out that among the hosts of various classes of animals that
have sprung into existence in the past, developed to maturity
and them became extinct, some at least have survived. In
this connection he pointed to the humble httle Molluse
Lingulella, which, first met in the most ancient Cambrian
rocks, still survives in the present year of grace in a very
slightly modified form.

At the commencement of his lecture Dr. Charlesworth
stated that he proposed only to deal with acknowledged facts,
but at the close of his discourse he added a few remarks on
various theories connected with the evolution of animal life.
As to these, he warned his listeners to be very careful of
their footsteps when walking on the swampy ground of
theory and not allow themselves to be too easily tempted
to leave the more solid and safer ground of fact. The gulf
between the Finite and the Infinite is'so vast that it is almost
impossible to believe that human intelligence can ever cross
it, ",

“yr.

1940-41. j
98

HISTORY—MOVEMENTS OF MEN.

This lecture was arranged by the Committee of the
B.N.H. and Ph.S., and was given by the Vice-Chancellor
(Dr. Lindsay Keir, M.A.), Queen’s University. It was
delivered on 16th February before a very appreciative
audience, and proved to be a most interesting and thought
promoting discourse.

The Chair was occupied by the President (Dr.
Allworthy), of the B.N.H. and Ph.S., who in his introductory
remarks referred to the long connection that had existed
between the Society and Queen’s University.

PLANTS OF THE SEASHORE.

The seventh meeting of the Winter Session was held on
2nd March, the President of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field
Club (A. H. Davison, F.R.S.A.I.), in the Chair, when Miss
W. J. Sayers, B.A., lectured on the above subject.

In the course of her remarks the lecturer said that :—
Owing to the fact that our botanical district comprises three
maritime counties with a very varied coastline, we have an
excellent opportunity of studying not only salt marsh plants,
where the dominant feature is salt, as in the Comber
Kstuary; sand-dune plants, where the dominant character is
sand, as for instance at Dundrum and Neweastle; but also
plants of the foreshore, shingle and spray-washed cliffs and
rocks. We may also study the zonation of the selt marsh
flora, from the zostera or grasswrack which is permanently
immersed, through the salicornetum, where the pioneer is
glass-wort (Salicornia Europaea), followed by such plants as
Suaedo maritima (Sea blite), Salsola kali (Prickly Saltwort),
Aster tripolium (Sea Aster or Starwort), Plantago maritima,
(Sea Plantain), Statice Limonium (Sea Lavender), Armeria
maritima (Thrift or Sea Pink), and Triglochin maritimum
(Sea arrow-grass), not to mention the grasses which play such
an important part in barring and holding the onward rush of
sand and mud carried shorewards by the tides and winds.

Among the notable features of the plants nearer the sea
are the succulence caused by water storage tissue, dwarfed
size, small leaves, greyish green colour, thorns, hairs and
other devices for conserving the supplies of fresh water.
In the characteristic sand dune flora on the other hand, we

find elaborate arrangements for enabling the plant to gain

a firm hold in the sand, and a system of stems and roots
which reach a supply of the necessary water.

The Psamima erass (Ammophila or Psamma arenaria)
is here the pionver, and is especially interesting because of its

[Proc. B.N.F.C.:
94

device for rolling up its leaves in dry weather in order to cover
its stomata, and so prevent undue loss of water by transpira-
tion. The part played here by Salix repens (Dwarf Willow)
is also worthy of notice for its ramification of creeping stems
prepares the way for the entrance of many less hardy and
vigorous plants.

The Lecture was illustrated by an excellent series of
lantern views, and the meeting terminated after a keen dis-
cussion and a hearty vote of thanks to Miss Sayers for a most
interesting afternoon.

SEASONAL NOMADISM IN MODERN EUROPE
AND ANCIENT IRELAND.

The eighth and concluding meeting of the Winter Session
was held on 16th March, the President of the Belfast
Naturalists’ Field Club (A. H. Davison, F.R.S.A.I.), in the
Chair, when Dr. E. Estyn Evans, M.A‘,..D.Se., F.S.A,;
lectured on the above subject.

In his opening remarks the lecturer explained that his
subject might be comprehensively expressed as ‘* Trans-
humance in Kurope.’ ’ Continuing, he said the term
transhumance is difficult to define and has found its way into
few dictionaries. The word was popularised by French
writers—the first reference is 1829—and seems to have been
borrowed from Spain. The derivation is trans (across) and
humus (ground). Dr. Newbigin describes it as ‘‘the periodic
and alternating displacement of flocks and herds between
two regions ie different climate,’ but it is necessary to
expand “this definition. in order to distinguish clearly between
transhumance and nomadism, which, though they grade one
into the other, differ widely in their cultural settings and
social implications. The movements of flocks and herds
under transhumance are seasonal and altitudinal: they

take place to and from an established settlement which is
regarded as the permanent home. This settlement is never
entirely abandoned, and the migrant element comprises
only those members of the group who are concerned with
livestock. The migrants, also, often move to a definite place
which they may occupy for the whole period of their absence
from home and which they sometimes use year after year.
Part of the population, usually the greater part, is occupied
with cultivation and sometimes other work such as fishing.
The term nomadism would be properly used where there is
no permanent ‘‘ home,’’ and the whole group is constantly
on the move. Under nomadic conditions, cultivation, if
carried on at all, is on a small scale, and grain is often

CO OO Eh

1940-41.]
95

obtained by bartering stock products with settled cultivators.
The fact that there are many intermediate types of seasonal
nomadism (for example, that illustrated by the Kirghiz of
the ‘Tian Shan, who spend the winter in large lowland camps,
where a section of the population remains to grow crops in
summer) does not invalidate the distinction that should be
drawn between the two forms.

Though the practice of transhumance has nearly every-
where declined with the estabhishment of modern conditions
in Europe, it is still an important social and economic fact in
some areas, while in many others it has made an enduring
contribution to the pattern of regional culture. Except
where, as in Spain, this ssecodal nomadism has been
sufficiently powerful to affect the political organisation, or

_Where, as in Switzerland, it has maintained an established

place in local economy, the custom of transhumance has
escaped serious notice by English writers. Like so much in
the life of rural communities, it has tended to pass away
unrecorded, leaving only medified survivals or old memories
from which its details must be reconstructed.

Transhumance is generally admitted to be of ancient
origin, but it is erroneous to assume, as some writers have
done, that it represents a relic of former complete nomadism.
Indeed, evidence is accumulating to show that pastoral
nomadism, as practised, for example, on the Asiatic steppes,
is a secondary growth; and the old a priori arguments of
cultural evolution from hunting and catherine through a
pastoral to an agricultural stage are no longer iad.
Although in times of stress or invasion the element of
nomadism in transhumance must have been strengthened in
some regions, and mountain herders may have temporarily
lost their annual contacts with the lowland communities, in
origin transhumance should be regarded as a device evolved
by settled agniculturists in adaptation to certain either semi-
arid or mountainous environments.

If we turn to 8S. Europe and $.W. Asia, whence so many
basic features of Huropean civilisation are derived and where
transhumanece still plays an important role, we find, im lands
of Mediterranean climate, certain clearly defined conditions
which make the seasonal movement of flocks and herds
readily intelligible. In the drought of summer the lowlands
soon wither and the landscape becomes brown and arid,
but the higher pastures, fed by melting snows and early
summer rain, offer good grazing: ** High up the mecuntain
green grows the grass.’’ Already in Neolithic times, 6,000
years ago, nearly all the food-producing settlements

.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
96

examined by archaeologists in 8.W. Asia and adjacent lands
show an economy of mixed farming, with cattle, sheep, goats,
and pigs. Flocks of sheep and goats would be accompanied
up-hill by men and boys to milk the animals and to ward off
wild beasts. From such beginnings transhumant practices
have crystallized out in various forms in different environ-
ments: they have spread throughout the Alpine fold belt of
S. Asia, N.W.Africa, and S. Hurope, and extended, long ago,
northwards along the Atlantic frmge to Britain and Scan-
dinavia. In these extensions into humid climates cattle haye
played a much greater part than sheep and goats, and the
forms and social consequences of transhumance are,
therefore, different. Sheep, for instance, can cover long
distances afoot, whereas cattle rearing has never given rise to
long migrations, and the pig is even more restricted in its
movements, though pig transhumance is a special feature of
Bosnian pastoral life.

The remarkable survival of the Latin element in the
Roumanian tongue may be attributed in part to the practice
of transhumance. Contacts maintained between summering
eroups over a fairly continuous pastoral zone have not only
kept dialectal variation within limits, but have helped the
Roumanian people to preserve a sense of unity and regional
consciousness even when the lowlands were overrun by
invaders.

In Spain and Italy the evils of transhumance have long
been more apparent than its benefits. The Abruzzi is still
its chief centre in peninsular Italy as it was in Roman times,
the complementary winter pastures being the Campagna
tomana and Apulia. Movement is here, as in the Balkans,
‘“ inverse,’’ but it is true transhumance; unlike the Balkan
Viachs, the Abruzzi shepherds are not accompanied by their
families. They ware rather wild, ill-favoured, and retentive
of old ways. The herdsman of the Campagna, for instance,
within sight of Rome, still build round wooden huts of
primitive design and live “‘ in much the same way as their
forefathers did before the foundation of the city.’’ But land
reclamation has now greatly reduced the winter pastures of
the transhumants. Few now visit the Tuscan Maremma,
whose flocks contributed to the wealth of Florentine
merchants. Further north, transhumant practices, now
maintained generally by professional herdsmen, are found all
round the edges of the Basin of Lombardy, but the irrigated
water-meadows favour intensive cattle rearing at the expense
of transhumant shepherding.

a7

1940-41. ]

Even in Spain, long the stronghold of seasonal
nomadism, only a proportion of the sheep are moved nowa-
days, but it is estimated that nearly three million head were
involved in the 15th century. In the 14th century the sheep-
farmers formed a powerful association known as the Mesta—
a name taken from the periodic assemblies of the owners.
The Mesta came to dominate the Cortes, which took every
precaution to stop “ the encroachment of tillage ’’ in the
interests ot the transhumants. Wide strips of unenclosed
country, called cafiadas, lmnking up summer and winter
pastures, were reserved for the passage of the flocks over the
Meseta, which gets rain and grass in spring and autumn, but
is ‘barren in winter and summer alike. The winter feeding
grounds, especially those of Andalusia, were far removed from
the summer pastures of the Cantabrians and Teruel; conse-
quently the shepherds travelled with little equipment and
led rough, ill- disciplined lives. We must picture great droves
of eheep passing ruthlessly, twice yearly, along the dusty
routes of the Meseta. Quarrels with cultivators easily broke
out, and the opposition between herder and agriculturist is
old and bitter. The development of Givilised government
has been much retarded by this migratory life, which,
originating in geographical facts, was enc couraged both by
historic forces, such as the long struggle against the Moors,
and by the commercial value of the fine merino fleeces. ‘The
absence of women from the flock-tenders is apt to give
Spanish transhumance a hard, uncivilised tone, which is in
sharp contrast to the transhumant traditions of Alpine lands.

In the Pyrenees conditions are different, and compare in
some ways with Carpathian schemes, but facts of structure
favour disparate valley units and have prevented a common
mountain life from developing. Relatively long-distance
movement of sheep from the Ebro steppe and from the
Catalan coast is less important than intramontane trans-
humance, which, though it involves cattle, horses, and mules
as well as sheep, lacks the skilful economy and delicate
adjustment of Swiss systems. More attention is given to
stock-raising than to dairying, and the pastoral products are
typically of poor quality. The unity of certain high pastures
astride the political frontier is recognised in agreements
which allow French and Spanish flocks to pass freely from
one side to the other; this gives opportunities for tlheit trade,
and makes smuggling a profitable by-product of trans-
humant life.

Turning now to the British Isles, where seasona!
nomadism was in former times an important social and

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
98

economic force throughout the Highland Zone of Britain and
Treland, it is interesting to speculate on the connection
between transhumant life and the retention of the Celtic
languages. In these areas of scattered settlement the wider
summer hill life with its attendant gatherings and fairs made
wider intercourse possible, and must have helped to keep the
Celtic tongue alive. Moreover, as in the Carpathians, the
pastoral life would have provided a refuge in times of stress
and invasion, as we know from Irish history. The last
stronghold of transhumance in the British Isles is the Outer
Hebrides, ‘but it survived im Wales and Ireland into the 19th
century, and was formerly customary in the Pennines, in
Cumberland, Dartmoor and the Mendips. In Wales, large-
scale sheep rearing ousted the old economy, in which cattle
always took a prominent place, and the seasonal transference
of sheep from upland to lowland is a continuation of trans-
humant migrations, though no longer involving any
protracted movement of the population. It appears to have
been general for women and children to accompany the men
with the herds, and often they took a major part in the
summer life. This is true of the Hebrides, where the active
men and, indeed, many young women ‘‘ follow the herring,
while the children and older foik are at the shieling with the
stock, the community thus combining seasonal nomadism on
land and sea.

In Wales, place-names testify to the former universality
of transhumance. The hafod or hafoty is the summer-house,
while the hendref or pentre is the permanent winter home.
The Old Welsh laws refer also to the autumn house, recalling
the mayen of Switzerland and the autumn saeter of Norway.
In Ireland, too, there is place-name evidence (vooley or boley
is the Irish equivalent of the hafod) and there are frequent
references to the practice from the 17th century. In Achill -
Island a century ago the whole coastal population in some
districts moved to the mountain valleys, having planted their
potatoes and oats, taking with them the wattles for their
huts and their wooden stools and piggins. The utensils and
even the products of the summer dairies are frequently found
in the peat in the form of portable churns and “* bog butter.’’
Old administrative units (the Welsh cwmwds and Irish
tuaths), which endure under new names, have as their nuclei
an area of moorland pasture, with the valley streams serving
as boundaries; and many features of the Celtic life and land-
scape can be understood in relation to transhumant practices.
Welsh folk-tales contain references to journeys made with
the cattle up to the moors in spring. The “‘ mountainy ”’

1940-41. |
99

districts in many purts of Ireland are still shared by groups
of townlands for summer grazing, the allotment of stock
being so many sums, a unit of grazing capacity which may
consist of horses, cattle, pigs, goats, or poultry, and which
recalls the Swiss stoss.

Finally, the fiord coast of Norway provides an example
of transhumance at its northern limit, modified by the rival
claims of summer fishing on the available hands, but
enriched, as in western Scotland and N.W. Ireland, by the
utilisation of island pastures before the mountains are ready
for the spring migration. The snow lingers long on the high
fjeld, and use is made of intermediate spring pastures (the
saeter), where substantial houses are erected which are again
occupied in autumn. Since the men are busy at sea and the
women must look after the farms, it is the young girls who
take the cattle to the high pastures in summer, prepare the
butter and cream, and harvest hay for winter fodder. The
dairy-maid tradition is here strong. ‘“* The time spent up in
the mountain pastures was the happiest time of the year.
every living creature wanted to go to the mountains.”’

The decline of transhumance in Kurope as a whole has
led to the neglect of many hill pastures to which attention is
now once more being given. There have been many factors
in that recline, among which may be mentioned the fixing
of national frontiers along mountain crests and the increasing
use of hay and forage crops for stock. Another factor in the
general decline, the friction and loss of time involved in
transit, has been partly met by the use of special trains to
carry sheep in Spain and Provence.

A large and appreciative audience listened with great
attention to the lecture, and a hearty vote of thanks was
varried by acclamation to Dr. Evans for his most interesting
discourse.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual Meeting was held on 19th April, 1941. the
President (A. H. Davison, F.R.S.A.I.) in the Chair, when
uhe following Reports were presented : —

ANNUAL REPORT.

In presenting the Seventy-Highth Annual Report your
Jommittee is glad to be able to record that the full activities
of the Club have been maintained throughout the past year.

During the past year 37 members were added to the roll;
opposite this there were 22 resignations. 5 deaths, and 13
names struck off for non-payment of subscription. At present

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
100

there are 446 subscribing members, 9 honorary, 3 corres-
ponding, and 3 life, making a total of 461, against 462 the
year before.

To our five affiliated Clubs has been added another—the
Armagh Ramblers, which we welcome. In reference to the
Tyrone Club, it has been dormant for some time; and since
the death of the Rev. E. M. Gumley, the Omagh Club has
not been functioning. .

Apart from the Sections, fourteen Summer Excursions
were held, and despite War conditions were as well attended
as In any previous year.

The Winter Session was opened by a Social Meeting
held in the Old Museum on Saturday, 19th October. The
exhibits were supplied by the Junior Division, supplemented
by the R.B. Academical Institution and the Friends’ School,
Lisburn. The attendance was most gratifying, and the great
success of the meeting was entirely due to Miss Bolton, Hon.
Secretary, Junior Division, and the Junior Division
Committee.

It is with deep regret that we record the recent death
of Mr. William M. Crawford, B.A., F.R.E.S. He joined
the Club in 1921 after his return from India, and was elected
President in 1926. He acted as Librarian up to the time of
his death. This office involved a great deal of unobtrusive
work, willingly rendered, as he had a great interest in the
welfare of the Club. As to his scientific work, it is only
necessary to mention it here, for it is to be presumed that
it will be more fully dealt with in The Irish Naturalists’
Journal.

Three other members, we also regret to record, have
passed away since our last annual meeting. Their names are
appended to this report.

J. SKILLEN, Hon.
W.G. R. Sxiuuen, J Secretaries.

OBITUARY.
W. M. Crawford, B.A., F.R.E.S. H. 8S. Houston.
Mrs. Emma H. Peacock, Wm. Brodie.

REPORT OF BOTANICAL SECTION.

Three excursions took place during the season : —
27th April. <A large party, conducted by Dr. R. L.
Praeger, visited Crawfordsburn Glen (by kind permission of

1940-41]
101

W. J. Stewart, Esq., M.P.). After tea, Dr. Praeger gave an
interesting talk about some of the plants collected during the
afternoon.
15th June. Miss Sayers led an excursion-to Carngaver,
where we saw Lesser Winter Green (Pyrola minor). We also
found a plantation with Sorbus aria and Sorbus intermedia;
the latter, according to Dr. Praeger, having been probably
planted.
14th September. Miss Rea, M.Sc., conducted on excur-
sion to Carnalea tc study sea-weeds and to demonstrate
zonation.
1 EY) fe ae Hon.
W. J. Sayers, J Secretaries.

REPORT OF GHOLOGICAL SECTION.

The following Excursions were made :—

Saturday, 18th May. Black Mountain. Conducted by
Mr. J.J. Hartley, M.Sc. Examination of junction of Chalk
and Greensand.

“Saturday, 3lst August. Craignahulliar Quarry, near
Portrush. Conducted by Mr. J. J. Hartley, Examination
of Interbasaltic Beds and Cclumnar Basalt.

Saturday, 21st September. Magheramorne Quarry.
Arranged by ‘Mr. A. M’'I. Cleland, who was, however,
prevented by illness from acting as conductor, Mr. J. J.
Hartley very kindly taking his place. Hxamination of the
peculiar stvatified marl, secondary chalk and hollow flints
containing “‘ flour.’’

J. K. CHARLESWORTH,” Hon.
W. J. WEATHERUP, Beaneee aie!

REPORT OF ZOOLOGICAL SECTION.

During 1940 the Zoological Section keld three
excursions.

On the 11th May an ornithological expedition visited
Muck Island where large colonies of Kittiwakes, Puffin, etc.,
were seen.

On the 6th July we visited Carnalea under the expert
guidance of Professor Gregg Wilson. On the outward journey
he gave us a most interesting and instructive talk on the
principles of zonation in sea-weeds and in sea-shore animals.
On the shore we were privileged to see perfect examples of
those principles as they occur naturally, and to study the
adaptation of shore animals to the struggle for existence by
fixation to rocks, by burrowing in the sand, and by hiding.

{Proc. B.N.F.C.
102

The third. excursion was held conjointly with the
Archaeological Section on 17th August, to Toomebridge and
the westrn shore of Lough Neagh. The zoological interest
here was centred in the eel weirs. A short talk was given on
the life history of the eel. At the quaint little harbour of
Newport Trench living specimens of eels were inspected.

GREGG WILSON, Hon.
J. S. LouGurinGE, | Secretaries.

REPORT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SECTION.

The Archaeological Section made three excursions during
the past Session.

Saturday, 4th May. Dromore. On arrival at the
Cathedral, the Rector, Rev. Canon M‘Garvey, explained the
architecture of the building, and pointed out the existing
positions of the original church built by Bishop Jeremy
Taylor. He also exhibited some ecclesiastical vestments
associated with this celebrated author and divine, as well as
the pulpit bible taken from the Cathedral by a Cromwellian
soldier. This, through the late Primate D’Arcy and a
strange sequence of events, was restored “‘ after an absence
of nearly three hundred years.’’ The next place visited was
the Norman mote and bailey, locally known as ** The
Mound.’’ This has been carefully preserved by the Ancient
Monuments Council, and now stands as originally erected
by the Normans, save for the wooden archery tower and the
palisading. Proceeding to Lisburn the members had tea and
afterwards walked through the Castle Gardens park where
there are some remains of a castle built by Sir Foulke Conway
in the 17th Century.

Saturday, 29th June. Killyleagh, via Castle Espie. At
the latter place a stop was made to examine the cottage said
to be built on ‘the site of the castle, or incorporated init. The
cottage has enormously thick walls supported ‘by outside
buttresses, evidently part of the old castle. Close by stands
a great stone monument, locally known as “The Cross.’’ It
is apparently a natural outcrop, but has been artificially
‘‘dressed’’ to its present shape. At Killyleagh the ancient
church was visited, but the graveyard is so overgrown and
the chureh ruins so hidden in ivy, that close inspection is
not possible. ‘his old church is claimed by the natives of
Killyleagh as being associated with Lady Dufferin’s poem
‘“ The Irish Emigrant,’’ but this claim may be attributed to

1940-41. |

103
wishful thinking and the “ stile ’’ a fiigment of poetic
imagination.
Saturday, 17th August. Arboe. On arrival, after

inspecting the High Cross, church, and monastery ruins, a
visit was made to the ancient tree, possibly a successor from
the days of tree worship. It is covered with votive offerings,
and where a main branch leaves the parent stem a natural
basin is formed in which rain water collects. This natural
hollow claims some of the virtue belonging to the tree. The
next stop was at Newport Trench, a harbour on Lough Neagh,
which joins up the water traffic with the Lagan Canal. In
the unhurried days of last century this harbour was a very
busy place, but with the coming of modern transport and the
consequent decay of canal traffic this era of prosperity has
now ended.

R. 5S. Lepper, Hon.

J. SKILLEN, Secretaries.

REPORT OF JUNIOR DIVISION.

The membership now stands at 145, there being 16 new
members and four re-joining, and eight resignations. Three
members of the Division graduated to the Senior Section.

This year we renewed the experiment of week-end
excursions. ‘Tiwo very successful trips were held, the first
from Friday, May 31st, till June 2nd, to Cranny Falls Youth
Hostel, and the second from Friday, 30th August, till
Sunday, September Ist, to Minerstown.

The Junior Division was entrusted to provide the exhibits
for the Club’s Social Meeting, which took the place of the
Annual Conversazione in October. This gave the Juniors
an opportunity of displaying to the Club some two year’s
work, and augmented by the fine displays of the Natural
History So¢ieties of the Friends’ School, Lisburn, and of the
Royal Belfast Academical Institution. <A satisfactory
number of exhibits was available.

The Junior Division Special Conversazione, held in
March, was an excellent evening. Over 120 Juniors and
friends attended, and competitions included the identification
of birdsong from recordings, etc.

Field excursions, thirteen in all, were well attended
over the year, ‘and all branches of Natural History,
Archaeology, etc., received attention.

Feiciry Bouton, Hon. Secretary.

1923.
1924.
1925.
1926.
1937
1928.
1931.
1982.
1933.
1934.
1936.
1937.
1938.

{Proc. B.N.F.C,
104

CLUB MEDALLISTS.
William Swanston, F.G.S.
Nevin Harkness Foster, F.L.S., M.R.I.A.
Nathaniel Carrothers.
Robert Bell.
R. Lloyd Praeger, D.Sc., M.R.I.A.
R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.I.A.
S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.
J. A. S. Stendall, M.R.I.A., M.B.O.U.
A. M‘I. Cleland.
Professor Gregg Wilson, O.B.E., D.Sc., M.R.1.A.
Professor J. K. Charlesworth, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S.
Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A., M.R.1.A.
Miss W. J. Sayers, B.A.

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PROCEEDINGS

AND

ANNUAL REPORTS

OF THE

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB

For the Year Ending 31st March, 1942.
(SEVENTY-NINTH YEAR)

SERIES Il.
VOLUME X.

PART IV.
1941-1942.

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

SEVENTY-NINTH YEAR, 1941-1942.

GENERAL COMMITTEE

President
J. S. LOUGHRIDGE, B.SC., M.D., F.R.C.S.
Vice-President
ROBERT G. HENDEIRSON, F.c.A.
Hon, Treasurer
ROBT. G. HENDERSON, F.c.4., 17 Castle Place.

Hon. Librarian

MISS E. BARRY.

Hon. Recording Secretary
J. A. S. STENDALL, M.B.J.A.

Hon. Secretaries Botanical Section
MISS K. BOURKE, B.Sc.
N. C. CARROTHERS.
Hon, Secretaries Geological Section
Prof. J. KAYE CHARLESWORTH), D.Sc., M.R.1.A., F.G.S.
W. J. WEATHERUP, B.SC.
Hon. Secretary Zoological Section
RANALD MAcDONALD.
Hon. Secretaries Archaeological Section
A. ALBERT CAMPBELL, F.R.S.A.1.
J. SKILLEN.
Hon. Secretaries Survey of Antiquities Committee
MRS. I. R. CROZIER.
I. ESTYN EVANS, M.A., D.SC., F.S.A.
Hon. Secretary Junior Division
MISS FELICITY BOLTON.
Members of Committee

Retire 1942 Retire 1943.
W. P. CHANDLER. A. McI. CLELAND.
V. F. GRAINGER. J. J. HARTLEY, Msc.

Rev. W. R. MEGAW,B.A., M.R.L.A. ‘WM. SWEENEY.
Retine 1944.
R. S. LEPPER, M.A.,; F.R.HIST.SOC.
A. H. DAVISON, F.R.S.A.1.
MISS 'W. J. SAYERS, B.A.
Honorary Secretaries
JOSEPH SKILLEN,

--- =$ 95 Stranmillis Gardens,
W. GRAHAM R-- ernie. | a ae

\

109

PROCEEDINGS.

0
SUMMER SESSION.
fo)

Owing to many transport difficulties, due to the War,
no Excursion Programme was issued for the Summer
Session. As the Excursion Sub-Committee could arrange
them, notices for each Excursion were sent to the members.
There was no Long Excursion and the usual Conferences

were abandoned. Hight Excursions in all were held, but
owing to Wartime restrictions no reports have’ been
appended.

20th May Sie ... Belfast Castle Estate.

Brd June cf ... Castlereagh Hills.

14th. June eh ... Dundrum and Neweastle.

24th June oe ... Ballyutoag.

5th July ae ... Galgorm Castle Demesne.

Son August .... .... Hillsborough

23rd August ... . Avmagh City.

6th September ... Muckamore.

WINTER SESSION.

The authors of the Papers, of which abstracts are given,
are alone responsible for the views expressed therein,

SOCIAL MEETING.

Owing to the continuance of the War the usual
Conversazione was abandoned. As a substitute, a Social
Meeting was held in Museum Buildings on Saturday, 18th
October, at 2.30 p.m. At this meeting the Junior Division
gave an excellent [xhibition of the results of their work
during the Summer Session. There was a very good
attendance, Tea being served at 4.30 p.m., and evervone
pronounced the evening had been a great success.

All other meetings were held in the Museum Building
and on Saturdays at 3.0 p.m.
WATER AND LIFE.

At the opening meeting of the Winter Session, neld on
15th November, the President (Mr. J. S. Loughridge, M.D.,
F.R.C.8.) delivered his Inaugural Address, taking as his
theme the above subject. During the course of his remarks
the President said :—

Of the total extent of the earth’s surface the oceans
make up three-fourths, about 180 million square miles,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
110

The average depth of the ocean is about 1,900 fathoms,
from which it follows that the volume of water in the
ocean basins may be reckoned at over 300 million cubic
miles. This oceanic mass forms a single continuous domain.
This vast ‘space is everywhere inhabited by living organisms.
On the other hand, terrestrial life occupies “but. a thin
stratum which, even in forests, does not ordinarily exceed
some 90 feet in thickness. Again the cccurence of water
is no less important upon the land. In addition to lakes
and rivers, water is everywhere present in large quantities
in the soil, held there by capillary action. ‘The atmosphere
also contains an abundance of water in vapour and cloud
form.

Water has one of the highest specific heats, that is,
more than nearly any other substance, water can absorb
or give off more heat for a given change in temperature.
The most obvious effect of the high specific heat of water
is the tendency of the ocean and of all lakes and streams
to maintain a nearly constant temperature. A second effect
is the moderation of both summer and winter temperatures
of the earth. The high heat capacity of water operates in
a third way; for directly and indirectly it is involved in the
formation and duration of ocean currents. The contrast
between the mild winters of our own shores and those of
Labrador is an indication of the amount of heat carried to
us by the Gulf Stream. A similar and even more important
function is the direct promotion of winds with the resulting
distribution of aqueous vapour throughout the atmosphere,
a primary factor in the dissemination of water in the form
of rain. Here the essential thing is the existence of a vast
warm reservoir in the tropics and of two similar cold
reservoirs at the poles. In a word the usually high specific
heat of water tends automatically and most effectively to
regulate the temperature of the whole environment, of both
air and water, sea and land, and that of the Tiving organism
itself.

It requires as much heat to change ice at 0 degrees
centigrade into water at 0 degrees, as it does to raise the
temperature of the resulting ice water to 80 degrees C. It
follows that a mixture of ice and water can absorb or give
out great quantities of heat without any change whatever
in the temperature, the only change bemg an increase or
decrease in the amount of ice in the mixture. Accordingly
as long as the earth shail remain habitable the cooling of
the ocean will be wigidly limited (by its freezing ‘point.
However inclement the atmosphere, the ocean can always

1941-42.]
up a

support life until all water becomes frozen. It is worthy
of note that the freezing point of water, though to man,
with this carefully regulated body, appearing low, -is, in
reality very high indeed when compared with that of any
other like substance with three atoms in the molecule; it is
about 100 degrees C. above the average. This is one of
the most important facts with which we are concerned now,
for many chemical reactions of living. occur at or above
10 degrées C. that could not occur at lower temperatures.
The latent heat of melting of water is, with one exception,
much the highest known, thereby rendering the ocean a
most effective modifier of cold climates.

The latent heat of vaporisation of water is by far the
highest known—5386 calories per gram. So great is this
quantity that the latent heat of evaporisation is one of the
most important regulatory mechanisms at present known
to meteorologists. At the equator the amount of heat which
is employed in evaporating water from one square mile has
been estimated to equal 24 million horse power. The effect
of this enormous evaporation is to moderate the temperature
of the tropics; but the heat which thus disappears is not
lost. Rendered latent at the place of evaporation, it is
turned back into actual heat at the point of condensation,
and thus serves to warm another and cooler locality. The
magnitude of the ocean currents and their effect in trans-
ference of heat was vividly brought home recently by the
scientific work of the Russians in their drifting north polar
station. On the 21st May, 1937, with the help of four
aeroplanes, an expedition was landed on the ice at the
North Pole, and an observatory established. The aeroplanes
flew away leaving Paninin and three colleagues on the ice.
They remained on the ice until the following February,
a period of 274 days. During this period the four Russians
were carried from the North Pole to the East Coast of
Greenland where they were taken off a broken up ice floe
in lat. 70 N. and long. 19 W. During the 274 days thev
covered 1,134 miles in a straight line, or nearly 1,500 miles
actually when zig-zags and loops are counted. This means
the ice is flowing from the North Pole at the average rate
of 5.6 miles per day, being slowest near the Pole and
increasing further south, reaching 12.3 miles daily. The
prevalent winds in the polar basin are northerly and north-
westerly. These winds acting over a vast stretch, create
a general flow of ice towards the Greenland sea. The moving
ice draws with it the upper layers of water. To replace
both much water flows in from the Atlantic, ven near

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
112

the Pole, under a comparatively thin laver of cold Arctic
water with the negative temperatures common to polar seas,
a layer was found with positive temperature. North of the
86th parallel the upper negative isotherm is at 250 metres.
the lower at 750 metres. Thus the thickness of the layer
of water with positive temperature in the region of the
Pole is 500 metres. It has a maximum of 0.77 degrees C.

Quite as important to man and animals as this great
power of meteorological regulation is the corresponding
physiological activity, evaporation of water from the skin
and lungs, where the loss of excessive heat is more efficiently
done than in the radiator of a motor car. ‘he regulation of
temperature by evaporation is not confined to animals,
being if anything more important in plants.

The expansion of water when cooled from 4 degrees
centigrade to O degrees centigrade together with the
expansion on freezing is largely responsible for the permanence
in liquid state of many bodies in cold climates. Were it not
for this unique anomaly and the buoyancy of ice the cold
water in our rivers, lakes and oceans would freeze and the ice
would sink to the bottom and persist throughout winter and
summer until most or all water would be converted into ice.

Such in brief outlne are the more important physical
properties of water which render it suitable as a physical
basis of life. These properties are extraordinarily, often
uniquely, suited to the complex mechanism of life. In no
case do the advantages which these properties confer seem
to be trivial, commonly they are of the greatest moment.
No other known fluid can take its place, in the least degree,
as an environment for simple organisms, or as an internal
environment or a ‘‘ milieu interieur’’ as Claude Bernard
called it, of all living organisms.

Karly in the last century, when natural theology and
argument from design were the subjects of acute controversy,
much emphasis was put on such of these unique properties
of water as were then known.

The most striking of all the ocean’s qualities is its
constancy. No doubt since its geological origin it has grown
colder and more saline, but a million years are but a night
in such a process which is more complicated than would
at first appear. It thas not been simple and continuous,
obeying Newton’s law of cooling, but intermittent, with
alternate periods of heat and cold, as coal in Spitzbergen,
fossil tropical plants in Greenland, and fossil corals in Sligo
prove,

1941-42. ]
113

The present day temperature of the ocean varies slightly
not only from place to place but also with the seasons. The
polar seas may fall below 0 degrees and in the tropics the
temperature may rise to 380 degrees centigrade—a range
which is small compared with that which occurs on land—
57 degrees to minus 35 degrees C.

The degree of seasonal variation in temperature varies
with the place. The temperatures of the tropical and polar
seas are relatively uniform, the greatest variation being in
the temperate zones.

A stratification of temperatures also occurs. The heavy
cold polar water sinks and gradually spreads out on the
bottom, and the lighter warmer water of the tropics flows
towards the poles. Over 80%, of the ocean floor is a mile
or more below the surface and has a temperature of 2 degrees
or less. In the Mediterranean the Straits of Gibraltar have
a ereatest depth of 400 metres and therefore form a sub-
marine ridge keeping out the cold water of the bottom of
the Atlantic. :

Leaving the physical side of water we may now say a
few words on the Chemistry of Sea Water.

Sea water is a solution whose composition varies slightly
from place to place. In the open sea the salt content is
nearly constant at 3.5%. Variations from this are small
in amount. Near land the percentage of salt is reduced
owing to its dilution by fresh water from rivers. In the
Baltic, for example, there is only 2.9% of salt. On the
other hand salinity is increased by rapid evaporation. The
best example is the Red Sea, where the great heat of the
sun and the absence of rivers causes the salinity to rise to 49%.
The greater part of sea salt consists of the chlorides of
sodium, magnesium and potassium, also the sulphates of
magnesium and calcium. The presence of these salts in
the water gives rise to what are known as osmotic pressures.
Osmotic pressure rises with increasing concentration and
falls with dilution. It amounts to no less than 26
atmospheres in the waters of the Red Sea, but in the waters
of the Baltic it may fall as low as 5 atmospheres. Osmotic
pressure affects the cells of animals most directly in centrast
with the pressures exerted by great depths of water. Marine
animals, with the exception of the fishes, have the same
concentration of salt as has sea water. This is probably why
Many animals are very sensitive to variations in salinity.
There are, however, a few exceptions of which the best
examples are migratory forms like the salmon and the eel
and esturine types like the shore crab.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
114

Among the more important of the sea salts, calcium
is the only one which varies much. It is used by innumer-
able animals to build up spicules, shells and skeletons. {ts
absorption is affected largely by temperature—being rapid
at 25 degrees and more, and very slow at temperature below
10 degrees. Thus calcium deposits by animal life reach their
maximum in the tropics where the reef corals build gigantic
masses of rock and the shell of the giant clam may reach
a weight exceeding 500 pounds (4 ton). Nitrates and
phosphates are both indispensable for the growth of plant
life and therefore indirectly for animal life.

The one chemical essential to life of which the supply
is imitd is oxygen. In sea water oxygen is present only to
the extent of 4 per cent. by volume, putting gill-breathing
animals at a very considerable disadvantage, compared with
lung-breathers who can tap 20 per cent. of oxygen in the
atmosphere.

The advantages to be gained from these striking
attributes of water of course reach a maximum in the ocean.
The immensity of the ocean waters, their uniform composi-
tion and temperature, their adequate supply of food, their
suitability as a medium for the development of each new
gveneration—make them an ideal abode of life. In fact the
sea forms the greatest haunt of life, being much richer in
different forms of life and in numbers of individuals than
land or fresh water. Many of the facts of present day
life can best be explained on the supposition that life began
in the sea. Itis a striking and peculiar fact that sea water
when. diluted about three times contains the same salts in:
about the same concentration as does the blood serum—
the only exception being magnesium sulphate. This
observation holds for the sera of widely different animals.
On account of this general resemblance to diluted sea water
it has been suggested that the qirculating fluids of all
animals originally came irom the sea water of millions of
vears ago. In other words our blood is nothing more or
less than a modified sea water. (Mven if this were so, the
animals of today are the products of millions of vears along
widely different paths, but in spite of this their bloods are
remarkably alike in ionic composition. This suggests that
the conditions under*which life is possible are very restricted
indeed, and have not changed substantially since life tirst
began. The composition of the blood has remained the
same because the conditions under which life is possible
have remained the same. It has been actively maintained,
as indeed it must be if life were not to become extinct,

1941-42, ]
115

Turning from the ocean, with its freedom from dessica-
tion and its benevolent uniformity, we may look briefly
at those parts of the earth where water is scarce or absent,
namely, the deserts. The deserts are not lifeless wastes;
living things are surprisingly abundant, for both plants
and animals have solved the water problem in a variety of
ways. The annual herbs come forth after the rains, usually
winter rains, and produce leaves, flowers and fruits in a
short season; and having produced seeds, die away, leaving
the problem of another season to another generation. They
are truly plants that live for a term of days. Desert plants
that live for years cannot answer the desert problem so
simply as the annuals, but they have succeeded in various
ways. The leaves show all the characteristics of Xerophytes.
The root systems are extensive, reaching down for subter-
ranean waiter, their stems are hard and resistant to drying.
In the cactuses the leaves have been eliminated; the stems
have taken over the function of the leaves and in addition
serve aS water storage vessels.

Not only are there plants in the desert. there are animais
as well. Some insects as well as some lizards secure their
water from plant juices. The snail seals its shell until water
comes again. But the eaters of seeds and dry wood have
a difficult problem. The larvae of the powder-post beetle
are plump.and juicy, yet their only food is the dry desert
ironwood. They obtain their water by the oxidation of
carbohydrates—the so-called water of metabolism. In most
animals water is squandered, but these desert animals con-
serve every drop.

We owe to Claude Bernard the conception of the
internal environment. The essence of the idea of the
internal environment is that the cells within the bodies,
particularly of the higher organisms, ‘are bathed by fluids
which constitute an inner environment. Life is possible only
if these fluids vary within very narrow limits. The living
organism tries to maintain as constant as possible the
composition of this internal environment, and if the balance
is slightly upset in one direction, reactions take place which
tend to restore the balance. A higher organism is, there,
fore, virtually independent of its external environment.
It is, as it were, enclosed in a hot house, so that the
perpetual changes of its worldly environment do not reach it;
it is not chained to them; it is free and independent.
Bernard’s great conception is of fundamental importance
in present day physiology. All physiological processes take
place in an internal environment whose basis is water. We

[Proc. B.N.F.C,
116

have not time to-day to give a list of these reactions, much
less to discuss them, but we may mention two examples.

We have already mentioned how salts dissolved in water
create an osmotic pressure. When two solutions of different
concentration are separated by certain membranes, the
osmotic pressure tends to drive water from the weaker to
the stronger solution, until the concentrations are equalized.
Animal tissues form such a specialized membrane. Consider
the case of a fish whose blood and tissues contain just less
than 1% of salt. It is lHving in a medium containing
3.0% of salt. the osmotic pressure, following its natural
course, will tend to drive water out of the fish’s body into
the sea. How does the animal succeed in preventing this
serious loss? Largely by covering itself in waterproof
scales. In the case of fish with no scales or rudimentary
scales, an alternative must be provided. This is why
the eel is covered with a layer of sime or mucus. The only
area on both scale and non-scale fishes from which water
is lost by osmosis is the surface of the gills. Tihe loss even
here would be serious, were it not for the recently discovered
chloride cells in the gills which have the power of secreting
chlorides as rapidly as the water is lost, thereby keeping
the percentage of salt in the tissues constant. The water
and salt lost is replaced. by swallowing sea water and
absorbing it, salts and all, from the gut. If swallowing is
prevented by introducing a rubber balloon imto the
oesophagus, the fish is unable to keep up its regulation and
soon dies.

The fresh water fish has the revérse problem to solve.
Its tissues, like its salt water cousin, contain nearly 1% of
salt. The surrounding water, having no salt, tends to be
drawn into the fish by osmosis, and the fish is in constant
danger of being literally drowned by water-logging of all
its tissues. 'The waterproofing of the skin 1s of course useful,
but the constant fresh water absorbed by the mouth and
oills is filtered off by the kidneys as & very dilute urine.

Migratory fishes like the salmon and the eel have to
solve both problems, and the adaptations may be studied
by the changes in weight. Thus in the passage from fresh
water to sea water, the high osmotic pressure of the latter
draws water out of the tissues of the fresh water eel and it
loses weight rapidly. As the eel adapts itself to the new
environment it regains most of the lost weight. Again
on. passing from salt water to fresh, water is at first drawn
into the eel and its weight increases above the normal. With

1941-42. ]
VY.

adaptation to the fresh water, its weight returns to the
normal.

Finally if we take a large jelly fish, weighing about one
pound, and lay it on the open pages of a book, it is possible
to read the distorted print through the more or less trans-
parent outer umbrella, though the central part is more or
less opaque. Now if we allow this jelly fish to remain on
the page until it is thoroughly dry, the paper simply
appears as though it had been wetted and dried. No notice-
able film is discernible on the surface of the page and the
print is clear cut. (See Plate 4).

ANALYSIS OF JELLY FISE.

Fresh weight. Jelly Fish (1) Jelly Fish (2)
146.19 em. 147.36 gm.

Residue after

drying at 80°C. 5.67 gm. 5.60 gm.
Residue after

drying at 108°C. — 5.46 gm.
Ash after heating in

furnace at 850°C. — 4.475 gm.
Total ‘* protein ”’

(total N by

Kjeldahl X6.25) 0.180 gm.
Percentage of water 95.8 per cent.
Inorganic Ash Sort. 34
Protein () al a

Such observations raise. the question as to what con-
stitutes the most important part of the living organism.
Is it the organic portion—the proteins, the fats and so on;
or is it the inorganic portion—the salts, calcium, sodium,
tne chlorides; or is it the water which in the case of the
jelly fish comprises over 95 per cent. of the animal? ‘There
can only be one answer. All are equally important. All
are a part of the living substance which we call protoplasm.
The water in the medusa is as much “ alive ”’ as are the
proteins, the fats, the carbohydrates, and this ‘* living
water ’’? must be sharply differentiated in some way from
the great mass of water which surrounded the living jelly
fish in the sea. The problem of the nature and degree ot
this differentiation is one which requires for its solution all
the skill and ingenuity of the biochemists of the future.
ven when they have only been partially solved, these
problems will have inaugurated a new day in biochemistry
and in medicine, for the water relations in the living organism
lie at the foundation of problems concerning both health
and disease.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
118

I am indebted to Professor D. C. Harrison, Department
of Biochemistry, Queen’s University, Belfast, for the
analysis of the Jelly Fish which he kindly carried out.

There was an excellent attendance and the address was
well illustrated by many lantern views of first rate quality
and a number of clear diagrams.

LOCAL MEDICINAL HERBS.

The second meeting of the Winter Session was held on
29th November when Miss F. M. I. Adams, M.Sc., read a
paper on the above subject. During the vourse of her
remarks Miss Adams said :—

The writer of a modern herbal says:—‘* Botany and
medicime came down the ages hand in hand until the 17th
century ; then both parts became scientific, their ways ‘parted,
and no new herbals were compiled. The botanical books
ignored the medical properties of plants and the medical
books contained no plant lore.’’

For many years the plants which are the bases of crude
drugs have been imported, even those that could be obtained
from wild plants growing in our own countryside. such as
foxgloves, male fern, valerian, etc. The question naturally
arises—why are these local plants not collected and made
use off? To answer this question one must realise first of
all that the annual consumption of Great Britain runs into
hundreds of tons of crude dried material, most of which
normally comes from the continent, some of this material
being re-exported to the western hemisphere. ‘The difficulty
of collecting sufficient quantities of local wild plants in the
right condition and the expense involved in setting up.
drying sheds and the requisite machinery have not seemed
so far worth while as a-profitable commercial undertaking,
though there are of course materia medica farms in various
parts of England associated with big drug companies.

At the present time there is a serious shortage of some
of the drugs in question and several schemes have been
suggested for the collection, harvesting and increased culti-
vation of medicinal herbs. Now the question arises as to
which plants are the most important. The Medical Research
Council recommends that effort should be concentrated on
the following: —Belladonna, foxglove, henbane, stramonium,
male fern, colchicum, sphagnum, dandelion root and
valerian. There are a great number of other plants in
frequent medicinal use and common in herbal practice, but,
as Dr. James of Oxford University says, no one is going

1941-42. }
119

to die prematurely or suffer great pain for lack of them,
but many may die or sufter for lack of foxglove or belladonna.

FOXGLOVE.

Since Foxglove leaves are the source of one of the most
important drugs and since those of other plants may readily
be mistaken for them, it is necessary to give a detailed
description of the leaves. The radical leaves are a foot
or more in length and three to six inches in breadth, the
upper part being more or less ovate and contracted at the
base into a long winged footstalk. The margin of the leaf has
crenate indentations. Both leaves and stalks are covered
with numerous soft velvety hairs. These hairs distinguish
Foxglove leaves from Comfrey leaves, which they much
resemble in shape. The latter are very harsh and rough
to the touch, this being due to the coarse bristle-like hairs
with which it is clothed. The use:of Foxglove is compara-
tively recent, although employed by the old herbalists for
varlous purposes in medicine. The active principles which
render it most useful in the hands of the modern physician
were unknown till about the middle of the 19th century:
It is used in many forms of heart trouble. A whole series
of glucosides has been extracted from the leaves. ‘These
different elucosides vary in their physiological action, some
being extremely poisonous. No animal is known to browse
upon the plant, instinctively recognising its poisonous
character.

BELLADONNA (DEADLY NIGHTSHADE).

This plant has an interesting history. In [England it
is found growing near ancient abbeys where it was once
cultivated. In Ireland it grows on islands in the Shannon;
in Clare and on the shores of Lough Mask; in Antrim near
Ballycastle. The flowers of Belladonna are a dull brownish-
purple; the fruit is a large shining black berry; the leaves
are simple and are generally borne in pans of unequal size
in the following parts 5 to 8 inches in length. The plant
may be distinguished in this way even when not in flower.

The poisonous properties of Belladonna have long been
known. The name Belladonna, ** beautiful lady,’ ° was
given to this plant by the Italians who prized it for the
effect upon the eyes, as it dilates the pupils. All parts of
the plant contain the alkaloid hyoscyamine which is easily
converted into atropine and which acts upon the central
nervous system. It is used in asthma and cases of pneumonia
and typhoid. The leaves were introduced into the London
Pharmacopoeia in 1809, the roots later.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
120

HENBANE.

This is another poisonous plant belonging to the same
family and is found growing in different parts of Ireland,
but is not very common. It seems to have been common
enough in Gerard’s time (reign of Queen Elizabeth).
Hyoscine, from Henbane, is probably one of the oldest
narcotics known. It is used in modern surgical practice
and as a cerebral and spinal sedative, and to induce twilight
sleep. It is supposed to be the herb referred to in Hamlet
when his uncle*poured a concoction of it into the King’s ear.

Mae FERN (aspidium Fiiix mas).

This fern is one of the commonest of our native ferns.
Its use as a vermifuge goes back to very ancient times
(Theophrastus, 600 B.C.). The underground stem is the
part used, where remarkable secreting glands are found
which are the source of the substance used. It has a toxic
action on tape worm.

VALERIAN.

There are many different species of Valerian, but the
one used medicinally has a white flower with a pinnate
leaf something hike an ash leaf. It grows near woods and
by river sides.

It has interesting associations, the spikenard of the
Bible being one of the valerianaceae. The ancient races
used the plant in epilepsy and nervous diseases. The odour
of spikenard, which has been described as a mixture of
mask, patchouli and valerian, has long been prized in India
as a perfume. Valerian has been in use from pre-Christian
times and thas had a place in every pharmacopoeia for its
action in nervous complaints.

DANDELION.

It seems strange that this plant and the nettle, two
of our commonest weeds, should have to be imported in
large quantities. The use of Dandelion in domestic and
herbalistic medicine goes a long way back. It was used by
Arab physicians in the 10th and llth centuries. The young
leaves are used in concoctions to aid the digestion and as a
tonic. The root is the part most generally used. The plant
contains a bitter milky juice or latex, a crystalline bitter
substance taraxacin, and several other constituents. Its
use is mainly in dyspepsia and also in kidney and liver
disorders. ,

CoLcHIcum.

Colchicum is the meadow saffron, or Autumn Crocus.
The flowers are similar to the ordinary crocus and appear
above ground in the autumn without any leaves. The plant

1941-42. |
121

is common in pastures in England, but was exterminated
on account of the danger of poisoning cattle. All parts of
the plant are poisonous and contain the alkaloid colchicine, -
the active principle well known for use in acute gouty and
rheumatic complaints.

SPHAGNUM.

Sphagnum or Bog Moss is one of our commonest plants
in bogs or damp moors, where in many places it forms peat.
It is like a sponge and can hold an immense quantity of
water. It is this quality which makes the moss so valuable
as an absorbent dressing for wounds. Good quality
sphagnum is from 10 to 20 times as absorbent as cotton
wool.

Sphagnum has quite an interesting history. A Gaelic
Chronicle of 1014 tells how the wounded at the battle of
Clontarf stuffed their wounds with sphagnum. Lowlanders,
or Scottish troops, after Flodden staunched their bleeding
also with the moss. The (Esquimeaux use it. The Lapland
mothers dry it and lay it m their children’s cradles where
it takes the place of mattress, pillow and other covers.

The moss is pulled up in handfuls, picked clean of twigs
and grass, etc., and the water squeezed out. It is then left
to dry in the air without artificial heat. About 2 ozs. of
the dried moss is placed in butter muslin bags, 10 by 14
inches, and is then sterilized by passing through «a solution
of corrosive sublimate, then squeezed out and dried again
before using.

Broom (Cytisus scoparius).

The Broom: has been used from antiquity and it is a
remarkable fact that it is the only native medicinal plant
of the Natural Order Leguminosae used as a drug which is
official. ‘The leaves, which are present for a short time in
the spring, consist of three small leaflets and are often
reduced to a single leaflet. The young tips of spring leaves
are the parts used; they contain several alkaloids and are
used for dropsy. The bark yields a fibrous matter which
has been used for the manufacture of paper and cloth. It
also yields tannin. ‘The tender green tops have even been
used to give a bitter flavour to beer before the introduction
of Hops.

CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS ACCORDING TO THEIR
PROPERTIES.

Rosaceae. Many astringent plants used in herbalism
belong to the Rose family. Blackberry leaves have been
used in medicine for centuries. Both leaf and plant were

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
122

said by Gerard to be astringent. The Wild Raspberry was
utilized by the Greeks medicinally. The roots and leaves
of the Strawberry are astringent and used to be given in
dysentry. Rowan berries were used to make a drink and
were recommended for scurvy.

The Wild Apple was said to be “* virtuous in medicine ’
by the old herbalists. It is the wild ancestor of all the
cultivated varieties. Fresh apples are rich in vitamins.

Last but not least, our beautiful Wild Rose of the
hedge-row may be said to have come very much into the
limelight of late. Of this Gerard said in his herbal of the
15th century:—‘* Wild Rose fruits maketh pleasant meats
and banqueting dishes as tarts and such-like; the making
whereof I commit to the cunning cook, and teeth to eat
them in the rich man’s mouth.’ In later practice rose hips
were employed as an astringent. Recently it was discovered
that they contaimed a very important vitamin, and the
manufacturing chemists are preparing .a standardised
vitamin C syrup from this source.

Wormwood is a near relative of the Mugwort, very
common on waste land. When Indian tea cost 7/- a pound
Mugwort was used as a substitute in the West of England.
A French physician first prepared a drink from Wormwocd.
Absinthe, the modern liqueur made from Wormwood, is an
alcholic infusion made from this plant and a powerful
stimulant. The plant contains a bitter crystalline glucoside.

Other plants that may be mentioned are:—Tansy,
Coltstoot, Burdock, Common Nettle, etc.

With regard to the latter, in herbalistic practice nettles
have been used for a varity of complaints. They are said
to be one of the best anti-scorbutics. The juice has been
used as an astringent gargle; a lotion for burns and for gout.
In cases of palsy and paralysis the unfortunate patient was
switched with a bunch of nettles. Pepys in his famous
diary spoke highly of nettle porridge.

SeA- WEEDS.

Among many’ plants which had an old-time popularity
is one in greater demand than ever, one of the Red sea-
weeds, Carrageen moss. It is abundant on the rocky shores
of Western Ireland from below low-water mark to three-
quarters tide-level. It is prepared for use by soaking, then
simmering for about half an hour. The viscous liquid is
then filtered through muslin to remove plant remains and
milk or other flavouring matter added, and when cool sets
to a jelly. It is said to confer longevity by its constant

1941-42. ]

use. In addition to the gelatinous matter forming 50-60%
of the whole, mineral matter containing iodine, caleinm,
sodium, potassium, magnesium and traces of bromine.
chlorine and sulphur are present.

NEW CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF
CRANNOGS.

The third meeting of the Winter Session was held on
17th January, 1942, when Mr. Oliver Davies, M.A., read
& paper on above subject, well illustrated by lantern views.

| No abstract. |

| Norz.—A detailed account of Mr. O. Davies’ recent
work on Crannogs appears in the “* Ulster Journal of
Archaeology,’’ Vol. 5, Parts 1 and 2, 1942, page 14 et seq. |
WATCHING AND PHOTOGRAPHING THE BADGER.

This lecture was arranged by the Committee of the
B.N.H. & P.S., and. was given by Mr. T. O. Ruttledge,
A.R.P.S., on 3lst January, 1942, before a large and
appreciative audience. It was delivered in a very attractive
manner and was illustrated by a series of splendidly artistic
lantern views from the lecturer’s own negatives.

[No abstract. |
DEMONSTRATIONS IN PHYSIOLOGY.

This meeting was also arranged by the Committee of
the B.N.H. & P.S., and was held in the Department of
Physiology, Queen’s Wniversity, on Saturday, 14th
February, 1942, at 2.45 p.m. There was a good attendance
of members, who were inet by Professor Henry Barcroft
and his students who had a number of microscopes ready
and with the latter demonstrated many phases of human
physiology.

A very pleasant and instructive afternoon’ was
thoroughly enjoyed by all present, the meeting terminating
in a hearty vote of thanks to Professor Barcroft and his
assistants for the excellent programme provided.

FOSSIL PLANTS OF THE COAL MEASURES
OF FIFESHIRE.

The sixth meeting of the Winter Session was held on
28th February, 1942, when three papers were presented
as follows:—‘‘ Fossil Plants of the Coal Measures of
Fifeshire,’’ by Mr. H. S. Black; a paper dealing with
Botany by Miss K. Bourke, B.Sc.; and a paper dealing
with Zoology by Mr, R, MacDonald.

{Proe. B.N.F.C.
124

In the course of his remarks Mr. Black said:— ‘

In Carboniferous times land vegetation was extremely
rich for the first time in the history of the world. ‘The
climate was temperate and uniform over an extensive area,
about 70 degs. or 80 degs. summer temperatures for a very
considerable time. The soil was absolutely virgin and
extremely rich. There had been nothing to abstract the
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This carbon dioxide
was produced by the volcanic activity of the Ordovician,
Devonian and Lower Carboniferous periods.

This vegetation is used for the correlation of one coal
field with another, because the flora developed so rapidly.
Plant remains constitute the best, perhaps the only, avail-
able criteria. They are also of value in correlating individual
seams. They are recognised by the percentage of the
various groups of plants occurring in associated rocks. Hence
the significance of our study of some of these plants.

I shall not trouble you with the names of the sub-
divisions of the Coal Measures. ‘They are four in number
and are named after the most productive areas. Hach is
characterised by possessing a high percentage of one genus
out of a number of definite plants in a well-defined flora.

The plants, however, are slow spreaders, so they are
not good for world-wide correlation. One of the most
important groups of the Carboniferous flora is the
Pteridosperms, a kind of half-fern. They are seed-bearing
plants. They are extinct now, but connected, perhaps,
with the present day ferns. In fact, the fern-like leaves
of the Coal Measures were originally thought to have
belonged entirely to ferns, but many, it is now known,
belonged to the Pteridosperms, plants with foliage lke that
of ferns, but bearing seeds like those of the Cycads. It is
probable that the Pteridosperms and Cycads arose from a
common but unknown ancestor.

The Pteridosperms became extinct in the Permian.
The ferns, on the other hand, have persisted from the
Palaeozic to the present day, though no Carboniferous species
is known to have passed beyond the Permian, and the family
at present predominant, including amongst its members the
Bracken, Male Fern and Spleenworts, cannot be traced back
with certainty beyond the Jurassic. Both ferns and
Pteridosperms are characterised by large leaves and by the
fact that the fructifications were borne on the leaves, not
ageregated in cones as in the Lepidodendron. The plants,
seed plants, included herbaceous forms, some having the
general habitat of the modern Sipleenwort (Asplenium).

1941-42. ]
125

Others were slender-stemmed scramblers, relying for support
on the surrounding vegetation. Others again, and these
more frequent towards the end of the Coal Measure times,
had the habit of tree ferns, with stems. two or more feet
in diameter and up to seventy feet high. They were
clothed with a thick felt of innumerable descending roots
and bore a large crown of massive spreading fronds. The
considerable development. of air spaces in many of the roots
suggests that some of these tree ferns erew in swampy
eround. Others no doubt inhabited the gentle slopes and
higher ground surrounding the swamps. Some time ago
the C oal Measure period was called the Age of Ferns because
Filicales, or ferns proper, were said to be profusely vepre-
sented. There were many fern-like leaves to be found.
It is now known, however, as has been previously stated,
that these leaves did not belong to ferns, but to primitive
seed plants with similar foliage, determined by the type of
fructification borne.

The seeds of most Pteridosperms were wind pollinated
and were shed from the plant so that further development
occurred on the ground. The primitive seeds of
Pteridosperms never, so far as is known, developed an
embryo, but there still exist doubts in certain cases as to
whether a particular specimen is a fern or a Pteridosperm.
In fact, only when seeds are found attached to the leaves
can we be absolutely sure that we are dealing with a
Pteridosperm and not a fern, though in many cases the
indirect evidence may be strong.

We study the leaves to determine the genera, and we
conclude, having, for example, determined the genus
Alethopteris, that the leaves belong to Pteridosperms,
though in many instances attached seeds have yet to be
found.

Many of the leaves, e.g. determined as being Pecopteris,
or Sphenopteris, would belong to Pteridosperms, but some
were almost certainly the foliage of ferns according to
Dr. Crookall.

In conclusion, I will ‘briefly describe the venation of
the leaves of five predominant genera:—Alethopteris,
Pecopteris, Neuropteris, Odontopteris and Sphenopteris.
Our delibrations are systemised according to the venation of
the pinnule, and its attachment to the stem. We examine
the pinnule to determine whether the secondary veins are
forked or simple and do not form a network. If they do
form a network the plant may be Linopieris or Lone hopteri 8.

In both Alethopteris and Pecopteris the pinnules have

CProc. B.N.F.C.

a distinct midrib which continues to the apex. attached by
the whole breadth of the base and often decurrent, but
Alethopteris has pinnules which are long and linear with
many secondary veins almost at right angles to the midrib,
while Pecopteris has short pinnules, with margins often
almost parallel. ‘The secondary veins are comparatively
few in number and are almost at right angles to the midrib,
as with Alethopteris. The pimnules are not contracted at
the base.

As regards Neuropteris and Odontopteris, the pinnules
have an indistinct midrib which does not continue to the
epex. The pinnules are cval or tongue shaped, entire and
rarely lobed.

Neuropteris has pinnules attached by a single point to
the rachis and the base is more or less cordate. One vein,
the midrib, enters the pmnule from the rachis, then forks
several times, producing secondary veins which arch.

Odontopteris has pinnules which are attached by the
whole breadth of the base, often decurrent. Several veins
enter the pinnule from the rachis, then fork several times,
producing secondary veins which arch.

So these types are distinguished by the attachment of
their pinnules to the rachis.

Lastly Sphenopteris is cne of those plants whose
pinnules are contracted at the base, often lobed or toothed.
The pinnules are small and often wedge-shaped at the base.
The veins radiate in a fan-like manner from the base of
the pinnule.

There is one final point to be mentioned, that is the
question of extinction. em

The Pteridosperms, as well as most of the other
Palaeozoic plantae, including the Lycopodiales, became
extinct comparatively suddenly at about the end of the
Permian period.

The remarkable completeness and rapidity of this
process, permitting the survival of but one Palaeozoic group
(the Filicales), still with us to-day, requires an explanation.
It has been one of the greatest changes in the history of
plants. .

In the Northern Hemisphere we have evidence in the
red beds developed locally at the top of the Coal Measures,
of the inception of arid conditions, a conclusion which is
also suggested by the appearance of growth rings in stems
(so aalled annual rings), indicating a succession of distinctly
marked seasons,

1941-42. ]
127

The considerable development which took place in Coal
Measure floras was probably in the main due to the presence
of adequate moisture, not only for growth, but also for
fertilisation, and the extinction of so many Palaeozoic plants
under dry conditions was also probably due to their
dependence upon free moisture for the completion of the
act of fertilisation. j

In’ the Southern Hemisphere ‘the extinction of the
Palaeozoic plants was even more complete than in the
Northern and is supposed to have resulted from the advent
of glacial conditions.

[No abstracts were received of the papers by Miss K.
Bourke and Mr. R. MacDonald. | _

SOME NOTABLE FRIENDSHIPS.
The seventh meeting of the Winter Session was held
on 14th March, 1942, when Dr. 8. W. Allworthy, M.A.,
President of the B.N.H. & P. Society, gave his Presidential
Address, taking as his subject *“ Some Notable Friendships,’’
illustrating it by many excellent lantern views. The
meeting was well attended by a very appreciative audience.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual Meeting was held on Tuesday, 14th April,
1942, at 7.45 p.m., the President (J. S. Loughridge, B.Sc.,
M.D., F.R.C.S.) in the chair. The following reports were
presented : —

ANNUAL REPORT.

In presenting the Seventy-eighth Annual Report the
Committee is pleased to record that under the War
conditions prevailing there has been little diminution in the
work of the year, but a falling off in membership, as was
to be expected.

Since the last Report 12 members have been elected,
and against this there was a loss through deaths, resigna-
tions, removals and lapsed memberships of 42, showing a
decrease of 30, the membership now standing at 416.

With regard to the Club’s excursions, the difficulty of
hiring buses has prevented any travelling far afield. It
has therefore been necessary to revisit local and familiar
ground, sites within easy reach of the city, and favourably
situated for this purpose.

It is gratifying to report that all the meetings of the
Winter Session were well attended and that interesting
discussions accompanied each one,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.

In conclusion, the Committee regrets to record the
decease of several members whose names are appended.
J. SKILLEN, Hon.

W.iG: RB: sealhete Secretaries.

OBITUARY.
Mr. F. W. Acheson. Mr. F. A. C. Mills.
Miss S. M. Anderson. Miss K. P. McDonnell.
Mr. Hugh Cairns, B.Sc. Miss H. Napier.
Mr. Frank Duffin. Mr. John - SmithesaviAe
Mr. 8S. R. Howard. LGB:
Miss Isabella Maxwell. Mr. J. J: Wall.

A I TP TE YES TL SS FS PR ETD
Two well attended excursions were held during the
Session.
On 28th June the Section visited Moneygreer Bog, near
Ballygowan, where a few small colonies of Osmunda regalis
(Royal fern) were found.

REPORT OF BOTANICAL SECTION.

On 26th July the Botanic Gardens at Glasnevin,
Dublin, were visited. Dr. R. Ll. Praeger met the party
in Dublin, and at Glasnevin gave short talks on the various
interesting collections in the gardens.

K. Bourke, Hon.
E. N. CARROTHERS, } Secretaries.

REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

There were two excursions during the Session.

The first was made on 81st May, 1941, when the old
lead mines at Conlig were visited, in company with the
Zoological Section.

For the second excursion, the Section paid a visit to
the Geological Department of The Queen’s University,
Belfast.

The best thanks of the Section are cwed to Mr. Davison
who acted as conductor of the Geologists at Conlig and to
Mr. Hartley who made the arrangements and acted as
conductor at “‘ Queen’s.”’

J. K. CHARLESWORTH, Hon.
W. J. WEATHERUP, every

REPORT OF JUNIOR DIVISION.

Despite the present conditions due to the War the
Junior Division continues to increase and at the time of

1941-42..]
129

making this report stands at 146. The fact that enrolment
for membership keeps up proves that the Junior Division.
is fulfilling a useful need.

Two week-end excursions were made during the year,
in June and August, when we visited the Shevnaman
Hostel, and did good work in geology and bird study. Once
again we have to thank Mr. and Mrs. Davison for their
help in arranging these week-ends.

“We also had excursions as follows *—

17th May tae ... Malone to Ormeau.
20th May ee ... Belfast Castle.

3dlst May ye .-~ . Colim=Gilen:
SthAugust ... ... Hillsborough.

23rd August ... . » Armagh:

4th October ... ... Kilmood Old Church.

The Juniors were again responsible for exhibits at the
Club Social Meeting on October 18th, and while not so
numerous as previously, individual exhibits were up to
standard.

On March 21st the Juniors held their own special
Conversazione. Competitions in natvtral history interest
were held and through the kindness of the Ministry of
Information we enjoyed a film show which included some
most interesting studies of wild life, especially the enlarged
studies of insect-life.

To conclude, the year’s work has been satisfactory.
Everyone is interested, some sixty per cent. are keen on a
particular branch of study, and of these all have shown a
ereat improvement in scientific observation and are likely
at some future date to prove useful members of the Club.

Feuicity Boiron, Hon. Secretary.

CLUB MEDALLISTS.

1923. William Swanston, F.G.S.

1924. Nevin Harkness Foster, F.L.S., M.R.I.A.

1925. Nathaniel Carrothers.

1926. Robert Bell.

1927. KR. Lloyd Praeger, D.Sc., M.R.I.A.

1928. R.J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.I.A.

1931. S. A. Bernett, B.A., B.Sc.

fo32. J. A. S. Stendall; M:R.T.A., M.B.0.U.

1933. A. M‘I. Cleland.

1934. Professor Gregg Wilson, O.B.E., D.Sce., M.R.I.A.
1936. Professor J. K. Charlesworth, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S.
1937. Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A., M.R.I1A. :
1938, Miss W. J. Sayers, B.A,

130

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PROCEEDINGS

AND

ANNUAL REPORTS

OF THE

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB

For the Year Ending 31st March, 1943.
(EIGHTIETH YEAR)

PART V.
1942-1943.

BELFAST NATURALISTS FIELD CLUB.

EIGHTIETH YEAR, 1942—%943.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President
ROBERT G. HENDERSON, P.c.A.
Vice-President
kK. N. CARROTHERS.
Hon. Treasurer
ROBERT G. HENDERSON, F.c.A., 17 Castle Place.
Hon. Librarian
V. F. GRAINGER.
Hon, Recording Secretary
J. A. S. STENDALL, M.B.1.A.
Hon. Secretaries Botanical Section
MISS K. BOURKE, B-SC.
Rev. W. R. MEGAW, B.A., M.B.I.A.
Hon. Secretaries Geological Section
Prof. J. KAYE CHARLESWORTH, D.S¢C., M.R.1.A., F.G.S.
W. J. WEATHERUP, B.Sc.
Hon. Secretaries Zoological Section
RANALD MacDONALD.
J. S. LOUGHRIDGE, B.SC., M.D., F.R.C.S.
Hon. Secretaries Archaeological Section
A. ALBERT CAMPBELL, F-R.S.A.1.
J. SKILLEN.
Hon. Secretaries Survey of Antiquities Committee
MRS. I. R. CROZIER.
E. ESTYN EVANS, M.A., D.SC., F.S.A.
Hon. Secretary Junior Division
MISS FELICITY BOLTON.
Nembers of Committee

Retire 1943. Retire 1944,
A. Mcl. CLELAND. A. H. DAVISON, F.R.S.A.1.
J. J. HARTLEY, M.SC. R. S: LEPPER, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC.
WM. SWEENEY. MISS W. J. SAYERS, B.A.

Retire 1945.
H. S. BLACK.
DENIS RANKIN
GEO, C. REILLY.
Honorary Secretaries
JOSEPH SKILLEN,

v RAHAM Ro SKILLEN ke» Stranmillis Gardens.
J. GRAHAI . SKILLEN,

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135

PROCEEDINGS.

O————$—
SUMMER SESSION.
0)
The following excursions were made during the Session,

but owing to restrictions imposed by the War no reports are
appended.

23rd May ... Castle Upton and Templepatrick.
6th June ... Portrush and Dunluce.

20th June ... Sharvogue’s Bog.

30th June ... Giant’s Ring.

4th July ... Hiullhall.

4th August ... Botanic Gardens.

25th August _... Skegoniel Brickworks.

12th September ... Lyle Hall.

26th September .... Kilmood and Florida Manor.

WINTER SESSION.

The authors of the various Papers, of which abstracts
are given, are alone responsible for the views expressed
therein.

All meetings were held in the Museum Building, and on
Saturdays at 3.30 p.m.

SOCIAL MEETING.

Once again, owing to the continuance of the War, the
Annual Conversazione was abandoned. In its place a Social
Meeting was held on 17th October, at 2.30 p.m. At this
meeting the Junior Division again arranged an excellent
exhibition of the result of their efforts durmg the Summer
Session. There was a large attendance. Tea was served at
4.30 p.m., and the meeting was on all hands acknowledged
to have been a great success.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
136 .

SOME NOTES ON COMPOSITAE.

The second meeting of the Winter Session was held on
14th November, when the President (R. G. Henderson,
F.C.A.), delivered his Inaugural Address on above subject.

In his introductory remarks the President explained that
his paper was addressed chiefly to any members of the Club
who might not hitherto have actively participated in any
particular section of the Club’s work—in the hope that he
might arouse their interest in Field Botany. He had chosen
Compositae because so many of our more common flowers
belong to this great Order, and because these common towers
possess interesting features which can be understood and
appreciated by beginners.

The President then dealt with some of the difficulties
commonly experienced by the adult beginner, and showed
that these difficulties could be easily surmounted if the novice
was willing to make some little effort to acquire a knowledge
of elementary botany.

Henderson gave an outline of the distinguishing
features of the Order of Compositae, and explained that the
common daisy, Bellis perennis, although usually spoken of as
‘a flower,’’ is in reality composed of approximately 250
separate flowers (known as florets), of which about 200 go
to make up the central yellow disc, whilst the remaining 50
or thereabouts are the strap-like white florets frequently
referred to as ‘‘ the petals.’’

Having given some particulars as to the vastness of the
Order of Compositae, which is stated to represent about ten
per cent. of all flowering plants and to comprise about 10,000
separate species, he deplored tthe tendency to ignore the very
common plants, simply because they are common.

The President then dealt in detail with the following
species, and brought forward many interesting points
connected with each of them. Sonchus arvensis (Corn
Sowthistle), Achillea pe ues (Yarrow), Matricaria
inodora (Scentless Mayweed), Tussilago Farfara (Coltstfoot),
Senecio vulgaris (Groundsel), Taraxacum officinale (Diande-
lion), and Tragopogon pratensis (Goat's beard).

The lecture was illustrated by slides, and the platform,
through the kindness of one of the members, was decorated
with some handsome specimens of Compositae.

1942-43, |
137

THE WONDERS OF EGPYT.

The third meeting of the Winter Session was held on
5th December, when Mr. H. P. Swan, P.C., F.R.S.A.I.,
presented a most interesting paper on the above subject,
illustrating it with many excellent lantern views.

(No Abstract).

SOME POPULATION PROBLEMS OF NORTHERN
IRELAND.

The fourth meeting of the Winter Session was held on
30th January, when Mr. I. M. Mogay, M.A., read an
interesting paper on above subject, illustrated by maps,
diagrams, etc. :

(No Abstract).

[Note—It had been originally arranged that at this meeting
two papers should have been presented, the first by Mr. O.
Davies, M.A., on “A Crannog in Co. Cavan, and its Structural
Features,’’ and the second by Dr, E. Estyn Evans, M.A., F.S.A.,
on ‘‘ The Irish House.’’ Owing to quite unexpected circumstances
these papers were not forthcoming, and Mr. Mogay very kindly
undertook to fill what would otherwise have been a gap iin the
Winter Session programme. |

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.

The fifth meeting of the Winter Session was held on
13th February, when about eighteen questions were put
forward. These embraced queries in Archaeology, Geology,
Physiology, Biology, Botany, etc. The following members
dealt with the answers:—Miss W. J. Sayers, J. A. S.
Stendall, Dr. J. S. Loughridge, Prof. J. K. Charlesworth,
A. H. Davison, J. J. Hartley, Dr. E. K. Evans, and others.

REMINISCENCES: GEOLOGICAL AND OTHERWISE.

The sixth meeting of the Winter Session was held on
13th March, when Mr. A. M'I. Cleland dealt with the above
subject.

He explained at the outset that most of his Reminis-
cences were drawn from his ‘‘ Journals,’’ dating from 1884
onwards, in which are recorded particulars of his work in
many directions. He touched upon Geology, Botany,
Archaeology, etc., etc., illustrating his remarks by many
excellent lantern views, the majority of them from his own
negatives.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual Meeting was held on 17th April, the
President (R. EH. Henderson, F.C.A.), in the Chair. The
following Reports were presented : —

ANNUAL REPORT.

This, the HKightieth Annual Report, tis presented im
attenuated form due to the national crisis through which we
are passing. It will be understood that in these circum-
stances the activities of the Club have been more or less
restricted.

At the beginning of last year we had 427 members on the
register, and at the beginning of this year, 425, being a loss
of only two in our membership—a very satisfactory condition
of affairs.

Four of our affiliated Clubs are still flourishing, namely
Londonderry, Route, Limavady, and Armagh Ramblers’
Club; while two, Tyrone and Omagh, are in abeyance during
the War.

Fifteen of our members are on active service, and the
Committee wish them a safe return.

During the past year a series of nine successful Summer
Excursions were held, though owing to the lack of transport
choice of place was limited.

In lieu of the usual Conversazione, the Winter Session
was opened with a Social Meeting, held on 17th October,
The Junior Division had tabled a most creditable display of
exhibits, and our thanks are due to Miss Bolton, Honorary
Secretary, and the Junior Division Committee, for the
unqualified success of the Social Meeting.

J. SKILLEN, Hon.
W. G. R. SKMLEN, { Secretaries.

(SRS a RE NS SS ae LT TS ST A aE ETT i TE)
OBITUARY.

Miss M. Gardener, M.A. Wm. Keiller.
Boyd Harris, B.Comm.Sc. Mrs. M. R. Kertland.
Miss M. L. Lynn.

1942-43.]
139

REPORT OF BOTANICAL SECTION.

Two Botanical Section excursions were held during 1942,
and were well attended.
Whitehead and Blackhead were visited on 18th June.
Picris echiodes was not seen, but three months later two
plants were reported in flower at the place we searched.
‘The visit to Ballylumford and Brown’s Bay, Island-
magee, on Ist August, was a joint excursion with the
Geological Section. A special look-out kept for Picris
echiodes was unrewarded. Juncus inflerus was re-found at
the south side of the bay. This rush has not been noted in
Islandmagee since Templeton found it there in 1810. Before
returning to Belfast, some members saw Lepidium Draba on
the railway bank at Larne Harbour.
In addition to the records for the season included in
Dr. Praeger’s jist in ‘‘ I.N.J.,’’> September, 1942, the
following by Mr. J. M’K. Moon may be noted : —
Allium carinatum, near Redburn, Holywood.
Anacamptis pyramidalis, on spoil banks at Maghera-
morne and on railway bank near Monkstown.

Miss K. Bourxz, B.sc.,| Hon.
KE. N. Carroruers, J Secretaries.

REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL. SECTION.

There were three Summer Excursions, as follows :—
Saturday, 27th June—Scrabo Quarries.

Saturday, Ist August—Ballylumford and Brown’s Bay.
Saturday, 22nd August—Larne Harbour.

W. J. WEATHERUP, Hon.

J. K. CnHarteswortnu, | Secretaries.

REPORT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SECTION.

Owing to the difficulty of hiring busses only one excur-
sion was held during the past Summer Session. This was
to Dunmurry, on Saturday, Sth August, Dr. S. R. Hunter
acting as conductor.

Through the kindness of the Rt. Hon. J. Milne Barbour,
the grounds of Conway House were visited, and two American
Indian totem poles were examined with great interest,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
140 ‘

By the kind permission of Mrs. T. D. Paul, the grounds
and gardens of Dunmurry House were also visited. A
Norman motte and bailey is here carefully preserved, as well
as an Irish rath or dun, from which Dunmurry takes its
name.

The excursion terminated by a visit to Derriaghy Parish
Church, where some ancient records are preserved. The
Rector kindly entertained the members to afternoon tea at
the Rectory.

A. A. CAMPBELL, Hon.
J. SKILLEN, Secretaries.

REPORT OF JUNIOR DIVISION.

The Junior Division continues to progress satisfactorily.
The increase in new members is most encouraging, being the
highest we have had for many years. The membership of
the Division now stands at 170, an increase of 24 on last year.

Once again the Junior Division was entrusted with the
provision of exhibits at the Social Meeting. This year the
exhibits shewed an improved regard for scientific record, and
ranged from a display showing the usefulness of Botany in
War-time, to Archaeology. We were pleased to welcome a
fine geological display from “ Inst.’’ Natural History
Society, and we appreciate very much Mr. Cleland’s kind-
ness in lending us some of his grand photographic studies.

[Note—Al] the excursions, nineteen, in number, were well
attended and proved most enjoyable and instructive. |

Fe.iciry Bo.ton, Hon. Secretary.

CLUB MEDALLISTS.

1923. William Swanston, F.G.S.

1924. Nevin Harkness Foster, F.L.S., M.R.I.A.

1925. Nathaniel Carrothers.

1926. Robert Bell.

1927. KR. Lioyd Praeger, D.Sc., M.R.I.A.

1928. R. J. Welch, M.Se., M.R.I.A.

1931. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.

1932.- SioAx SS. «Stendall, M. Ril. Ayo MiB:O. Ut

19838. A. M‘I. Cleland.

1934. Professor Gregg Wilson, O.B.E., D.Sc., M.R.I.A.
1936. Professor J. K. Charlesworth, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S.
1987. Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A., M.R.I.A.,

1938,. Miss W, J, Sayers, B,A.

141

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PROCEEDINGS

AND

ANNUAL REPORTS

OF THE

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB

For the Year Ending 31st March, 1944.
(EIGHTY-FIRST YEAR)

PART VI.
1943-1944,

SERIES Il.
VOLUME X.

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

EIGHTY-FIRST YEAR, 1943—1944.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President
E. N. CARROTHERS.
Vice-President
W. J. WEATHERUP, B.Sc.
Hon. Treasurer
ROBERT G. HENDERSON, F.c.A., 17 Castle Place,
Hon. Librarian
V. F. GRAINGER,
Editor of Proceedings
A. McI. CLELAND.
Hon, Recording Secretary
J. A. S. STENDALL, M.B.1.A.
Hon. Secretaries Botanical Section
MISS K. BOURKE, B.SC.
MISS M. PATRICIA H. KERTLAND, M.Sc.
Hon. Secretaries Geological Section
Prof. J. KAYE CHARLESWORTH, D.SC., M.R.1I.A. F.G.S.
J. J. HARTLEY, M.sc.
Hon. Secretaries Zoological Section
RANALD MacDONALD.
J. S. LOUGHRIDGE, B8.SC., M.D., F.R.C.S.
Hon. Secretaries Archaeological Section
A. ALBERT CAMPBELL, F.R.S.A.1.
J. SKILLEN.
Hon. Secretaries. Survey of Antiquities Committee
MRS. I. R. CROZIER.
EK. ESTYN EVANS, M.A., D.SC., F.S.A.
Hon. Secretary Junior Division
MISS FELICITY BOLTON.
Members of Committee

Retire 1944. hes: Retire 1945.
A. H. DAVISON, F.R.S.A.1. _ ~~ DENIS RANKIN.
R. S. LEPPER, M.A., F.R-HIST.SOC. GEO. C. REILLY.
MISS W. J. SAYERS, B.A. = 3H. S. BLACK

Retire 1946.
W. P. CHANDLER.
REV. W. R. MEGAW, B.A., M.R.I.A.
MRS. WINIFRID NODDER.
Honorary Secretaries
JOSEPH SKILLEN

W. GRAHAM BR, SKILLEN |) Seams ane

—4

}

“AleNysy Jaquiody “Suipying; ysrepyY JO soseys 19}e'T

‘OLWV Aq 004d]

145

PROCEEDINGS.

ne
SUMMER SESSION.
0)
The following Excursions were made during the Session,
but owing to Wartime restrictions no reports are appended.

May 22nd ... Benevenagh.

June 5th ... Ardglass.

June 26th ... Comber Estuary.
June 29th ... Gilnahirk.

July 3rd ... Massereene Deerpark.
August 3rd ... Black Mountain.
August 24th ... Old Belfast.
September 11th ... Armagh City.
September 25th ... Glenoe.

WINTER SESSION.

The authors of the various Papers,of which abstracts are
given, are alone responsible for the views expressed therein.

All Meetings were held in the Museum Building and on
Saturdays at 3 p.m.

SOCIAL MEETING.

The Session was opened by a Social Meeting held on
23rd October, 1948, at 2.30 p.m., at which the Junior
Division again arranged an Exhibition of the excellent
results of their efforts during the Summer Session. The
attendance was very encouraging, Tea was served at 4.30
p-m., and the meeting was generally acknowledged to have
been .a great success

ULSTER MAMMALS.

The second meeting was held on 13th November, when
Mr. J. A. 8. Stendall, M.R. J.A. read a paper on the above
subject.

Following introductory remarks of mammal charac-
teristics and adaptation to environment the lecturer spoke
of the disparity in numbers of Irish species as compared
with Great Britain and the probable reasons. A plea was
made for more work to be done among the Bats, a poorly
represented family in Ulster and in Ireland as a whole.
ach mammal occurring in Ulster with the adjoiming sea
was discussed and illustrated by means of lantern slides.

PLANT NAMES.

The third meeting was held on 11th December, when the
President (Mr, IX, N, Carrothers) presented this Inaugural

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
146

Address, taking the above as his subject. In the course of
his remarks the President said:

All peoples have names for plants, but these are
naturally restricted (especially with primitive peoples) to
the more conspicuous members of the flora. It is not likely
that in the earliest times any great number of plants had
been carefully’ distinguished beyond those that were
recognized. as useful—food, medicinal, and fibre bearing
plants, and fruit and timber trees. Plants recognized as
harmful—weeds in crops, and those plants found to be
poisonous—would also have names bestowed upon them.
In the case of plants neither useful nor harmful, names would
be given to those with showy flowers or something striking
either in their growth or jn their habitat. The remainder of
the native flora would be lumped into weeds, herbs, bushes
or trees.

Take some of the commonest names in use: Oak, Beech,
Birch, Hawthorn, Sloe, Mistletoe, Apple, Garlic, Hazel, Oat,
Nettle, Thistle, Dock, Clover, Ash, Aspen, Barley, Bramble,
Daisy «and the word “‘ 'wort.’’ These are all Anglo-Saxon
names and are all well known plants. So are those with
Latin or ‘Greek names, or French names derived from Latin:
Anemone, Angelica, Aster, Celandine, Dandelion, Fumitory,
Hyacinth, Lily, Pimpernel, Poplar, Scabious, Elm,
Sycamore, Holly, Plum, Pear, Cherry.

Now most of these plants are native, or at least have
been for well over 1,000 years. How is it then that some
have names derived from Anglo-Saxon and some from Latin?
It may be explained this way, without going into details : —
The tribes which descended upon Britain were already a
civilized people before they entered Hurope. They must
have come from a colder country, for while their names for
plants include the Oak, Birch, Hawthorn and Sloe, trees
that extend far into Northern Asia, they do not comprise the
Elm, Chestnut, Sycamore and Holly, for which they adopted
Latin names. This is a proof that at the time they came
into contact with the Romans on the lower Rhine, they were
not the settled inhabitants of the country they were then
‘occupying but rather conquerors coming from a country
where the Eim, Chestnut, Sycamore and Holly were
unknown.

The next names to be mentioned are those that have
been iin use for about 400 years. These are very numerous
and were applied by the Herbalists. They are mostly
introduced from abroad, for in the study of plants the
continental nations took the lead. whilst the Iinglish

1943-44.
147

herbalists did little more than try to ascertain which plants
were meant and apply the names, usually in translation, to
English plants.

The Herbalists passed on such information as :—That
hawks used Hawkweed for clearing their eyes; that with
Celandine “*‘ dams restore sight to their young ones when
their eyes be put out ’’; that Fumitory (fumes terrae) is
produced without seed from vapours rising from the earth,
and that Devil’s Bit (Scabious) is so called because the root
was much longer until the Devil bit away the rest for spite
so that it grows no more to this day. It seems the devil had
been using the root with much success, but the power to
use it effectively was taken from him.

Many of the Herbalists’ names are in accordance with
the so-called ** doctrine of signatures.’’ This was a system
for discovering the medicinal uses of a plant from something
in its external appearance that resembled the disease it would
cure. Itiproceeded in the belief that God had in this manner
indicated its especial virtues.

In 1656 William Cole writes, in his ‘‘Art of Simpling”’
“Though Sin and Satan have plunged mankind into an
ocean of infirmities, yet the mercy of God which is over all
His works, maketh grass to grow upon the mountains, and
herbs for the use of men, and hath not only stamped upon
them a distinct form, but also given them particular
signatures whereby a man may read even in legible
characters the use of them.’’

Plant names have been used in tracing the places of
origin of cultivated plants. Not exclusively, for in addition
to “the help given by philology, the evidence supplied by
botany, archaeology and history is also used. The common
names often help towards tracing the history of a species,
but caution is necesary, for there are plenty of cases in
which the name is based on an error, or is vague or doubtful.
Take the Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) which
does not come from Jerusalem, ‘but from North America, and
is no artichoke. (‘‘ Jerusalem ” is from an Italian word
meaning “‘ turn-sun,’’ in fact a sun flower, to which genus
this plant belongs).

A common name has sometimes been transferred from
one plant to another. The sweet potato (Convolvulus
Batata) was confused with the ordinary potato (Solanum
tuberosum) and has caused the latter to be called potato in
English. If modern peoples who have good facilities for
verifying names in books, make mistakes, it is probable
that ancient nations have also made many errors.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
148 ,

Scholars may display great learnmeg in explaining the
philological origin of a name, or its modifications in derived
languages, but it is left to botanists to point out popular
errors and absurdities. The double or compound names are
the most doubtful. They may consist of two mistakes, one
in the root or principal name, the other in the supplementary
name which usually indicates geographical origin or some
comparison with other species. Examples of this are New
Zealand Flax and Cape Gooseberry or Chinese Lantern plant.
The shorter a name is the better it merits consideration in
questions of origin or antiquity, for it is often by the
succession of years, the migrations of peoples, and the trans-
port of plants that the erroneous additions take place.

The diversity of names for the same species may spring
from several causes. As arule it indicates an early existance
in different countries, but it may also arise from a mixture
of races—or from names of varieties which take the place of
the original name.

When it is desired to make use of common names to
gather from them certain probabilities regarding the place ot
origin of species it is of course necessary to consult
dictionaries and the descriptions of philologists, but we must
take into account the chances of errors in these since they are
the work of men who are neither cultivators nor botanists,
and mistakes may have been made in the application of a
name to a species. Botanists are in many cases forced to
doubt the common names attributed to plants by travellers,
historians and philologists.

The case of the name Potato illustrates this in part.
Suppose it were considered purely as a name—then on
derivation alone it would be found te refer to a plant that
came from a much warmer country and could not be grown
here.

Let us now turn again to the names we commonly use.
The case against them lies largely in the multiplicity of
names for the same plant. A book like Britten and Holland’s
great Dictionary of English Plant Names takes three large
volumes to give the local names of the plants of Britain.
Many of the names are obsolete, or at least seldom used.
Here are some names of the Marguerite still in use : —Ox-eye
Daisy, White Bothen, Bozzom, Cow’s Eyes, Big Daisy,
Bull D., Butter D., Devil’s D., Dun D., Midsummer D.,
Moon D., Horse D., London D., Dunder’s D., Field D.,
Great D., Poor-land D., Thunder D., Daisy Goldins, Large
Dicky D., Dog Flower, Espibawn (this the writer heard

1943-44.)
149

from a Broughshane man), Gir Ox Eye, White Gold,
Goode, Horse Gowan, Large Gowan, White Gowan, White
Gull, Hovrse-pennies, Magweed, Maudlinwort, Mayweed,
Moon, Moonflower, Moon-pennies, Dutch Morgan, Poverty-
weed, etc. So one cannot say everyone knows it is a Dog
Daisy!

Such names are very local, as many in the long list
just written. Some of our local names are Benweed for
Ragwort, Gilgowan for Corn-marigold, Saggon for Yellow
Tris, Flower of Dunluce for large blue Geranium pratense,
Nedcullion for Wood anemone. Little is known of the
distribution of these names and here is a subject for these
days of regional surveys. During this summer the writer
saw in a cottage garden in Mid-Armagh a large lily quite
like the orange lily (that is Lilhum bulbiferum), but it had
brilliant red flow ers. ‘The proud owner said it was called
“The Blood of Boyne.’° This name was confirmed at
another place half a mile away.

During the last century an attempt was made by Ruskin
and others to coin English names for introduced species
coming into general cultivation and to supply common names
to many native plants that had so far not acquired them.
Such names as lrockfoil for Saxifrage and Rockspray for
Cotoneaster were concocted. But how adjectives for some
hundreds of species were to be supplied is not known. Ruskin
would have been hard pressed had he lived to see the torrent
of introductions from Asia which broke loose at the beginning
of the century. His fancy names never gained currency.
The movement so far as other innovators were concerned
died, destroyed by its own enthusiasts. One critic quoted
an imaginary “‘Mrs. Bradshaw’s Blue Bedding Viper’s
Bugloss,’’ as a possible and extreme product of the move-
ment! About 1850 another innovator, a Professor Henslow
(Rev. J. 5. Henslow, Professor of Botany in the University of
Cambridge), invented English names for all British plants.
These were for the use of village school children. (Even
Bentham and Hooker aided and abetted him). Many of
his names will be seen in the Flora of the N.E. of Ireland.
We have Intermediate Winter Grass, Narrow-podded
Marsh-cress, Large fiowered Mouse-ear (chickweed would
have completed it), Narrow-leaved White Helleborine. Is
Twisted-podded Whitlow-grass easier than Draba incana?
Why there should be any difficulty about Latin names is
difficult to see. We all use ‘‘ hard ’’ names for many of
our garden plants:—dAster, Begonia, Clematis, Dahlia,

(Proce. B.N.E.C.
150

Gladiolus, Narcissus. Even names like Chrysanthemum,
Aspidistra, and Rhododendron present no difficulty.

It should be understood that sometimes Latin names
are not correct botanically. The scarlet bedding plants we
call Geraniums ceased to be Geraniums in 1787, when those
with irregular flowers were separated as Pelargoniums from
those with regular flowers. Indeed Geranium has become
the common name for certain Pelargoniums. There is
confusion between Syringa and Lilac, the botanical name
for Syringa being Philadephia and Lilac is Syringa.

So much for common names. Let us now consider
the scientific names. The story of these is to some extent
the history of Botany.

Two writers who regarded plants primarily as sources
of materia medica follow :—Dioscorides circa A.D. 64 and
Galen in the 2nd. century. Dioscorides compiled what
must have been tthe most assiduously studied textbook ever
written, for over 16 centuries its authority was unquestioned.
After Galen there is an absolute blank, and for more than
14 centuries botany has no history. The stock of knowledge
was kept alive by the Arabs and Monastic writers.

In the 15th century and with the invention. of printing
there was a very active period of book production. Books
of this ‘period had usually a previous career in manuscript,
and are often far older as regards the matter which they
contain than the date of their publication might suggest.
The herbals printed at this time are still under the influence
of the classical authors who dominated European Botany
completely until the 16th century. The vague and random
way of applymg the same name to very different plants
was frequent in these early herbals, and makes it difficult
to discover the original meanings of the names used.
Numberless blunders arose while the art of describing a
species was yet unknown. Learned recluses, mstead of
studying nature in the fields, were perplexing themselves
with a vain attempt to find in the North of Europe the
Mediterranean plants of Theophrastus and Dioscorides.

With the 16th century other influences began to make
themselves felt. This is the century of fine herbals with
woodcuts done from living plants.

Here we meet with Brunfels (1530), Fuchs (1542), anid
Bock (1546). (Fuchs is commemorated in the genius
Fuchsia). Bock re-wrote Dioscorides and added more or
less accurate woodcuts to the text, and because he could
not afford the expensive illustrations of his two wealthy
contemporaries tried to describe with greater care the wild

1943-44.
151

flowers growing around him. He alone of the three is
entitled to the distinction of having gone direct to nature
for his information.

The earliest and best descriptions of plants at this time
are by Cordus, who described carefully about 500 species,
which he studied direct from nature. His book was
published in 1561, 17 years after his death. It was
unfortunately illustrated with the inferior woodcuts prepared
for Bock’s books, with the result that plants described for
the first time by Cordus were confused with those discovered
and figured by Bock.

In the 30 or 40 years during which these ‘‘ German
Fathers ’’ flourished we have only one name of any con-
sequence in English botany, William Turner. It was not
until the publication of his herbal from 1551-1568 that
there was any possibility of ascertaining through any English
work, which of several species or indeed which of several
genera might be meant by any given name. His book is
illustrated by woodcuts borrowed from Fuchs. Turner is
the father of English botany. He set his successors the
example of keeping as close as possible to the Flemish and
German as languages more akin to English. His two
principal successors are Lyte (1578) and Gerade (1597), who
translated freely from Dodonaeus,a Flemish Herbalist. The
later English Herbals are little else than transcripts of
Turner, Lyte and Gerade. Many of our plant names, as
mentioned earlier, are English translations of the names
appearing in the Flemish and German Herbals. Some
2,000 plants are described in the 16th century Herbals.

Early in the 17th century two brothers appeared on the
botanical stage, John and Kaspar Bauhin, I'renchmen.
John Bauhin’s book described 5,000 species and had over
3,000 woodcuts. Kaspar Bauhin described about 6,000
plants under a simple nomenclature which is very largely
binomial, consisting of only two names to each plant. He
also included the names used by earlier botanists. (He
made little or no progress in grouping genera into orders or
classes).

As the 17th century proceeds there appears Robert
Morison, Professor of Botany at Oxford, the first to draw
up a systematic monograph of a natural order. (Umbelli-
ferae 1672), and John Ray to whom we owe the familiar
names Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons as terms for the
two great divisions imto which flowering plants are
separated. His Historia Plantarum contains descriptions

{Proc. B.N.F.C.,

of 18,000 species. A volume he published in 1690 may be
regarded as the first British Flora.

At last we come to the 18th century, beginning with
Linnaeus, born in 1707. His services to Botany are unique.
The large number of specimens of plants, ever increasing
through the collections of travellers and naturalists, was in
a confused state. There was great ambiguity owing to the
lack of a methodical way of arranging and naming them.
They were known by verbose descriptions and local names.
No scheme had yet been devised for securing uniformity ii:
applying names to them. The same plant had different
names in the different sections of a country, and often
different plants had the same name. In different countries
also their names were greatly diversified. It is difficult
now to realise the confusion which existed in the 17th and
18th centuries over plant names. New plants were
constantly being found for which names were required, but
every botanist pursued his own method. There was no
court of appeal. What was especially needed was some
ereat organizing mind to catalogue the plants in a systematic
way and give to botany a common language.

The students of Linnaeus, like their master, ‘were
mainly collectors and classifiers. In their zeal for naming
and classifying, the higher goal of investigation, knowledge
of the nature of plants, was lost sight of. Linnaeus was
fully aware of the artificial nature of his classification, which
placed plants into classes mainly on the number of stamens
in the flower and into orders according to the number of
pistils. He never regarded his 24 classes as real and
natural divisions of the vegetable kingdom. ‘he system
was constructed for convenience of reference and identifica-
tion of species. He knew that a natural system founded
on the true affinities of plants as indicated by the structural
characters was the bighest aim of botanical endeavour. He
worked for some time on a natural system, but did not
proceed very far with it. Hus artificial or sexual system
had a longer vogue in ‘England than on the continent. The
subsequent rise and development of our present natural
system is outside the scope of this paper.

Linnaeus in his ‘‘ Critica Botanica,’’ a work which was
translated into English only a few years ago, explains his
reasons for introducing a new system of nomenclature, and
makes many recommendations. This work is an elaboration
of those aphorisms which deal with nomenclature, taken
from his ‘‘ Fundamenta Botanica ’’ (1736). The first
aphorism on nomenclature reads.—'’ The classification

1943-44.]
153

being made let nomenclature, the other of the two tounda-
tions of Botany, forthwith bestow names.’’ In the preface
he writes:—‘‘ To you, my dearly beloved botanists, I
submit my rules, the rules which I have laid down for
myself. If they seem to you worthy, let them also be used
by you.”’

The Rules of Nomenclature elaborated in this book
resemble to some extent the International Rules of
Botanical Nomenclature which are our modern code.
Indeed it may be said that Linnaeus conceived many of the
fundamental principles.

On the subject of names Linnaeus says if anyone should
distinguish precisely all the plants in the world according
to the character stamped on them, and yet give them no
names, he would be keeping his learning to himself. A
rustic knows plants and so does a brute beast, but neither
can make anyone else the wiser.

He insists that only real botanists should assign names
to plants, and not meddlesome persons who are indifferent
to genera. Therefore no one can assign names to plants
unless he understands the genera and the known species.
All names are rejected unless they have been invented by
the Systematists or confirmed by them. As examples of
some names used by the ancients and revived before the
science of botany had been developed he gives:—

Morsus Diaboli—Scabiosa (Devil’s Bit).
Morsus Ranae—Hydrocharis (Frog Bit).
Mae ree Cuscuta (Dodder).

Hybrid names compounded of Latin and Greek are
not to be recognised. That.a name with one or two
syllables prefixed to make it denote another genus are not
to be admitted. To the last, he remarks that names
beginning with Pseudo have been dropped for some time
past by the more critical botanists lest anyone should dub
them Pseudo-Botanists or Pseudo-Baptists. Generic names
ending in oides, meaning like, are to be banished. This
termination had been a safe refuge for the idle botanist,
who when he saw a plant belonging to a new genus used
the termination with the nearest genus he knew. It is
no wonder Linnaeus remarks that a botanist who used it
frequently had been called a “* Botanicoides.’’

Names formed to preserve the memory of a Botanist
who deserves well of the science he retained as a religious
duty. He anticipated opposition to this from those who

[Proc. B.N..G.
154

would argue that name and plant are two ideas which
should be so closely united that the plant ought to lend
a hand to the name, and the name in its turn to the plant,
but since there is no connection between botanist and plant
such naming is bad. His veply to this was that anyone with
a knowledge of the history of letters will easily discover a
link by which to connect the commemorative name with the
plant. In the examples he gives he lets his imagination
and whimsical humour run riot. It will be seen that some
of the worthies commemorated do not receive compliments.

Bauhinia has two-lobed leaves or two, asit were, growing
from the same base, being called after the noble pair of
brothers Bauhin. Mivinia denotes an evergreen, ever-
flowering, ever-fruiting tree, being called after Rivinus, the
most accomphshed and prolific botanist of his time.
Commelina has flowers with three petals, two of which are
showy, while the third is not conspicuous, from the two
botanists called Commelin, for the third died before
accomplishing anything in Botany. Gronovia is a climbing
plant whch grasps all other plants, being called after a man
who had few rivals as a “* collector ’’ of plants. Hernandia
is an American tree with the handsomest leaves of any, and
less conspicuous flowers, from a botanist who had supreme
good fortune, and who was highly paid to investigate the
Natural History of America; would that the fruits of his
labours had corresponded to the expenditure! Linnaca was
named by the celebrated Gronovius and is a plant of Lap-
land, lowly, insignificant, disregarded, flowering but for a
brief space, from Linnaeus who resembles it.

The usefulness of the binomial system was so obvious
that it was adopted in all countries. A new source of
trouble, however, arose in that great age of travel and
exploration when new plants were continually being
discovered and named by botanists in many different places
all over the world. Often the same plant would be given
different names by different workers ignorant of each others
labours. (This was inevitable when the plant had more
than one discoverer). There were no generally accepted
rules governing nomenclature. Linnaeus’ rules were not
always observed and in any case they did not provide for
all the difficulties that arose. Each author was a law unto
himself and plant names were in a chaotic state. The great
French botanist, Alphonse de Candolle, was entrusted with
the task of drawing up a cotle of rules which could be
discussed at an International Botanical Congress ito be held
at Paris in 1867. The most important contribution made

1943-44.]
155

at this Congress was the recognition of the law of priority,
that is:—the oldest name that could be definitely assigned
to a plant must be considered the correct one.

When the International Botanical Congress was held
at Vienna in 1905 it was finally agreed that only names
published in Linnaeus’ ‘‘ Species Plantarum,’’ © or
subsequently, should count; thus the year 1758 was made
the starting point. One difficulty was still left, even using
the date 1753, a certain number of plant names in general
use would have to be abandoned.

The Vienna Code laid down in 1905 was adopted by
the majority of botanists. The International Botanical
Congress should meet every 5 years:—Brussels, 1910;
Cambridge, 1930 (first since last W. ar); Amsterdam 1935.
Each successful Congress has led to greater agreement.
In their present form the rules consist of 74 Articles together
with 50 Recommendations.

A vast number of the 800,000 known species are still
under investigation, so that changes in names will take
place for a long time to come.

The change in a name is not always due to the law
of priority. It may be due to research which ealls for a
revision of the conception of a particular genus. The genus
may be split into several new genera, or on the other hand
several genera may be lumped together.

A short account of the names of the common garden
shrub known as japonica will explain how changes in names
come about. Japonica by the way ts the very curious
example of a specific name becoming a common name.
There are many plants with the same specific name. The
shrub was formerly known to botanists as Pyrus japonica
and to gardeners as Cydonia japonica.

Before Linnaeus’ time Tournefort classified pears,
apples and quinces as Pyrus, Malus and Cydonia.
Linnaeus saw no sufficient reason for this and made them
all Pyrus. About 100 years later Lindley put the japonese
quinces into a new genus: Chaenomeles. Later Bentham
and Hooker, apparently on the ground ithat a sufficient case
had not been established for the change, continued
Linnaeus name Pyrus. More complete work has now been
done and Lindley’s name Chaenomeles has been revived.
All along gardeners stuck to Cydonia. The successive
generic names have been Cydonia, Pyrus and Chaenomeles.

But Pyrus japonica did not become Chaenomeles
Japonica. It would, if there had not been other complica-
tions, because when a plant is transferred from one genus

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
156

to another it retains its specific name (provided there is not
already a plant of that name in the genus). The reason the
specific name japonica had to be changed is a little more
complicated.

The history is this :—

Thunberg described a shrub he called Pyrus
japonica in 1784.

Sims described a shrub he called Pyrus japonica
in 1803.

Loiseleur described a shrub he called Cydonia
lagenaria in 1815.

Masters described a shrub he called Pyrus Maulei
in 1869.

These are the four names concerned in the story, and
they refer to two distinct species. It was recently
discovered that Thunberg’s and Masters’ were the same
shrub. Therefore Masters’ name is banished and _ his
Pyrus Maulei becomes Pyrus japonica. (or since a new
generic name has been approved) Chacnomeles japonica.
Sims was the first to describe the commoner shrub, but as
he gave it a name already used by an earlier botanist his
name is not valid. It must be passed over and the next
oldest name adopted. This is Loiseleur’s Cydonia
Lagenari, and this with the newly approved generic name
makes our shrub Chaenomeles lagenaria—so we must call it.

Space will not allow the writer to acknowledge the
many sources from which he has tapped information. But
in closing he may quote, with amendments for the occasion,
something written by William Turner, the Father of British
Botany :—*' I grant that I have gathered much of so many
writers, that I pfat unto you a heap of other men’s labours,
and little of mine ewn, but if the honey that the bees gather
out of so many flowers growing in other men’s meadows may
justly be c: alled the bee’ s honey, so I may call what I have
learned and gathered of many good authors—mine.’

MONASTICISM IN MEDIEVAL IRELAND.

The fourth meeting was held on 11th December, when
Mr. J.C. Beckett, M.A., eave an address on above subject,
to an appreciative audience, of which an abstract follows.

Christian monasticism probably began in Egypt, where
thousands of hermits, living in their separate cells, adopted
the practice of common warship. The system developed
and spread and always there was the tendency for the
individual to become more and more completely merged in
the community. At the same time general uniformity was

1943-44.
157

being established, in the east by the rule of St. Basil, in
the west by that of St. Benedict.

The comparative isolation of Ireland during the Dark
Ages not oniy delayed the introduction of the Benedictine
rule but also led ‘to the growth of a distinct type of ae
monasticism, though it is hardly accurate to speak of ¢
distinct Irish rule. Irish monks retained something of te
eremitic character of the early’ Kgyptian monks. They
moved with some freedom from one monastery to anothe).
They were not completely cut off from parochial work.
Their life was more ascetic than that of the original
Benedictines, with whom the early practice of * mortifica-
tion,’ retained in full force by the Irish monks, was
replaced by the milder * self-renunciation.’ The chief
characteristic of the Ish system was individual sanctity,
of the Benedictine, active corporate unity. It was not
unnatural that to Irish churchmen of the twelfth century,
faced with political and ecclesiatical <isorder, this unity
and power which it gave seemed essential to the reform of
the chureh. Malachy, the chief of these reformers,
established at Mellifont in 1144 an «abbey mpdelled on
Cluny, which had become, under his friend St. Bernard, the
main centre of the Cistercian reform of the Benedictine rule.

The influence of Mellifont spread rapidly and other
houses were founded. The connection of these houses with
England and with Europe made it natural that they should
welcome Henry II under whose government they hoped
for a general reform of the Irish Church. The '!Anglo-
Normans certainly regarded the European religious orders
in Ireland as their allies, and within a few years they
established houses not only of Cistercians but also of the
Knights of St. John, of the Knights Templars and of
Augustinian Canons. The remark of Giraldus Cambrensis
that they did so at the expense of the cathedral and
parochial clergy may bring in question their generosity, but
only strengthens the contention that it was from the
Regulars that they expected to gain support. This is
further borne out by the efforts of the Mnglish government
in Ireland, during the rest of the middle ages, to exclude
Trishmen from monasteries on territory controlled by the
English. This exclusion was explicitly required by the
Reuse of Kilkenny in 13866, but almost fifty years earlier
it had been part of the ‘ Remonstrance of the Irish princes ’
presented to Pope John XXII.

The lack of harmony between the two nations in
ecclesiastical affairs is further ilustrated in the history of

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
158

the Franciscan order in Ireland. At first this order was
mainly confined to Anglo-Irish territory; but the number
of Irish members increased and disputes between English
and Irish became so bitter (and even deadly) that in 1825
the General Chapter had to consider reorganizing the
English and Irish houses separately.

ven this brief survey of a vast and as yet only partially
explored subject may help to illustrate two important
points. The political and racial disunity of medieval
Ireland, which makes it difficult to conceive of Irish history
during the middle ages as a whole, or, indeed, as anything
more than the separate histories of a group of provinces,
penetrates also the ecclesiastical history of the country.
Again, the English government in its efforts first to occupy
and then to hold Ireland enlisted every ally it could and
of these allies the monastic orders were neither the least
willing nor the least useful.

THE PLUVIAL PERIOD.

The fifth meeting was held on 5th February, when
Professor J. K. Charlesworth, D.Sc., M.I.R.A., dealt with
the above subject in a most interesting manner.

(No abstract).
THE BRAINS TRUST.

The sixth meeting was held on 26th February, when
a good number of members attended. About 830 questions
were asked and answered, some of the answers leading to
spirited discussion.

THE MAKING OF THE IRISH FAUNA AND FLORA.”

The seventh meeting was held on 11th March, when Dr.
R. Ll. Praeger, D.Sc.,M.R.I.A., dealt with the above subject.

In the course of his remarks Dr. Praeger said he had
been asked to contribute a volume on the ‘‘ Natural
History of Ireland ’’ to the “‘ New Naturalist ’’ series, and
the exploration to which it had led as regards many groups
of Irish animals and plants had given him a number of new
conceptions as to the extent, nature, and inter-relations
of the fauna and flora. It did not appear logical to treat
of animals and plants separately, as is done in almost all
books; ‘they form a single great entity, and each casts much
light on problems connected with the other.

He reviewed the sources of our present knowledge,
mentioning especially the publications arising from the
work of the Fisheries Branch, the Clare Island Survey,
and the output due to the Fauna and Flora Committee of
the Royal Irish Academy in recent times; these together

1943-44.]
159

have trebled or quadrupled the known total fauna and flora
of Ireland.

He discussed the meaning of the word ‘* Irish *’ as
applied te plants and animals and pointed out how, as
regards marine organisms, Irish territory is defined in a
purely artificial way, since the sea has no natural boundary.
Many Irish animals are also subject to no natural fixed
limits, owing to seasonal or occasional mass migration.

He pointed out that in times geologically recent
Treland was connected, lke Britain, with the Continent,
and that a Jarge proportion of the fauna and flora came
over land surfaces; thus replenishing Ireland after the very
serious reductions that must have resulted from the cold
of the Glacial Period.

The main sources of our knowledge of the immediate
predecessors of our present population were reviewed—cave
deposits which formed the mainstay of knowledge of the
mammals, crannogs for ‘birds, etc., and bogs and silts for
plants.

The method of pollen-analysis was explained, by
means of which knowledge is being gained of the
succession of past floras.

A brief review of present populations, animal and
vegetable, was given, and their extent and distribution
discussed, including the interesting Lusitanian, Mediter-
ranean, American and Arctic elements. The influence of
westerly winds and of south-westerly currents in importing
alien forms of life into Ireland—some seasonal, some
irregular, some ephemeral, some permanent, was also
considered. And in conclusion the future of our fauna was
touched upon, on the basis of our knowledge of the past
and of the present.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual meeting was held, in the Museum Building,
on Saturday, 15th April, when a good number of members
attended. The following Reports. were presented.

ANNUAL REPORT.

The Committee is pleased to report that, notwith-
standing the War, the work of the Club has been carried
on in full vitality. The year started with a total of 425
members, out of this there were 13 resignations, 4 deaths
and 5 names struck off the roll for non-payment of
subscriptions. Opposite this 50 new members were elected
and 4 juniors were transferred, making a total of 487, an
increase of 12 members,

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
160

During the Summer Session 9 excursions were held.
Good weather, proverbial with the Club, was on the whole
up to tradition, the attendances being very satisfactory.

The Winter Session was opened by a Social Meeting,
coupled with a display of exhibits by the Junior Section.
This function was most successful and well attended. Full
credit for this is due to Miss F. Bolton (Hon. Secretary of
the Junior Section) and her energetic Committee.

The attendances at the Winter Session lectures was
eratifying and interesting discussions followed.

Regarding the War it should be recorded that 16
members are serving in.the forces and it is hoped that in
the near future, ““ when the war drums throb no longer,”’
they will all return to their homes safely.

OBITUARY.
J. V. Campbell. T. J. Johnston.
N: EH. Dunn. Kenneth MacRea.

REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

Two Geological Section excursions. were held during
the Session, both conducted by J. J. Hartley, one to
Barney's Point, Islandmagee, on 12th June, the other to
Collin Glen, on August 21st.

These excursions consisted of an inspection of the same
succession of rocks, that is to say the Rhaetic and Liassic
shales together with the Cretaceous beds which overlie
them. The main object was to compare the similarity and
variation in the succession of the same beds when examined
in two different planes nearly twenty miles apart.

Collin Glen, which is one of the type areas of
the Cretaceous of Ireland, may be first described. Here we
have, when working up stream, Triassic marls followed by
dark Rihaetic and Liassic shales and these are overlain by
nearly 100 feet of richly fossiliferous Cretaceous beds,
consisting of dark green glauconitic sandstone with
phosphatic nodules, glauconitic marl, yellow sandstone, light
ereen glauconitic sandstone, a thin band of glauconitic chalk
and finally hard white chalk. The glauconitic, so frequently
present in the above beds, is seen im rounded dark green
grains and has been shown to represent internal casts of
foraminifera.

At Barney’s Point, Islandmagee, the thickness of
Cretaceous appears to be somewhat less, the total not being

1943-44, ]
161

more than 60 or 70 feet. The main subdivisions are not
so clearly marked as at Collin Glen. There is found here
a yellowish green sandstone containing Inoceramus (the
fibre shell) and Micraster. This gradually becomes more
ealeareous and conglomeratic, till it passes into a thick
band of glauconitic chalk containing pebbles, which is
known locally as ‘“‘ Mulatto Stone.’’ Higher up still, at
the quarry near to the main road, the normal white ‘ime-
stone containing flints is to be found, as at Collin Glen.

It was considered by Dr. W. F. Hume (Quart. Jour.
Geol. Soc., 1897, pp. 540-606) that both the character of the
fossils and the lithology indicate that the sea waters in the
Cretaceous period were on the whole deeper in the Island-
magee area than they were around Collin Glen.

J.J. Harritey, Hon. Secretary.

REPORT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SECTION.

Owing to transport diificulties the Section was only able
to make one excursion during the Session, viz:—to
Muckamore Abbey and the Boghead Souterrain, both
objects of perennial interest.

The Souterrain is two-storied, being rare in this respect.
It is easy of access, the entrance being carefully protected
by the owner, Mr. Wilson, on whose farm the structure is

situated. A. A. CAMPBELL, Hon.
JOSEPH SKILLEN, Secretaries.

REPORT OF BOTANICAL SECTION.

During the Session Messrs. Carrothers and Moon
reported new stations for the following plants : —
Equisetum trachydon, close to the Triassic inlier above

Tornaroy Bridge, previously recorded by Whitla about

100 years ago.

Lactura muralis, at Lambeg. New to Co. Antrim.

Cerastium arvense, near Killinchy. New to Co. Down.

EHlatine Hydropiper, on Derry shore of Lough Beg, where
the old course of the Bann enters. New to Co.

Londonderry.

Ranunculus Lingua, in quantity in old course of Bann at

Creagh Bay.

Linaria minor, by railway track on Derry side of Toome-

bridge.
Anacamptis pyramidalis, at Craigantlet.
K. Bourg, Hon.
M.. WE. Pane! Secretaries.

(Proc. B.N.F.C,
162

REPORT OF JUNIOR DIVISION.

The Junior Division has had another progressive ana
successful year. Its membership now stands at 205, an
increase of 35 on last vear’s figure.

The Division was again responsible for the exhibits at
the Social Meeting held in October. This year the Division
as a whole reached a good standard, shewing an intelligent
and scientific approach to most subjects studied. We
were very grateful to our affiliated Juniors, the Natural
History Societies of the Friends’ School, Lisburn and of
Royal Belfast Academical Institution, and to the newly-
formed Natural History Society of Methodist College.
Also to Moneymore Young Farmers’ Club, for the fine
exhibits they contributed. We were also very grateful to
the Seniors who did so much to help us.

Excursions were as follows :—

drd April ... Cave Hill Quarries.

5th June ... Ardglass.

12th June .... Muckamore and Antrim.
15th June i.) Cave: Hall.

19th June ... Monlough.

26th June ... Comber Salt Marshes.
29th June ... Gilnahirk.

brd July ... Massereene.

11th September ... Armagh.

25th September ... Whitehead. '

These excursions were well attended and the work done
on each occasion was most encouraging and satisfactory.
Freuiciry Botton, Hon. Secretary.

CLUB MEDALLISTS.
1923. William Swanston, F.G.S.
1924. Nevin Harkness Foster, F.L.S., M.R.I.A.
1925. Nathaniel Carrothers.
1926. Robert Bell.
1927. R. Lioyd Praeger, D.Sc., M.R.I.A.
1928. R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.I.A.
1981. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.
1982. J. A. S. Stendall, M.R.1.A., M.BlO.U:
1988. <A. M'‘I. Cleland.
1934. Professor Gregg Wilson, O.B.E., D.Se.. M.R.IA.
1936. Professor J. K. Charlesworth, D.Se., Ph.D., F.G.S.
1987... Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A., M.R:I.A,
1988. Miss W. J. Sayers, B.A,

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PROCEEDINGS

AND °

ANNUAL REPORTS

OF THE

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB

For the Year Ending 31st March, 1945.

(EIGHTY-SECOND YEAR)

PART VII.
1944-1945.

SERIES Il.
VOLUME X.

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

EIGHTY-SECOND YEAR, 1944-—45.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President
W. J. WEATHERUP. B.SC.
Vice-President
GEORGE C, REILLY,
Hon. Treasurer
ROBERT G. HENDERSON, F.c.A., 17 Castle Street.
Hon. Librarian
V. F. GRAINGER.
Editor of Proceedings
A. Mcl. CLELAND.
Representative at A.M. Committee
R. S. LEPPER, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC.

Hon, Recording Secretary
J. A. S. STENDALL, M.B.1.A.
Hon. Secretaries Botanical Section
MISS M. PATRICIA H. KERTLAND, M.Sc.
MISS W. J. SAYERS, B.A.
Hon. Secretaries Geological Section
Prof. J. KAYE CHARLESWORTH, D.SC., M.R.1I.A., F.G.S.
ALEX. H. DAVISON, F.R.S.A.1.

Hon. Secretaries Zoological Section
RANALD MacDONALD.

J. S. LOUGHRIDGE, B.SC., M.D., F.R.C.S.

Hon. Secretaries Archaeological Section
MRS. I. R. CROZIER.

J. SKILLEN.

Hon. Secretaries Survey of Antiquities Committee
A, ALBERT CAMPBELL, F.R.S.A.1.
E. ESTYN EVANS, M.A., D.SC., F.S.A.
Hon. Secretary Junior Division
MISS FELICITY BOLTON.
Members of Committee

Retire 1945 Retire 1946
R. C. G. C. ACHESON. W. P. CHANDLER.
H. S. BLACK. Rev. W. R. MEGAW, B.A., M.RB.I.A.
DENIS RANKIN. WM. SWEENEY.

°
Retire 1947
MISS K. BOURKE, B.SC. |
E. N. CARROTHERS.
J. J. HARTLEY, M.Sc.
Honorary Secretaries

JOSEPH = LED 25 Stranmillis Gardens.
W. GRAHAM R. SKILLEN

167
PROCEEDINGS.
SUMMIER SESSION.
10)
The following Excursions were made durimg the Session,

but once again, owing to War restrictions, no Reports are
appended.

20th May ... Rademon.

drd June ... Donaghadee.

17th June ...- Londonderry.

27th June ... Lambeg and Derriaghy.

Ist July ... Magheramorne.

25th July ... Cavehill Quarries and Carr's
Glen.

8th August ... Old Belfast.

19th August ... Lisburn.

9th September ... Larne Harbour.

SPECIAL MEETING.
Presentation to Mr. J. Skillen.

A special meeting was held in the Old Museum on
Tuesday, 9th May, for the purpose of making a presenta-
tion to the Senior Honorary Secretary, Mr. Joseph Skillen,
on the completion of fifteen years in office.

The President (Mr. W. J. Weatherup, B.Sc.), occupied
tthe chair and paid a warm tribute to Mr. Skillen’s devoted
services to the Club during a long period, being followed by
several speakers from the large meeting, Miss W. J. Sayers
then presented Mr. Skillen with a wallet of notes on behalf
of the Club.

In his reply Mr. Skillen thanked the members for their
gesture of friendship and goodwill and recalled many happy
days spent with the Club over a period of more than half a
century. ,

The meeting then terminated.

WINTER SESSION.

The authors of the various Papers, of which abstracts are
given, are alone responsible for the views expressed therein.

With the exception of the Social Meeting, all meetings
wers held in the Museum Building on Tuesdays, at 7.30 p.m.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
168

SOCIAL MIETING.—

The Session was opened by a Social Meeting held on
Saturday afternoon, 21st October, 1944, in the Museum
Building, when once again the Junior Division arranged an
excellent Exhibition of the results of their various efforts
during the past Summer Session. Again the result was
very encouraging and the attendance large. Tea was served
at 4.30 p.m. and everyone present freely admitted that the
Meeting had been a great success.

OLD BELFAST.

The second Meeting was held on 14th November, when
Mr. A. 8. Moore gave a lecture on. the above subject.

In the course of his remarks the lecturer said: —That
more attention should be paid in sckools to local history
and claimed that assertions made by vseudo-historians that
Ulster’s capital has no history worth recalling are
unwarranted by dacts. History is the methodical record
of events. <A city is defined in the Oxford Dictionary as
“an umportant town—especially one created by Charter.’’
Belfast was ‘‘ an important town ’’ created by its charter
in 1611—383 years ago! Moreover, there is a tecord of
Belfast 401 years before even the Battle of Hastings, which
is generally accepted as the cardinal starting point in
Kingland’s history.

Is it not a matter of history that the lay out of Belfast’s
oldest down-town streets still exhibit the characteristics of
Northern European cities? Its early planners were, indeed,
Dutch. When the Ulster Plantation of 1601-1620 was in
arrangement the Dutch—and not the English—were the
closest friends of the Northern Ireland folk. It was
reported in London *‘ Wherever any of these Dutch
settled in Ireland they soon made themselves most
industrious and enlightened members of society.’’ The
Dutch then held the seas and they began for the Irish linen
industry its overseas markets. They also gave Ulster the
spinning wheel—erroneously called the Irish wheel—and
were immensely helpful in building our linen trade. When
Chichester in 1608 was asked to engage English engineers
he told the Plantation Committee point blank that he had
already in his service a couple of Dutch engineers and he
retained them to plan Belfast’s street.

1944-45.]
169

Let us not forget, either, that 250 years ago Belfast
was the bridgehead in ridding ‘Hurope (and England) of
tyranny similar to that of the Nazis. The English resented
the Dutch being in Ulster but soon they were to bless them.
The great explanation of the advent of William Prince of
Orange to Northern Ireland was because he knew he would
be welcomed here—more than in England. And so in Corn
Market was declared one of the World’s greatest and most
glorious Charters. Yes, in this Belfast street in 1690 the
Dutch Deliverer, William of Orange, proclaimed that he
came ‘‘ that all loyal peoples may enjoy their liberty and
possessions under just and equal governments.”’

It was March 1896 that saw the entry into Belfast of
its first motor car. The car owned by John Brown (son of
Waringstown born John Shaw Brown, founder of the hnen
firm of that name), made its debut towed by a horse. Even
the steed must have laughed at this whimsical contraption
as a potential rival. Yet within a fortnight the car was
alble—under its own power—to record up to 10 miles per
hour. It was only 9 h.p. and high speed vibration would
have shaken the vehicle to pieces. Roads then were
wretched and the iron tyres made a clatter akin to a tank.
There was neither windscreen, hood, fenders, bonnet or
brake. Speed or power was adjusted by releasing water and
fuel to the boiler.

The lecturer’s recollections included Isaac Ward
(‘* Belfastiensis ’’) whom he described as his tutor in local
history. Then he also recalled Vere Foster as a Giant
among Great Men. Bare food and clothing this Prince ot
Philanthropists accepted from the world for his few personal
wants. Everything else he gave to the needy, even in his
final decade, when his income dwindled to less than a
earter’s wage, half went to Charity. He must have spent
more than £100,000 in various benefactions for his fellow
creatures.

He was not only the most practical of Irish patriots but
one of the great makers of modern America and a pioneer
in Irish-American relations. When, because of the potato
famine of the 40’s, Ireland’s teeming population was
starving and workless, Vere Foster saved his country.
Governments and churches squandered money futilely on
relief works which merely postponed disaster, but this one
man Atlas-like shouldered an emigration scheme too
gigantic for even an Empire. Personally he spent about
£50,000 in passage money—whole or partial—for over

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
170

23,000 helpless young Irishmen and women to migrate to
America where there were food and work for millions. His
only condition in advancing the money was that they would
send back their first earnings to bring out their relatives.
So between 1848 and 1864 £13,000,000 came from U.S.A.
to Ireland for this purpose.

And next this true and gentle knight attacked Giant
Ignorance. ‘‘ The pen is mightier than the sword.’’ Vere
Foster thus devised his famous headline copybooks with a
quadruple aim:—(1) to teach standardised writing; (2)
simultaneously to teach spelling; (8) to inculcate thinking;
(4) to absorb character buildmg habits. Here again the
finance came in the main from his own sacrifice. And when
this greatest Irishman of the Century died his wealth was—
just £78!

Mr. Moore had an excellent audience and illustrated
his subject by some very good lantern views.

CLOUDS.

The third Meeting was held on 28th November, when
the President (Mr. W. J. Weatherup, B.Sc.) presented his
Inaugural Address, taking the above as his subject. In the
course of his remarks the President said :—

For the formation of Clouds three things are essential : —

1lst—Moisture in the Air.

2nd—Coocling of the Air below Saturation Point.

3rd—Something on which the Moisture can
Condense.

The first essential is supplied principally by evaporation
from the surface of iall the waters on the face of the Earth.
Water tends to saturate the space above it with its vapour,
the atmosphere continually receiving water-vapour from the
surface of seas, lakes, rivers, etc. The rate of evaporation
depends only on the temperature of the water vapour i.e.
on the temperature of the air over the water surface, the
higher the temperature the greater is the rate of evaporation.
The very heavy rainfall of the Equatorial Regions is largely
due to the prevailing high LeMmperavuree and the consequent
high rates of evaporation.

Air is said to be saturated when it has absorbed as much
water vapour as it can hold. The amount of water vapour
required to saturate one pound of air at 52°F., is about 27
grains, at 62°F. the amount is about 58 grains, and at
92°F. 227 grains.

1944-45.]
LL

It will be observed that if air is warmed its moisture
holding capacity increases much more rapidly than its
temperature

If one lb. of saturated air at a temperature of 62°F.,
l.e. containing approxiately 58 grains of water vapour, is
heated when not in contact with water till the temperature
reaches 92°F., it is evident that although it still contains
the 58 grains of water vapour, the air is not saturated and
in fact the quantity of water vapour would have to be
increased by just under three times before the air would be
saturated at the higher temperature. Conversely if one lb.
of air at 92°F, containing 58 grains of water vapour, is
cooled to 62°F., without the addition or removal of water,
the air will be just saturated at that temperature. If the
temperature of the air is reduced still further, say to 32°F .,
when the air can only hold about 27 grains of water vapour
the remainder, 31 grains, will condense, i.e. it will change
from vapour to liquid.

All atmospheric air contains some water vapour, the
amount varying from just over zero, for very dry cold
conditions, to about 4% by weight, for very hot and humid
conditions, say in low lying equatorial forests.

The second essential is the Cooling of the Moisture
Laden Air. The Karth’s atmosphere is never at rest, and
although at the ground the motion may appear to be
horizontal, actually the motion of the air closely resembles
the motion of boiling water in a pot, up and down as well
as horizontally in all directions. In the formation of clouds
it is the vertical circulation which is important, as it is the
ereat cooling agent.

Air is heated by compression and cooled by expansion,
so that if partially saturated air is expanded it may become
sufficiently cooled to fall below the temperature of satura-
tion when condensation of some of its moisture must take
place. Such expansion takes place when air mises. At
the Earth’s surface, air, is subject to Atmospheric Pressure
and, as Atmospheric Pressure decreases with height, it
follows that if air is for any reason forced to rise the pressure
will be decreased, with consequent expansion and fall in
temperature. Actually atmospheric pressure decreases on
average by about one inch of mercury for each 950 feet of
increase of height.

To the cooling by expansion must be added the ions
due to altitude, which amounts on average to a fall of 3 °F,
per 1,000 feet.

{Proc. 8.N.F.C.
A 2 ,

Air may be forced to rise in various ways, the three
principal causes being : —

(1) It will rise by Convection when heated. in the
same way as hot water rises to the top of a cistern. (2)
If a current of warm air meets a current of cold, the cold
air being more dense will force its way under the warm,
causing the latter to rise. (8) A range of high hills or
mountains in the path of a current of air will cause it to
rise.

The third essential is “‘ Something on which the
moisture can Condense.’’ When we think of condensation
we usually think of the drops of water formed on a cold
spoon held. in the steam coming from a kettle.

It will be observed that the moisture condenses on a
solid surface which is at a temperature lower than the
temperature of saturation of the air. So far as we can see,
there is no solid surface at the usual cloud levels on which
moisture can condense. Actually the atmosphere is full
of minute particles of matter, similar to the motes which
can ‘be seen dancing in a sunbeam in an otherwise darkened
room. It is on such particles that the vapour in the air
condenses, forming exceedingly small drops, varying in size
from one ten thousandth to one hundredth of an inch in
diameter. These droplets are so small and numerous that
we do not see them as drops, but as mist or cloud.

So at last we have a cloud, but since a cloud is made
up of drops of water, and as water is heavier than air, the
whole cloud would sink to the ground if the atmosphere
were perfectly still. Here again vertical circulation comes
into play, and it is the currents of air with an upward
tendency which keep the clouds floating.

There are many types of cloud and for convenience in
Meteorology the various types have been classified by the
International Meteorological Committee. This cllassifica-
tion is published as ‘‘ The International Atlas of Clouds and
States of the Sky,’ the last edition being issued in 1982.

Modern cloud classification is based on the work of an
English chemist, Luke Howard, ‘who classified clouds,
somewhere about 120 years ago, in four main divisions.
As was usual in those days he used Latin names for the
different types.

Howard’s types are :—

(1) CIRRUS (meaning curl)—Detached clouds of
delicate and fibrous appearance, without shading, generally
white in colour, often of a silky appearance,

a.o—-

1944-45.
173

(2) CUMULUS (meaning heap)—Thick clouds with
vertical development. The upper surface is dome shaped
and exhibits’ protuberances, while the base is nearly
horizontal. When the cloud is opposite the sun, the
surfaces normal to the observer are brighter than the edges
of the protuberances. When lheht comes from the side,
the clouds exhibit strong contrasts of light and shade.
Against the sun they look dark with a bright edge.

~ (3) STRATUS (meaning sheet or layer)—A uniform
layer of cloud, resembling fog, but not resting on the
ground.

(4) NIMBUS (meaning rain cloud)—A dark gray
cloud, almost black, with a diffused base which looks wet
because of the general precipitation. Rain is always falling
from the base of such a cloud, although such rain may be
re-evaporated before it reaches the ground.

Any other form of cloud can be described by a
combination of the names of any two of the basic types,
such as Cumulostratus; or an adjective is added to the basic
names to indicate some special property, for example,
Altostratus.

‘So far we have seen that clouds are condensed water
vapour, in exceedingly small droplets, at the top of a
column or columns of rising air. If the air rises uniformly
over a comparatively large area of the Earth’s surface, the
resulting cloud form is stratus, while if the upward motion
has a high velocity and is concentrated into a stream or
streams of comparatively small cross-sectional area,
Cumulus clouds are formed. We have also seen that while
the droplets are small they will float as cloud. How then
is rain formed?

No one, I believe, has yet succeeded in manufacturing
rain in laboratory conditions, consequently it cannot be
said definitely how rain is produced, but of the theories
put forward that of Dr. W. J. Humphreys, of the United
States of America Weather Bureay, seems the most
probable. His theory is that when cloud is forming there
comes a time when all the available nuclei inside the cloud,
on which water vapour van condense, have been used for
that purpose. If more moist air rises till it is cooled below
saturation temperature, or if for any reason the temperature
falls, more vapour will condense, and the only available
surface for such condensation is that of the drops already
formed. If this process is continued long enough the drop-
lets will grow into drops, weighty enough to fall through
any ascending currents there may be. Furthermore, as the

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
174

upper part of the cloud is likely to be the coldest part, the
drops will grow there more quickly, because of the greater
rate of condensation, and the first, part of their journey
towards the Earth will be through cloud where each drop
will encounter smaller drops, these smalier drops will be
absorbed by the larger, which while they are thus falling
will grow still larger and will therefore fall with ever
increasing. speed. Finally they reach the ground and if it
is in this part of the World some one says ‘‘ It’s Raining
Again.”’

Most people would say that snow is frozen rain, but if
the structure of a snowflake be examined it is found that this
explanation is not satisfactory. Examination shows that a
snowflake is a crystal of solid water in some stage of its
erowth (crystal is here used in its scientific sense, i.e. a body
whose atoms are arranged in a definite pattern, the erystal
faces being an outward expression of the orderly arrange-
ment of the atoms), and as the growth of crystals is a
comparatively slow process, it is probable that snowflakes
form rather slowly and in sir which contains little moisture.

As already stated snow is not frozen rain. What then
do we get when rain freezes? An ordinary dictionary
defines hail as frozen rain, but this is only part of a most
interesting story.

When a hailstone is cut through the middle it is found
to be built up of alternate layers of ice and snow and this
construction gives us the clue as to how hailstones grow.

The centre of a hailstone is a drozen raindrop, so it
appears that the water vapour condenses into the liquid
before freezing (not like snow which freezes directly from
water vapour or very thin cloud into ice crystals), and this
indicates that the water drop has risen to a great height
before beginning to fall, and tas risen very qiuckly.
Actually hail is only tormed in the conditions that produce
Cumuius clouds, that is when there are violent updraughts
of comparatively smalk cross-sectional area.

Favourable conditions for the formation of hail occur
most frequently in the Temperate Zones in late Summer
over the Continental land masses. Because of the intense
heating of the layer of air close to the ground, very violent
updraughts are caused. In consequence of the rapid rise
of the air, cloud is soon formed and the droplets quickly grow
into raindrops, which by this time have reached a height
where it is cold enough to freeze them, and thus the cores
of ‘hailstones are formed, If these cores non fell directly

1944-45.]
175

to Earth they would, because of their small size, almost
certainly melt before they got there, and would in fact fall
as rain, or, perhaps, be re-evaporated before reaching the
ground. Probably this does happen to a large proportion of
the cores, but in other cases a core, after falling some
distance, is again caught in the upward current and may
_be carried up and ‘down in this way many times. When
a-core is falling through the cloud «water vapour will
condense on its surface, “and when the core rises again the
skin of water will be frozer. In the uppermost region,
owing to the intense cold and the thinning out of the cloud
it will be snowing and the growing hailstone gets a coating
of snow before it starts to fall again. In falling another
layer of water condenses or it, and when the hailstone rises
again freezes on the surface of the snow layer. In this way
alternate layers of ice and.snow are added to the growing
hailstone till finally it becomes weighty enough to fall to.
Earth.

In this part of the World hailstones are seldom more
than about a quarter of an inch in diameter when they
reach the Earth, but where conditions are favourable, for
example over a Continental area, they are commonly half
an inch in diameter, and occasionally as large as cricket

balls.

On the Wheat Belt in Kansas, in pee, 1927, hail caused
damage to standing wheat estimated at 2,000,000 dollars.

In a Roumanian village, on May-day, 1928, when the
villagers were having an open air feast, a hailstorm occurred
suddenly, with hailstones as large as hen’s eggs, and before
they could get to shelter, six children were killed and ten
adults seriously hurt. ;

In the Southern Hemisphere, on the open Veldt, in
South Africa, many animals and occasionally people are

killed by ‘hail.
AFFORESTATION IN NORTHERN IRELAND.

The fourth Meeting was held on 12th December, when
Mr. D. Stewart | (Chief Forestry Inspector in the Ministry
of Agriculture). gave a lecture on the above subject.

In the course of his remarks Mr. Stewart said :—

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
176

An. area of some 83,000 acres has now been acquired by
purchase or leasing. Of this area some 6,000 acres are
unplantable owing to infertility, exposure or other causes.

An area of some 20,000 acres 1s under woods and
plantations. A small area of woodlands has been purchased,
but most of the plantations have been planted by the
Ministry.

The earliest acquisitions were made at Ballykelly, Co.
Londonderry; Knockmany, Co. Tyrone; and Castlecaldwell,
Co. Fermanagh. These were acquired by the old D.A.T.I.
prior to 1920. The first large block, approximately 3,000
acres, was acquired by lease in 1920 at Baronscourt, Co.
Tyrone, by the Forestry Commission. ‘These forestry areas
were taken over in 1922 by the Ministry of Agriculture,
Northern Ireland.

State planting started about 1918, but up to 1921 only
325 acres had been planted. From 1922 to 1928, the rate
of planting averaged 350 acres per annum. It was then
decided that a pregramme of planting 1,000 acres per
annum should be adopted with the object of planting a total
area of at least 50,000 acres. This programme wasi carried
out up to 1940. Since then, owing to War conditions, there
has been a slight reduction in the area planted annually.

An ideal to be aimed at in a forest block is to plant a
more or less equal area year by year till such time as the
first planted areas are ready for clear felling. A short
forest rotation would be 50 years, so that a block of 5,000
acres would ibe required if 100 acres are to be planted
annually. or economic working, 100 acres per annum is
a. very satisfactory planting programme for a forest block.
Later on, a block of this size would provide a constant
supply of l6gs to keep a sawmill of good size fully employed.

A very considerable area of land has now been acquired
in North Co. Derry. A start was made with the purchase
of Cam, a small area of 200 acres, and satisfactory progress:
has since been made in building up a considerable forest area
of about 10,000 acres. Recently good progress has been
made in the acquisition of land in Central Derry around
Draperstown.

Progress made in acquiring land in Co. Antrim has been
disappointing. It has not lbeen possible to acquire any
block of satisfactory size, but it is possible that this may
vet be rernedied .

——— eC

~ eee ee

1944-45.]
theif

Substantial progress is being made in the Newtown-
stewart area. Iin addition to Baronscourt two or three
acquisitions have been made around Lislap, on the road
between Omagh and Gortin.

The conditions in Co. Fermanagh are very good for
forest growth. A great deal of progress has not yet been
made in acquiring land, but recently progress has been
better, and it is hoped in time that a substantial area may
be built up around Lower Lough Erne.

The main block of the Mourne Mountains is on the
whole unfertile and unsuitable for tree growth, but at the
Newcastle end and at the Rostrevor end considerable areas
of reasonably good land thave been acquired. The best
area in Co. Down is Tollymore Park.

To encourage farmers and others to plant young trees,
lots of 1,000 or more are distributed at reduced rates to
anyone prepared to undertake to plant them on their own
holding. Last season, a quarter million trees were
distributed in this way, and altogether, 24 million trees
trees have been sent out under the Scheme, sufficient to
plant 1,500 acres.

Grants for planting and scrub clearing have been
available to persons prepared to plant on a commercial
scale. The amount of grant per acre has been low, and
only about 300 acres have been planted under this Scheme.

The lecture was illustrated by a very fine series of
excellent views.

THE PREHISTORIC MEN OF CO. DERRY.

The fifth Meeting was held on 16th January, when
Mr. A. McL. May gave a lecture on the above subject.

In the course of his remarks the lecturer said: —The
area of the lower Bann valley now embraced by the
eounty of Londonderry played an important part in the
early colonisation of Ireland. Its wealth of stone artifacts,
both along the Bann and on the coast, records an occupation
dating back to post-glacial times when the tall, robust,
long-headed hunting people of ‘Kurope entered the north
of Ireland by way of ‘Scotland. The well known finds from
Oban, Larne and Newferry show cultural affinities referable
to the Mesolithic period,

| Proc. B.N.F.C
178

From the sandhills at Portstewart comes evidence of
a continuous occupation over thousands of years. The
dredging of the river has revealed at the fording places
colossal quantities of flint tools and weapons of many types.
The characteristic flmt is a blade with a trimmed butt
rather than one with the true tanged base which is relatively
uncommon here though widespread in Murope.

Two prehistoric tracks ran from the river inland to the
hills; one from the mouth of the Bann to the Roe valley
and the other from the ford near Kilrea to Ballydullaghan ;
continuations of both are found in Tyrone and the west.
Scores of prehistoric monuments border these routes, such
as horned cairns, round cains, wedge-shaped gallery graves,
lolmens, stone circles, forts, standing stones, and souter-
rains. A few are adjacent to the sea and a number of the
megalithic chambers are situated below the 50 feet datum
line, but the majority is elsewhere in Northern Ireland
between 500 and 1,000 feet.

Like the hunters of the Mesolithic period many of the
ethnic groups that followed them chose the narrow and easy
passage to the north of our island and entered the hinterland
of the Bann valley. Important contributions arrived
towards the end of the Mesolithic and beginning of the
Neolithic periods when a primitive form of agriculturé was
introduced which supplernented the uncertain food supply
of hunting and fishing and so revolutionised the lives of
succeeding generations. The bearers of this culture came
from the Mediterranean region and were people of Mediter-
ranean race. With them came the religious cult expressed
in their great stone burial chambers. Unlike the hunters
they were short in stature, small-boned and oval-faced.

Towards the middle of the Bronze Age Ireland received
a number of Beaker folk. This was first definitely known
when an excavation uncovered one of their burials at
Wellglas cairn, Limavady. Another at Ballydullaghan,
Garvagh, revealed the inhumed remains of one of these
warriors. This race was tall, heavy-boned, muscular and
round-headed. Originating in lands south of the Baltic
they travelled across Kurope and down the Rhine, crossed
to the east coast of England and spread into Scotland, some
of them ultimately arriving in the Bann valley region. It
is believed that the Beaker folk built the great stone circles
of Stonehenge but it is from their excellent pottery that
their name is derived,

eo

1944-45.]
179

Considerable movements of population took place
durmg the Bronze Age. It would appear that these
reached theiy maximum during periods of extreme rainfall
or drought. Towards the end of this period Ireland received
three additions to its ethnic stock—tall Beaker folk now more
Nordic in appearance, small round-headed Alpines, and a
mixture of these two.

The Iron Age with its Hallstatt and La Tene cultures
added more of these Nordics, Alpines, and Nordic-Alpines,
vet Ireland had by this time received the ethnic units that
have gone to form her present population, amongst whom
can be seen individuals that correspond more or less closely
in appearance to those adventurous arrivals of prehistoric
times of whom many found a welcome land-fall in the Bann
valley.

The lecture, beautifully illustrated by many excellent
lantern views, was greatly appreciated by a good audience.

A TALK ON SHELLS.

The sixth Meeting was held on 6th February, when
Prof. Gregg Wilson, O.B.E., M.A., D.Sc., M.B.I.A., held
the close attention of an appreciative audience, for mere
than an hour, while he informally conversed on the above
subject.

There are many makers of shells in different groups of
the animal kingdom, from Protozoa to Vertebrata. And the
uses of shells are also many; often they furnish protection
from stormy conditions; sometimes they serve to protect
shore-animals from drying up; sometimes they are provided
with spines etc., which avert attack from enemies; and in
many cases, as, for instance, in the “* spiny cockles,’’ they
have excrescences that give to burrowers a certain security
of anchorage. The ship-worm uses its valves to drill holes
in wood.

The most familiar makers of shells are Crustacea and
Mollusca. These differ in that the Crustacea produce their
shelly matter all over the body, while Mollusca make shells
only from their “‘ mantles.”’ The crustacean shell has to
be cast frequently to allow increase in the size of its owner,
while the molluscan shell does not check the growth of its

maker, and moulting is therefore not necessary. j

| Proc. B.N.F.C.
180

The common Mollusca of our shores are “‘ Univalves ”’
and ‘‘ Bivalves.’’ The Univalves usually have a high
spiral body and shell; but some low-bodied forms, such as
the ‘* Coat-of-Mail *’ Shell, have not undergone torsion;
and it is of interest that many sea-slugs that have lost their
shells have recovered external symmetry. An interesting
distinction is found among univalve shells. Many of them,
such ias the whelks and the dog-whelks, have an “‘ anterior
canal ’’ or notch in the mouth of the shell; and it is found
that nearly all of these are carnivorous, while the round-
mouthed forms are vegetarian. An exception to this rule
is seen in the Necklace Shells, which have no anterior canal,
but are definitely carnivorous. The notch has no direct
connection with the carnivorous habit, but is used for the
passage of a breathing tube leading to the gill-chamber.
Dog-whelks are also interestmg as showing marked
modifications in shape and stoutness of shell to suit stormy
or placid conditions. The periwinkles furnish good illustra-
tions of zoning or adaptation to different degrees of
exposure to the air. And the limpet is remarkable for its
modifications to avoid and resist the worst assaults of waves.

Bivalves are headless Mollusca, which feed on micro-
organisms, which they get by straining a current of water
that is created by the action of cilia on the surafce of their
gills and mantle. Their 2-valve shell is produced by a
mantle which hangs like a jacket on the sides of a
symmetrical body. The shell grows in a peculiar way:
chiefly anteriorly, posteriorly, and ventrally, but very little
dorsally. The growth in surface area is due to the activity
of glands at the edge of the mantle; and successive additions
are often indicated by “* lines of growth,’’ which sometimes
mark annual accretions.

Where the valves meet dorsally there is commonly an
“elastic ligament,’’ formed in continuity with the outer
layer of the valves. Sometimes this ligament is outside the
hinge-line or meeting place of the valves, and in that case
the ligament is stretched when the valves are closed: the
ligament tends to re-open them. In other cases the igament
is internal to the hinge-line, and then it is compressed when
the valves are closed, and again it tends to open them.

Usually the valves are kept from dislocation by a number
of hinge-teeth. These are particularly strong, and often
widespread, in the superficial burrowers, which are exposed
to waves and to predatory enemies. The teeth are possibly
derived from marginal wrinkles, such as one sees serving

1944-45.]
181

to interlock the valves of the cockle. On the inner surface
of the bivalve shell there are ‘‘ impressions ’’’ of the
adductor muscles which serve to close the valves when that
is necessary. There is also usually a distinct “* pallial line ”’
marking the place of attachment of the mantle to the
shell. Often this pallial line shows a bay or “ sinus,”’
which is specially large in species that burrow deep and
have large “‘ siphons ’’ to convey water to and from the
gill-chamber. As a rule the siphons can be retracted into
the sinus, but sometimes, as in the Gapers, the siphons are
so large that they always protrude, and in the dry condition
the shell gapes.

The lecture was fully illustrated by a splendid series
of well selected lantern views.

WATERWAYS.

The seventh Meeting was held on 27th February, when
My. H. 8. Black read a paper on above subject, finely
illustrated by many excellent lantern views.
(No abstract).

WHAT IS THIS, PLANT?

The eighth Meeting was held on 13th March, when
Miss W. J. Sayers, B.A., gave demonstrations on above
subject. In the course of her remarks she pointed out that,
much aid in identifying plants may be gained by bringing
into play our own senses of sight, smell, touch and even
taste. To reach certainty, however, at least a_ little
technical ‘knowledge is necessary. With the help of
illustrations, a botanical “* Key,’’ and a glossary, the
student who knows the elementary facts of plant structure
and has a general knowledge of the principles on which
flowers are gathered into families, may hope to be able to
name his specimen. The more important of these families
with some of their distinctive characteristics were illustrated
by lantern slides and actual specimens.

QUESTION NIGHT.

The ninth and concluding Meeting was held on 27th
March, the Question-Master being Mr. J. A. 8S. Stendall,
M.R.I.A. A good list of questions were put before the
audience, the answers being more or less satisfactory to the
querists.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
182

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual Meeting was held on 17th April, the
President (Mr. W. J. Weatherup, B.Sc.), in the chair.

In presenting the eighty-second Annual Report the
Committee is pleased to write that the Club still occupies
an important place in the cultural life of the community, as
our large membership testifies. Notwithstanding the
financial stringency brought about by the War, our numbers
compare favourably with the year 1939, and the present
year compared with the past shows no diminution in
numbers. During 1944-45 the loss due to deaths, removals
and resignations has been fully replaced by the admission
of new members. The roll now stands as follows:—
Ordinary members 486, Life, Honorary and Corresponding
members 17, a total of 458. Adding to this our Junior
members 231, makes a very satisfactory total of 684.

During the past year a new Club, The Rostrevor
Naturalist Field Club, has become affiliated to us. Of the
other six affiliated Clubs, three publish interesting reports
of their activities in the current issue of The Irish Naturalist
Journal; two, Omagh, and Tyrone, are in suspense during
the War, but it is the hope of the Committee that they
will resume their good work in quieter times. The Armagh
Club, it is understood, is still in active operation.

On 9th May a special Meeting of the Club was held
for the purpose of making a presentation to the Senior
Honorary Secretary who had completed sixteen years in that
office, the longest period in office of any Secretary of the
Club.

During the Summer nine excursions were held, all to
places of easy access, as the time has not yet come to hire
private buses for excursions further afield. Notwith-
standing uncertain weather during the last Summer the
attendance on the whole may be considered satisfactory.

The Winter Session opened with a Social Meeting, the
Junior Division, under the guidance of Miss Bolton, their
Honorary Secretary, providing a most interesting and
instructive display of exhibits. All the lectures were
illustrated and interesting discussions followed.

JOSEPH SKILLEN, Hon.
W. G. SxKituen, } Secretaries.

1944-45.]
185

OBITUARY.

During the year the Club suffered a serious loss through
the death on active service of Denis H. Rankin, R.A.F., a
member of the Committee. He was an ardent ornithologist
and naturalist who, with his brother, contributed articles
in scientific journals on bird studies. His family has
provided a Memorial Fund in his memory for the purpose
of awarding prizes to members of the Junior Division for
original contributions to the science in which he was so
interested.

The names of other members who have passed away
since our last Annual Meeting are given below. To their
surviving relatives we respectfully offer our condolences.

John Campbell, M.P. J. D. Prenter.

Miss M. E. Coey. Miss H. Scott.

J. M‘Cance. Mrs. A. M- Weatherup.
J. L. Mason.

at
REPORT OF BOTANICAL SECTION:

Five excursions were held, all being well attended. The
Section is active and enthusiastic, with an increasing
membership. The excursions were as follows :—

GREENMOUNT, via Antrim, for marsh and woodland
flora, Yellow Monkey-flower (Mimulus Langsdorffit) still
there, but Marsh Meadow Rue (Thalictrum flavum) not
found.

Lacan Canat at Moira. Water low, but marsh and
water plants of great interest, were found, including: —
Fine-leaved Water Dropwort (Oenanthe aquatica); Great
Spearwort (Ranunculus Lingua); Broad-podded Marsh
Cress (Nasturtium palustre): Water Radish (Nasturtiwm
amplibium); Apium Moorei; Common Duckweed (Lemna
minor); Ivy-leaved Duckweed (Lemna trisulca); Greater
Duckweed (Lemna polyrrhiza).

Upper Contin GLEN, where the following plants were
found:—Geum intermedium; Bird’s-nest Orchis (Neottia
Nidus-avis); Lesser Wintergreen (Pyrola minor); and
Equisetum trachyedon. A double Lady's Smock (Carda-
mine pratensis) seemed to be well established here.

[Proc. B.N.I.C,
184.

MAGHERAMORNE, Where on the spoil heaps near the shore
the Bee Orchis (Ophrys apifera) and Pyramidal Orchis
(Anacamptis pyramidalis) are still found, w ith Red Valerian
(Kentranthus ruber) growing everywhere, White Valerian
was also found. There was no trace of Viper’s Bugloss
(Hchium vaugarc) previously recorded bere.

DoNAGHADEE was the scene of the 5th and last
excursion, where by the kind permission of Mr. Savile
Hardy a most pleasurable afternoon was spent in his
wonderful and varied garden and grounds.

M. P. H. Kerruanp, M.sc. Hon.
W. J. SAYERS, B.A. Secretaries.

REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

or the Summer Session five excursions were arranged.
These were as follows: —

July 1 ... Magheramorne Quarries.
July 25 ... Cavehill Quarries and Carr's
Glen.
August 12 ..- Lisburn Water Works and
Recent Bores.
September 2 ... Coalpit Bay, Donaghadee.
September 9 Raised Beach, Larne.

The excursion to the Cavehill quarries and Carr’s Glen
was abandoned on account of heavy rain. All the others
were carried out and proved of great interest.

The excursion to Magheramorne was held in conjunction
with the Botanical Section. The Geologists were led by
Mr. J. J. Hartley, M.Sc. He pointed out how frequent
visits to such a quarry are necessary owing to the speed by
which it was being excavated. When Mr. Cleland first
wrote on the redeposited ichalk found beneath the old chalk
land surface, which was covered by a great depth of basalt,
the phenomenon on which he wrote could only be seen at
the top of the quarry beneath the overburden which was
being cleared to get at the undisturbed chalk. Subsequently,
as work proceeded and the quarry face was cut back, his
theory was amply supported by the discovery of a large
swallow-hole of which a sketch can be seen in a further
article in J.N.J. of 1987, No. 8 Vol. VI.

Mr. Hartley pointed out the swallow hole due to the
solution of the chalk. The water which formed this probably
passed out to sea. The swallow hole is filled in with flints,
basalts, chalky marl, and sandstone and the falling in of the
overlying basalt could be traced in the cliff above.

/

1944-45.)
185

Another result of the rapid cutting away of this quarry
was the exposure of the Lias at the South end of the quarry
where a fault of 15 or 20 feet had brought up the Lias.
Springs were noted coming out between the Lias and the
Chalk. To work further in this direction would be
dangerous as the base of the quarry is below sea level and
there is danger of sea water entering, as ‘well as slips
occuring over the Lias.

The exposure which we were privileged to see is not
marked on the one inch geological map and may be soon
covered up by water and then debris. The Glacial Clays
above the quarry contained many Liassic erratics brought
from a distance, including some Gryphaea incurva (Devils
Toe-nails).

The next excursion was to the Lisburn Water Works
under the leadership of Mr. R. 'E. L. Clarke, B.A., B.E.,
and Mr. J. J. Hartley, M.Sc. The object was to examine
two bores which had recently been sunk to supply the extra
requirements of an increased population. The first bore
inspected was situated at the North end of Duncan’s
reservoir and is known as No. 3. The core as it was extracted
was laid on the grass exactly as it came out of the bore and
cave a magnificent visual section of the strata passed through
for a depth of 400 feet. This consisted of 70 feet boulder
clay and the remainder of red and green Triassic Sandstone.

No. 2 bore was situated at the North end of Boomer’s
reservoir. In sinking this bore two steeply inclined dykes
were encountered. The core showed that where the dykes
had come into contact with the Triassic sandstone this had
been altered and bleached and what had been originally a
red sandstone was now converted to a grey colour. This
bore had been sunk to almost 500 feet.

Another interesting excursion took place to Donaghadee.
Here the Anglesey limestone of which the fine pier was
constructed contains many magnificant speciments of
Productus giganteus, and of Lithostrotion and other corals.
After examining the pier the party proceeded along the
coast to Coalpit Bay. Here the grits, shales and mudstones
of the Ordovician and Silurian rocks were examined and
many specimens of Dicellograptus and other Ordovician
fossils were obtained. As these are the earliest extant
evidence of animals formerly living in the neighbourhood
of the site of Belfast members had the exciting feeling of
being in touch with life here about 500 million years ago.
In addition many speciments of Rastrites and Monograptus
were obtained from the Silurian rocks. Near the junction

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
186

of Ordovician and Silurian rocks a lamprophyre dyke was
examined.

The last excursion of the season was to Larne raised
beach. The formation, history, and chronology of this has
been given with full details, sections and photographs in a
recent book on “* The Irish Stone Age’”’ by Hallam L.
Movius. At the request of the conductor of the day Mr.
Moffat, one of the secretaries, explained the work done by
Dr. Movius and the Harvard University Expedition as well
as by former members of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club
and by one member still active in its service Dr. R. L.
Praegar.

J. K. CHARLESWORTH, Hon.
A. H. Davison, Secretaries.

REPORT OF ZOOLOGICAL SECTION.

During the past season three excursions were held.
The places visited bemg as follows:—Mcira (Lagan Canal),
on 24th June; Sixmilewater (near Templepatrick), on 29th
July; and Donaghadee on the 2nd September.

At Moira Planorbis corneus L. was noted in large
numbers, having now apparently colonised the whole length
of the Canal, from Belfast to Lough Neagh. It was first
discovered in the Lagan Canal near Drumbridge by the late
Ree Welch, °' M.S8es, 9M. Ro, As idurmgy aly Bane IC.
excursion in June 1933. Prior to this it had been discovered
at Cushendall by Miss Nora Fisher (now Mrs. MacMillan).
It was found during 1983 by R. J. Welch in the lily pond
of the Spanish Garden at Mountstewart, where it suddenly
appeared, not having been seen the previous year, and
from which he recorded an unpigmented variety possessing
a red body. The distribution of this species in our area,
is of considerable interest, as with the exception of
W. F. de V. Kane’s Sligo specimens it was until com-
paratively recently cnly recorded in Ireland from Co. Kildare
and the N.E. corner of Queen’s County. In our area it
would appear to have been introduced with water plants.

The Sixmilewater excursion was somewhat dis-
appointing, as owing to the train service, many members
were unable to be present, and also on account of the short
time available for examining the river.

The excursion to Donaghadee was very well attended,
and after a brief visit to Coalpit Bay, many members
visited Donaghadee harbour, where, owing to the very low
tide the upper portion of the Laminaria zone was well

1944-45.]
187

exposed. The following species were noted:—Asterias
rubens, Porcellana longicoris, Balanus balanoides, as well
as numerous sponges, etc.

R. MacDonatp, | Hon.

J. 5. LouGuripver, | Secretaries.

REPORT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SECTION.

This Section held two excursions during the Session,
the first being to the “* Kempe Stone,’’ Dundonald. This
pre-historic monument is an interesting example of its class
and is carefully conserved.

The second excursion was to the °° Motte and Bailey ”’
at Dromore which has been partially restored by the
Anciens Monuments Committee and is a most interesting
memorial of the Anglo-Norman conquest of Ulster. The
members also visited the Cathedral, associated with Bishop
Jeremy Taylor, and were kindly shown round by Canon
M'Garvey, the Rector.

I Rv Crozier, |)! Blom:
J. SKILLEN, Secretaries.

REPORT OF JUNIOR DIVISION.

This has been a highly successful vear and much hard
work has been accomplished, with real progress in every
direction. Progress has also been made in membership.
our numbers now being 281, an increase of 26 during the
vear, and attendance at all excursions has been good.

Excursions during the year were as follows:—

22nd April ... Lagan Vailey.
6th May 2. Oart’s Glen.
20th May ... Rademon.
27th May ... Greenmount.
drd June ... Donaghadee.
24th June ... Lough Neagh.
8th July ... Dundonald.
25th July ... Cavehill Quarries.
12th August ... Newtownards.
19th August ... Lisburn. |

9th September ... Blackhead.
28th October ... Larne.

For the Social Meeting in October, the Juniors again
provided some fine work, particularly from Inst. and

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
188

Methody, and we were very pleased to welcome the first
exhibit to be shown by the newly-formed N.H.S. of the
Belfast High School. The Friends School and the Moneyrea
Young Farmer’s Club also exhibited, and te Mr. Cleland
we were indebted for a very beautiful and most interesting
display of shells and minerals. The meeting concluded with
a very entertainmg display of nature films, very kindly
shown by Mr. Ted Hazelton of Methody Natural Science
department. Once again, our best thanks are due to the
Senior Committee, who provided the prizes. <A special
prize, from the collection of the late Robert Bell, kindly
presented by the Misses Johnston, was awarded to Edmund
Porte, for Geology.

We wish to conclude this Report by placing on record
our appreciation of the great services rendered to the Junior
Division ‘by our late friend Denis Rankin, who died on active
service during the year.

Denis joined us in 1937: later he became a staunch
member of the Junior Division Committee and remained
with us, ex officio, when he entered Senior Membership.
Denis meant much to us as a companion on our excursions
and as a very excellent naturalist to whom every one of us
could turn for advice and help—always sure that we would
find this unstintingly. But not only in these capacities is
our loss, Denis set at all times an example for both
achievement and character. Not all the Juniors perhaps,
can yet appreciate the shattered possibilities, but every
Junior, from the very youngest, looked up to Denis with
admiration and respect.

Fexiciry Bouton, Hon. Secretary.

CLUB MEDALLISTS.
1923. William Swanston, F.G.S.
1924. Nevin Harkness Foster, F.L.5S., M.R.LA.
1925. Nathaniel Carrothers.
1926. Robert Belli.
1927. R. Lloyd Praeger, D.Sc., M.
1928. R.:J. Welch, M.Sce., M.B.TI.
19381. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.
1952. “AS Se rotenae! Ol AS IM B.O LU:
1938. A. M‘I. Cleland.
1934. Professor Gregg Wilson, O.B.E., D.Sc., M.R.I.A.
1936. Professor J. K. Charlesworth, D.Sce., Ph.D., F.G.S.
1937. Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A., M.R.I.A,
1938. Miss W, J, Sayers, B.A,

R.1.A.
A.

189

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fe:

PROCEEDINGS

AND

ANNUAL REPORTS

OF THE

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB

For the Year Ending 31st March, 1946.

(EIGHTY-THIRD YEAR)

PART VIII.
1945-1946.

SERIES ll.
VOLUME X.

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

EIGHTY-THIRD YEAR, 1945—1946.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.
President
GEORGE C. RETLLY.
Vice-President
E. ESTYN EVANS, M.A., D.SC., F.S.A.
Hon. Treasurer
ROBERT G. HENDERSON, F.c.4., 17 Castle Place.
Hon. Librarian
V. F. GRAINGER.

Editor of Preceedings
A. McI. CLELAND.

Representative at A.M. Committee
R. S. LEPPER, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC.

Hon. Recording Secretaries
J. A. S. STENDALL, M.B.1.A.
R. C. G. CG. ACHESON.
Hon. Secretaries Botanical Section
MISS M. PATIRICIA H. KERTLAND, M.SC.
J. McK. MOON.

Hon. Secretaries Geological Section
ALEX H. DAVISON, F.B.S.A.1.

H. S. BLACK.
Hon. Secretaries Zoological Section
RANALD MacDONALD.
J. S. LOUGHRIDGE, B.SC., M.D., F.R.C.S.

Hon. Secretaries Archaeological Section
MRS. I. R. CROZIER.
J. SKILLEN.
Hon. Secretaries Survey of Antiquities Committee
A. ALBERY CAMPBELL, F.R.S.A.1.
Prof. J. KAYE CHARLESWORTH, D.SC., M.R.T.A. F.G.S,
Hon. Secretary Junior Division
MISS FELICITY BOLTON.
Members of Committee

Retire 1946. Retire 1947.
W. P. CHANDLER. MISS K. BOURKE, B.SC.
REV. W. R. MEGAN, B.A.,. M.R.I.A. E. N. CARROTHERS.
WM. SWEENEY. J. J. HARTLEY, M.SC.

Retire 1948.

MRS. V. F. GRAINGER.

MISS W. J. SAYERS, B.A.

W. J. WEATHERUP, B.SC.
Honorary Secretaries

JOSEPH SKILLEN

25 Str illis Gar S.
W..GRAHAM BR. SKILLEN fo? ee ee

Plate 6.

[Photo by A.M‘I.C

In Saintfield Demesne,

195

PROCEEDINGS.
0
SUMMER EXCURSIONS.
O
The felting Excursions were made during the Session,

but again, owing to restrictions imposed by the War, no
Reports are appended.

15th May ... Ballyutoag. _

19th May _... Rowallane, Saintfield.

2nd June ... Rostrevor.

16th June ... Toomebridge.

ord July ... Cavehill Quarries and Carr’s
Glen.

21st July ..« Carrickfergus.

Jith August ... lyle Hill, Templepatrick.

14th August .. The Black Mountain.

Ist September .... Armagh.

29th September ... SdSaintfield Demesne.

WINTER SESSION.

The authors of the various Papers, of which abstracts are
given, are alone responsible for the views expressed therein.

With the exception of the Conversazione, all Meetings
were held in the Museum Building on Tuesday evenings at
8 o'clock.

‘ THIS OUR HERITAGH.’’

The first Meeting of the Winter Session was held on
23rd October, when the President (Mr. G. C. Reilly),
addressed a large audience on the above subject.

In his opening remarks the President gave some
interesting reminiscences of his early associations with the
Field Club. He then dealt with the work rendered to the
Club and to Science by several well known members of the
past with whom he had been in intimate contact.

Samuel A. Stewart (the President remarked) of whom
sagas could be sung without relating all he did to help others
along. The chief thing I would emphasize of him was his
flair for classification: —‘‘ Get the things in their proper
places and the specific names can follow,’’ he would say.

[Proc. 33.N.i.C.
196

Quiet, unassuming, and yet with a fund of dry humour, he
had ia brain that took in all his eyes saw. Memory calls up
a little old man, then well on in years, in a fustian suit, with
a wonderful soft hat.

My next association was with that ardent Pteredologist
W. H. Phillips, and whilst he was quite entrancing to follow
in his special interest in Nature study as he revealed the
niceties of their needs and explained about place, climate,
seeding, etc., ferns did not capture my imagination. Yet
such an enthusiast could not fail to leave some lasting
impressions, so that even yet I can recognize some of the
classical specimens.

Then came Joseph Wright and his microscope and my
attention was riveted on the seemingly endless variety of
foraminetera, each of them so small that very fine muslin
was needed to separate them from the mud in which they
were encased. To Joseph Wright the Field Club owes a
deep debt of reverent gratitude for a lifetime spent im
detailed study. His records published in the ‘‘Proceedings’’
of the Field Club are world-wide standards. His interest
was the deep study of the mmute. In addition, he was one
of the most unselfish scientists | ever met.

In passing I must allude to Wm. Gray’s versatility.
specially would J mention his knowledge of Irish
Cromlechs and his articles on them. I can remember his
being very upset by someone referring to Legananny and
the Kempe stone as dolmens, whilst he maintained they were
cromlechs, vigorously advancing his arguments and reasons.

Another very learned naturalist was the late Canon
H. W. Lett. In my researches after snails and beetles I
often found odd looking fungi and on one occasion. going to
have a big football-like thing named at the Museum, 8S. A.
Stewart called over a minister who was there and said:
‘“ This is Canon Lett. He knows these things.’’ At once
Lett said: “‘ Hycoperdion giganteum ’’ and in such a way
that I recognized another Worthy, and many a specimen
went to Loughbrickland afterwards for identification.

Still another of the old gang was Nevin Foster to whom
almost every feathered thing was like a friend, known by
name, character, habit, or habitat. To spend an afternoon
in his company, with a pair of field-glasses, was a really
joyful and profitable experience. His knowledge of Birds
and their ways often enabled him to predict what would
happen next and his patience was almost inexhaustible.

To mention the name of Francis Joseph Bigger is to
conjure up memories of the keenest archaeologist that the

EE ——E—E——EEEE

1945-46.] :
1o7

Club ever had. Picturesque, if not even colourful, in his
patriotic garb, and at times a ‘bit impetuous and adventurous
in his thoughts and writings, he was nevertheless at the beck
and call of anyone who had querns, Shiel-a-na-gigs, or ancient
monuments to show and discuss. His home at Ardrigh was
a well filled private museum from cellar to roof, with the
overflow in the garden. And it was open to any honest
questioner on Natural History.

Other past members of the Club recalled by the
President were: —H. C. Lawlor, William Swanston, Robert
Bell, Lavens Ewart, etc.

In his concluding remarks the President drew a happily
expressed picture of the further development of the Club,
and emphasised the great importance of encouraging the
Junior Section, as on its members the future success of the
Club so largely depended.

THE IRISH HOUSE

The second Meeting of the Winter Session was held on
6th November, when Dr. E. E. Evans, M.A., D.Sc., F.S.A.,
gave an interesting lecture on the above subject, illustrating
his remarks by many excellent photographic views and
diagrams and tracing the gradual evolution of the Irish house
from the earliest huts to the present comfortable and
commodious farm dwellings.

The lecturer invited the co-operation of members of the
Club in the study of the Irish peasant house, its form,
materials of construction, roofing, internal plan, functions,
furniture, its siting and the distribution of types. Surveys
made by Swedish scholars for the Irish Folklore Commission,
notably by Dr. Oke Campbell, had yielded fruitful results
in Kire, and the writer had co- -operated with the Commission
in carrying out a survey of part of Co. Cavan in 1945. He
had for some years been collecting information on other parts
of Ulster and he outlined his general conclusions.

There was some evidence that an early house-type was
of the aisled type, the roof supported on four parallel rows
of wooden posts, the foundation, at least, of the walls being
of stone. This type seems to have been widespread im
Western Europe and was represented in Ireland by the
banqueting hall at Tara and in Wales by the house described
in the Welsh Laws. Possibly owing to the difficulties of
maintaining a weather-proof roof of large dimensions the
house appears to have been narrowed into the Long House,
sheltermg the family at one end and the animals at the
other.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
198

The long house, a single room in width, could be
divided into two main types—that with central hearth and
that with end hearth—and the former may have been
influenced by the clochan, the oval bee-hive stone house
which was megalithic in ancestry. It had maintained the
hipped roof which could be explained by imitation of the
eorbelled ends of the bee-hive roof. Houses of this type,
sometimes oval in plan, were found mainly in the south and
west of Ireland, but no genuine examples had been discovered
in the north, where the upright gable, with the fire generally
at the gable end, was universal. A feature of this gabled
style, confined to the north and west from North Antrim to
Galway, was the wall-bed built in a special outshot by the
side of the fire. The distribution of this device was
complementary to that of the hearth with fireside partition
and the jamb-wall, which occurred mainly in east and south
Ireland, and was specially characteristic of the lowlands,
e.g. around Lough Neagh. It had been explained as due
to English influence, but it was pointed out in the discussion
that it was common in certain areas of Co. Armagh where
Scotch influence had been strong.

The lecturer dealt with known English styles which had
been introduced either via Dublin (the Georgian) or by the
planters in the 17th century. The Georgian style had left
its imprint on native houses, e.g. in the Ards peninsula, but
was for the most part confined to the houses of the land-
owning class. The English half-timbered house had almost
entirely disappeared but details of roof-construction could
be related to its influence, notably the use of knee-crucks
supporting heavy couples. The lecturer had discovered only
one example, in Co. Armagh, of cruck-construction.

‘“ LOOKING BACK.”’

The third Meeting of the Winter Session was held on
20th November, when Mr. J. A. S. Stendall, M.R.I.A., gave
an interesting talk. on the above subject, giving many
instances of the Club’s varied activities and introducing
life sketches of a number of its members in the past. He
illustrated his talk, delivered in a racy and humourous
manner, by many excellent lantern views.

(No abstract).

‘“BUNGL.~

The fourth Meeting of the Winter Session was held on
llth December, when Mr. J. M‘K. Moon, lectured in a very

1945-46.]
199

interesting manner on the above, illustrating his remarks
by many specimens and beautiful and distinctive lantern
views .

(No abstract).

FOSslins. 4

The fifth Meeting of the Winter Session was held on
- 15th January, when Professor J. K. Charlesworth, D.Sc.,
M.R.I.A., F.G.S., dealt with the above subject. treating it
in his usual clear manner, and illustrating his remarks by
many excellent lantern views.

(No abstract).

“ THE BEHAVIOUR OF BREEDING BIRDS.”

The sixth Meeting of the Winter Session was held on
5th February, when Mr. C. D. Deane took the above subject
and dealt with it in a very interesting manner. He
illustrated his remarks by many excellent lantern views,
mainly of his own production.

Before beginning his lecture Mr. Deane was very warmly
welcomed by the members on his safe return from active
service in the late War.

(No abstract).

“THE KINGDOM OF KERRY.’’

The seventh Meeting of the Winter Session was held on
19th February, when Mr. R. Hayward lectured on above
subject, illustrating his remarks by an excellent series of
lantern views, mainly from beautifully executed line
sketches.

(No abstract).

CONVERSAZIONE.

This Meeting, the eighth of the Winter Session, was
held in the Assembly Hall on 19th March. It was the first
Conversazione held since 1939, and was a _ pronounced
success. There was an attendance of 265 members.

Space will not permit of a detailed report, but it may
be mentioned that the exhibits included many fine displays
from the Junior Division, in addition to contributions from
Queen’s University, Municipal Museum, Belfast High
School, Friends’ School (Lisburn), Belfast Royal Academical
Institution, Methodist College, etc., ete.

[Proc. B.N.F.C. ~

200

Tea was served from 6.45 till 7.30 p.m. and the Meeting
closed with a fine display of lantern views from 9.0 till 9.30
p.m.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual Meeting was held in Museum Buildings,
College Square North, on Tuesday, 16th April, 1946, the
chair being occupied by the Vice-President (Mr. J. M‘K.
Moon), in the unavoidable absence of the President (Dr.
K. ‘K. Evans, M.A., D.Sc., F.S.A.).

ANNUAL REPORT.

During the late War our Summer excursions were
necessarily restricted to confined limits, so the Committee
is pleased to report that during the coming Summer the
Transport Board has promised special buses, so there will
be no restrictions as to time or place, and arrangements can
be made with our affiliated Clubs, should this be desired,
for joint excursions, as was customary in the past.

We are glad to report that our membership has
continued, all through the War, at a fawly steady figure.
Last year the total, including all classes of members, stood
at 485. During the present year there was a loss of 24
through deaths and resignations. Opposite this 16 new
members were elected, leaving the total at 427, a reduction
of 8.

During the past year our four affiliated Clubs have been
augmented by two, viz.:—Rostrevor Naturalists’ Field
Club and Mid-Antrim (Ballymena) Naturalists’ Field Club.
This means six affiliated Clubs in active operation. Two
others are at present dormant, Omagh and Mid-Tyrone,
largely owing to the lack of an organizing secretary, as there
are many residing in both districts interested in Field Club
work. It is hoped that there will soon be a revival of both
Clubs.

During the Summer Session, apart from sectional
excursions, ten excursions were held, all being well attended.

There were nine lectures, etc., delivered during the
Winter Session, all being well illustrated by lantern views
and the attendance at each was very satisfactory.

JOSEPH SKILLEN, Hon.
W. G. R. Sxmgn, J Secretaries.

1945-46.]

201
ESS SSS FS eS Ses AS SE)

OBITUARY.

Mr. James Lowry. Mr. W. B. Burroughs.
Mr. T. W. Sefton.

REPORT OF LIBRARIAN.

During the past Session ian increasing number of
publications from Exchanging Societies has been received,
due to the return to more normal conditions. These have
been duly acknowledged ‘and various items of correspondence
relating to exchanges have been dealt with.

V. F. Grarncer, Hon. Libranan.

REPORT OF BOTANICAL SECTION.

The Botanical Section had a very good season with
about 40 members, most of whom attended the Excursions
and displayed keen and active interest.

The first excursion was to Helen’s Bay and Carnalea
on 26th May, when the Seashore and Rock Flora provided
many interesting plants, with pride of place to Scilla verna
(Vernal Squill). Miss Kertland gave interesting talks on the
Salt Marsh plants met with at one point, and also later on
the Marine ‘Algae at Carnalea.

The second excursion on 23rd June was a‘ combined
one with the Geological Section to Conlig. On the way,
some typical Co. Down plants, Lepidium heterophyllum
(Smooth-podded Pepperwort), Geranium pyrenaicum
(Mountain Cranesbill), Silene Cucubalus (Bladder Campicn),
and Reseda Luteola (Dyer’s Weed). The Bog Plants
included Drosera (Sundew), and Pinguicula (Butterwort),
whilst all the typical Moorland plants were seen. Rare
plants included Pyrola medea (Intermediate Wintergreen),
Pyrola minor (Lesser Wintergreen), and Cnicus pratensis
(Bog Thistle). Especially interesting were the Orchids:
Orchis purpurella, O. ێlodes, Gymnadenia conopsea
(Fragrant Orchis) and Platanthera chlorantha (Greater
Butterfly Orchis).

The third excursion on 25th August was to the Lagan
from Shaw’s Bridge to Drum Bridge when, apart from the

{Proc. B.N.F.C.
202

water and marsh plants, «a most important plant was seein
in the grass, Agropyron caninum (Tufted Wheatgrass).

On October 5th, we had a most enjoyable tea party
in the Stranmillis Club Rooms. This was very well attended
and gave an opportunity for very pleasant social intercourse.
There were exhibits of miscellaneous Botanical Literature,
some seasonal plants and Fungi.

M. P. H. Kertiann, ) Hon.
J. McK. Moon, J Secretaries.

REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

During the year four geological excursions were made,
the first to Toome Bridge on 16th June, 1945, to inspect the
deposits of Kieselghur or Bann Clay. These extend as a
thin layer one to six feet thick along the valley of the Lower
Bann between Toome Bridge and Portglenone. They are
especially well developed in the area between Lough Neagh
and Lough Beg. They contain about two dozen species of
freshwater diatoms.

The second excursion took place on 23rd June, 1945,
to Conhg. Here the rocks belong to the Silurian or
Gothlandian system and are of Lower Llandovery age.
They c. wict of grey or purple non-fossiliferous grits and
ereywackes often micaceous and sometimes coarsely-grained
and interstratified with green, purple and grey slates.
Slickensides, faultbreccias, qua’... and calcite veins were
noted. The main object of the excursion was to inspect the
now disused galena or “‘ Lead Ore’’ mines. Crystals of
galena, barytes, quartz and calcite were found, as well as
copper and iron pyrites.

On the 14th August, 1945, an excursion took place to
the Flint Factory discovered by the late Mr. Robert Bell
on the slopes of Black Mountain. On the way a stop was
made at a cliff in the Triassic sands in which formerly two
pot-holes caused by a now diverted river had joined together
so as to simulate the appearance of a large foot. This was
locally known ias the “‘ Giant’s Foot.’’ Good examples of
current and false bedding were seen here. Above the
sandstone the platform composed of Triassic marl and
forming the ground between the sandstone and the hills
was pointed out. On this platform many of our brickyards
and mill ponds are situated.

1945-46.]
203

On the 15th September, 1945, a visit was paid to the
Laganvale Brick Works by kind permission of Mr. 'T. Hunter.
Mr. J. J. Hartley, M.Sc., F.G.S., acted as conductor. The
members were given a most interesting and instructive talk
on the period and conditions under which the glacial sands,
clays and gravels were laid down. This was followed by a
tour through the Brick Works.

A. H. Davison, | Hon.
H. Su Biazcx, | Secretaries.

REPORT OF ZOOLOGICAL SECTION.

The Zoological Section held two excursions during the
Session, the first being to Shaw’s Bridge and Edenderry te
study freshwater biology, numerous species of mollusca, etc.,
being noted, including Planorbis corneus lL. and a freshwater
sponge.

The second excursion was to Rockport, to examine the
marine fauna. At Rockport we were fortunate in having a
very low tide, and in consequence were able to collect and
observe many interesting littoral species.

Although membership of the Section remains s™nall in
comparison with that of other Sections of the © ‘ub’ this is
more than compensated by the interest and enthusiasm
shown by those taking pe in the excursions.

ye os Loucuripes, | Hon.
R. MacDonatp, | Secretaries.

REPORT OF JUNIOR DIVISION.

Junior Membership stood at 281 last April. During the
year 52 members were lost, 6 of these having reached Senior
age and 26 being struck off the list for non-payment of
subscriptions and non-attendance at excursions. Of the
remaining 199 it is now proposed to remove a further 41,
leaving 158 of the original membership list. When to this
is added 27 new members elected during the year, the final
membership remains at 185.

Attendances at the 17 excursions were not quite so high,
perhaps due to the general excitement consequent to the
end of the War. In general the excursions during the past
field-season were undertaken with a view to underlining the
interest of bird-study following the institution of the Denis
Henderson Rankin Memorial Prize

[Proe. B.N.F.C.

204

The excursions were : —
12th May ... Groomsport, Co. Down.
15th May ... Ballyutoag, Ligoniel.
19th May ... Rowallane, Saintfield.
24th May ... Lisburn District.
dlst May ... Belfast Castle Estate.
9th June ... Crow Glen.
16th June ... Toome, Co. Antrim.
21st June ... Lagan River.
3rd July ... Cave Hill and Carr’s Glen.
21st July ... Carrickfergus.
11th August ... Black Mountain.
25th August ... Gilnahirk.
Ist September ... Armagh.
8th September ... Lagan Valley.
22nd September ... Whitehead.
29th September ... Saintfield Demesne.
20th October ... Lagan Valley.

The training during the year stood the Division in good
stead, for the preponderance of exhibits at the recent
meeting in the Assembly Buildings was due to the members
of the Junior Division and affiliated clubs, such as the
Natural History Society of Methodist College, Downey
House, Friends’ School (Lisburn), etc. While we hesitated
between making the exhibits a résumé of work done during
the War years and having an entirely new display, almost
all the final exhibits were new work or new work on
continuation lines. Increased interest in surveys will have
been noticed. From the Juniors’ point of view, however,
the time of year was not very hopeful, because the younger
members like large and colourful displays in the way of
autumn leaves, fungi, etc., and only the very patient ones
were able to find any living specimens to display.

To sum up, this has been one of the most busy year's
and it is felt that, especially among the younger Juniors,
really good advance has been made in general study. The
foundation of bird-study has been laid and good interest
aroused, but not sufficient advance has yet been made for
entry for the Rankin Prize.

Denis Rankin was one of the six members of the Junior
Division who served with H.M. Forces, and this Report
concludes with an expression of our appreciation and thanks
to them.

Frnicrry Boiron, Hon, Secretary.

1945-46.)

1923.
1924.
1925.
1926.
1927.
1928.
1931.
1932.
1933.
1934.
1936.
1937.
1938.

205
CLUB MEDALLISTS.

William Swanston, F.G.S.

Nevin Harkness Foster, F.L.8., M.R.I.A.
Nathaniel Carrothers.

Robert Bell.

R. Lioyd Praeger, D.Sc., M.R.I.A.

R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.I.A.

S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.

J. A. 8S. Stendall, .M.R.I.A., M.B.0.U.

A. M‘I. Cleland.

Professor Gregg Wilson, O.B.E., D.Sc., M.R
Professor J. K. Charlesworth, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.
Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A., M.R.I.A.

Miss W. J. Sayers, B.A.

A
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~~ PROCEEDINGS
ANNUAL REPORTS

PART IX.
1946—1947

EDITOR:
A. M‘I. CLELAND.

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SERIES II.
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PROCEEDINGS

AND

ANNUAL REPORTS

OF THE

BELFAST NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB

For the Year Ending 3tst March, 1947,

tia

(EIGHTY-FOURTH YEAR) ~~~

PART IX.
1946-1947.

SERIES Il.
VOLUME X.

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

EIGHTY-FOURTH YEAR.

GENERAL COMMITTEE.

President
Professor E.*ESTYIN EVANS, M.A., D.sc., F.S.A.

Vice-President
J. Mok. MOON.

Hon, Treasurer
R. C. DAVIDSON, 94 Scottish Provident Buildings, Belfast

Hon. Librarian
° V. F. GRAINGER.

Editor of Proceedings
A Mel. CLELAND.

Representative at A.M. Council
R. S. LEPIPER, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC.

Hon. Secretaries Botanical Section
MISS M. PATRICIA H. KERTLAND, .sc.
J. McK. MOON.

Hon. Secretaries Geological Section

ALEX. H. DAVISON, F.R.s..1.
H. S. BLACK.

Hon. Secretaries Zoological Section
RANALD MacDONAILD.

J. S. LOUGHRIDGE, B.sc., M.D., F.R.C.S.
Hon, Secretaries Archaeological Section
MR’. I. R. CROZIER.

J. SKILLEN.

Hon. Secretary Junior Division
MISS FELICITY BOLTON.

Members of Committee

Retire 1947. Retire 1948.
‘USS K. BOURKE, B:sc. MRS. V. F. GRAINGER.
uw. N. CARROTHERS. GEORGE C. REILLY.
». J. HARTLEY, msc. W. J. WEATHERUP, B.sc.

Retire 1949.
RICHARD HAYWARD.
MISS GLORIA KINKEAD.

J. A. S. STENDALL, m.2.1.4.

Secretarial Sub-Committee
MRS. V. F. GRAINGER.
V. F. GRAINGER.
E, N, CARROTHERS, 3 University Street, Belfast.

PROCEEDINGS.

0)
SUMMER SESSION.
0
. EXCURSIONS.
May 25th .... Copeland Islands.
June 1st ... Carlingford.
June 4th ... Cregagh Glen.
June 15th ... Sallagh Braes.
June 25th ... Carnmoney.
June 29th ... Massereene Park.
July 6th ... Ballycastle.
August 17th ... Hillsborough.
August 31st ... Kilkeel.
September 3rd ... Lisburn.
September 7th ... Newtownards and Grey
Abbey.
September 28th ... Downpatrick and Struell
Wells.

Notre. Only one Report of the above Excursions has
heen received, as appears below.

Now that many of the restrictions imposed by the late
War have been removed, it is hoped that Conductors
Excursions will revert to the old practice of sending in
reports as promptly as possible to the Editor. Such
reports add greatly to the interest of the ‘‘ Proceedings ’”’
and frequently embody information that would otherwise be
lost.

NEWTOWNARDS AND GREY ABBEY.

This Excursion, held on 7th September, attracted the
iargest party of the 1946 Summer Session, numbering over
eighty members and friends, was conducted by Richard
Hayward, and was transported by a double-decker ‘bus and
several private cars by way of Bradshaw’s Brae.

A stop was made at Milecross House, built by Thomas
Bradshaw about 1780, where many things of interest were
examined, by kind permission of the present owner, Mr.
Moore, who was congratulated by everybody on the splendid
manner in which he has preserved and improved this
historical old property. Mr. Hayward told many racy
stories about Bradshaw, and pointed out the noble avenue

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
213

of two double rows of beech trees which is known as The
Soldiers’ Walk; our conductor also described the famous
sham Megalithic avenue, in which the party took great
interest, as well as Bradshaw’s old fig tree, his tanning
diteh, his cider press, and the now-ruinous Quaker Meeting
House which he founded soon after the building of Milecross
House.

Flush Hall was visited next, with the Colville Arms
above the door—these were taken from the Colville mansion
which once stood beside the old Priory, in Newtownards—
and the base of the old High Cross of Newtown, now used
as a drinking trough, lying beside a hedge in front of the
Hall. Several water spouts, gargoyles, and a grotesque
head, pillaged from the Priory, were also examined, and
these had been rooted out by the Conductor during his
pre-excursion survey. ‘Several members referred to this
circumstances as a valuable instance of the necessity of
Conductors making pre-excursion visits in search of
interesting detail.

The fine Town Hall of Newtownards, built in 1770, was
specially opened for inspection, and pleasant time was
spent in the examination of old records and pictures, of the
well-proportioned Council Room, and of the curious and
handsome solar fanlight. Mr. Hayward then pointed out
several interesting 18th century dated-street-name-stones,
in Frances Street, High Street, North’ Street and Castle
Place, and. thereafter took the party to the old Town or
Mercat Cross, which he described in the fullest detail.
Beside this Cross in the Londonderry Estate Office, the
home of Alexander Stewart before his elevation to the
peerage, and much time was spent here in the examination
of the old bell of the Priory, now recast, of the Muniment
Room, and of the cellar in which the notorious Cleland
‘“ sweated ’’ his employer’s sovereigns.

The Dominican Priory of Newtownards, just across the
way, was the next point of interest, and this was examined
in detail and very adequately described by the Conductor.
The few remaining traces of the Colville mansion were then
visited, and it was evident that the Conductor had spent
much time in the preparation of this excursion. Much
interest was evinced in the grand 18th century wall which
surrounded the old orchard, and in the splendid cut-stone
doorway in this wall, a portal which is now built-up and out
of use.

1946-47.]
213

Grey Abbey was reached later in the evening, and Mr.
Alee Davison, in a few words of thanks to the Conductor,
said how glad he was that much time had been spent on
little-known points of interest, and less time on the remains
of Grey Abbey which were well-known to most people
who took any interest in the Ulster countryside. Neverthe-
less, the Conductor took the’party round the ruins of the
Cistercian foundation and was able to underline a few points
of interest not generally known. He also took his party to
the grave of the Rev. James Porter, in the nearby church-
yard, and told them the story of that lively exchange of
opposite political views between this great-hearted Dissenter
(Billy Bluff) and Castlereagh, which ended in the execution,
in front of his own manse, of this fearless man-of-God.

WINTER SESSION.

The authors of the Lectures, of which abstracts are
given, are alone responsible for the views expressed therein.

AN ATLAS OF NORTHERN IRELAND.

At the opening Meeting of the Winter Session on
Tuesday, 22nd October, held in the Museum Buildings,
College Square North, at 8 p.m., the President (Professor
EK. Estyn Evans, M.A., D.Sc., F.\S.A.), gave an, address on
the above subject before a large and interested audience,
illustrating it by many lantern views, maps nd diagrams.

In the course of his remarks the President reviewed the
contents and purpose of National Atlases such as had been
published in many countries, among them France, Germany,
Russia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Finland, and Italy. The
National Atlas of Canada had been issued in 1906, and a
new edition was in progress. In Great Britain great
numbers of maps on a uniform scale were in preparation by
a special Maps Office under a Government Ministry, and
were being used in the planning of industry, agriculture and
national amenities. These maps would ultimately be
issued as part of a National Atlas.

At present it looked as though Northern Ireland would
not be included in such a scheme, nor had it proved possible
to interest the authorities in an Atlas of Ireland. Yet an
Atlas would not only be of great use in planning: it would

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
214

be an instrument of education and research, and would
disseminate accurate knowledge of the country and _ its
peoples. It would contain, in cartographical form, informa-
tion on all aspects of the environment, resources, natural
history and demography.

In the absence of official-support for a National Atlas,
it behoved scientists to do what they could to prepare maps
of distributions of all kinds. The Naturalists’ Field Club had
pioneered in the mapping of field antiquities, and the
President urged that similar schemes should be applied to
the study of the flora and fauna, of such matters as types of
houses, dialects and elements of folklore. Lantern views
were used to show maps on a uniform scale of + imch to
the mile which had been prepared by students of the
Department of Geography at Queen’s University, Belfast. :

They showed population densities and the movement of
population, the distribution of farm sizes and rural
populations, of various crops and livestock, based on the
Census returns and on the statistics collected by the Ministry
of Agriculture.

The President also referred to the Land Utilisation
Survey of Northern Ireland, which had been carried through
by the Geographical Association and was being prepared for
publication in the form of one-inch maps. The Government
of Northern Ireland, realizing the importance of this survey
for country planning, had given financial help and was now
undertaking the publication of the maps iand accompanying
memoirs. He was hopeful that in time the Government
would also come to realize the importance of surveys of other
kinds, and that these would ultimately be published in atlas
form. The naturalist, as well as the planner and the
educationist, would gain by thinking in terms of special
distribution.

SPECIAL PECULIARITIES OF ULSTER
ARCHITECTURE.

The second Meeting of the Winter Session was held on
Tuesday, 5th November, at 8 p.m., in the Museum
Buildings, College Square North, when Mr. Denis O. D.
Hanna, B.A., L.I.R.B.A., dealt with the above subject,
illustrating his remarks by many drawings and sketches.
There was a very good audience and the numerous facts

placed before the members were dealt with in an extremely

lucid and pleasing manner.

1946-47.]
215

In the course of his remarks Mr. Hanna said :—

We in Ulster are proud of our association with England,
but it would be very erroneous to suppose that we are a
pocket edition of that country.

Springing from a Celtic race and sharing a Celtic culture
in common with the rest of Ireland, Scotland, Wales and
Brittany, we possess many interesting peculiarities of our
own and these are not least evident in the field of
Architecture.

There are a number of points in which Ulster is unique
and which account for those differences which we are all
conscious of without being able to define the cause.

Our buildings differ from England in that the half-
timber house once familiar in the English plantation districts
of Ulster is now non-existent, all examples having been
destroyed in the 1641 rebellion. ‘Since then the planters
fell back on the Irish preference for stone or mud-wall
cottages.

Irish architecture is based on the Maritime mode:
thick walls, small windows that make one think of light-
houses or coastguard stations, or the white and black deck
houses of the windjammers, an essentially foreign expression
to the ample windows of ‘Knglish Tudor sheltered in inland
counties.

“ Planters Gothic ’’ churches are a style of late Gothic
which survived half a century longer in Ulster than in
England and embodied certain Renaissance features with
unique results.

The Bawn or defended farm house in which the
planters cattle were kept in safety from the Irish clansmen
was another feature peculiar to this country. But the most
important characteristic of Ulster is her peasant or
vernacular Georgian.

Remote from Dublin, the centre of the Renaissance in
Ireland, and more under the influence of the Mason or
Craftsman than the Architect had brought to the province
an unsophisticated yet ‘beautiful expression of the
Renaissance. The small house models itself on the squire’s
Gate Lodge and there grew up in the village some fine old
shop fronts having their source in the commercial archi-
tecture of the grocer and the tea and wine merchant.

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
216

The fact is that Ulster stands upon the triple culture
_ of three Churches, each with a different architectural ideal.
The Church of Ireland possessing most of the ancient archi-
tecture of merit; the Presbyterian Church with its preference
for Renaissance buildings, many of high quality; and the
Roman Catholic staunch in its loyalty to the dual species
of French Gothic.

Almost every Ulster town has this strange combination
of all three, which gives the scene a character which is easily
recognizable as the land of the Red Hand.

The fact that Presbyterians had largely rejected the
Gothic revival and held on to classical modes long after they
had died in England, meant that Ulster had a Post-Regency
architecture of great merit, examples of good Georgian work
passing far into the Victorian period. |

In conclusion the lecturer expressed the opinion that
Ulster would take a creditable part in the modern movement
in architecture, when that movement had learned that great
art had its roots in spiritual discovery and not simply in the
emergence of some new fact concerning construction.

ZEOLITES OF THE INTERBASEALTIC BEDS.
GHOGRAPHY AND ARCHAEOLOGY.

The third Meeting of the Winter Session was held on
Tuesday, 19th November, at 8 p.m., in the Museum
Building, College Square North, when two short papers on
the above subjects were submitted respectively by Mr.
H. S. Black and Mr. A. H. Davison, both members of the
Geological Section.

Both papers were profusely illustrated by fine series of
lantern views and diagrams. Mr. Black also displayed a
splendid collection of Zeolites, mainly acquired by the
workers in the Geological Section of the Club.

In the course of his remarks Mr. Black said :—

Visits were paid to numerous quarries around Belfast,
including Boyd’s quarry and the Neck at Carnmoney; Cave
Hill; Squire’s Hill; Colinward; Catcairn; Tiger Hill; Black
Mountain; Divis; Roughfort.

The minor interbasaltic was observed at all these
localities. The elevation above sea level varied from about
600 feet at Carnmoney to perhaps 1,000 feet at Divis. The
average thickness was six to ten feet, but it seemed

1946-47.]
217

considerably more at Catcairn, where its depth was hidden
by the floor of the quarry. ‘We visited the main interbasaltic
- beds at the Causeway and Lyle Hill to gain knowledge and
failed to locate it on Divis.

Investigation was made into the zeolites located in the
lavas situated just below the minor interbasaltic. Many of
these were proved to be pseudomorphs, consisting of a high

‘percentage of carbonate of lime.

At Catcairn we found chabasite, healandite and stillbite,
as well as natrolite and beautiful crystals of analcime. The
analcime crystals were located on a surface over which water
flowed quietly to the quarry floor.

At Carnmoney we obtained chabasite, natrolite and
gmellenite in good quality and quantity. Calcite was a
common crystal in most localities. It is understood that
these minerals belong to the lavas of the lower basalts.

We visited (Craigahullier to seek information of the
zeolites located there and were well rewarded because these
zeolites were silicates.

In the lower basalts were found natrolite and chabasite
and in the main quarry above the main interbasaltic we
discovered beautiful amygdules of chalcedony, opal and
agate as well as occasional empty cavities.

In the upper and lower basalts the amygdules were
most dense nearest the interbasaltic. They became less
dense as they rose to the surface.

At Craigahullier in the friable brownish-black rock close
to the main interbasaltic were observed admixtures of grey-
green tint, with amygdules of a dull black substance, oval
shaped and a few millimetres to a centimetre in length.
Many of the cavities were empty.

An interesting zone of rock was noted above the
interbasaltic. It consisted of a rock very rich in minute,
pinhead, black nodules, so compacted that the appearance
was one of a speckled rock. An examination of the black
zeolites revealed traces of iron oxidization. The rock was
not persistent asa layer. It was located half way along the
left hand face, about 75 yards from the entrance. The
amygdules of the upper basalt were large and elongated, the
largest obtained being 7 inches by 2.5 inches, consisting of
chalcedony.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
218

This is the only quarry to date in which we have located
these silicate zeolites in quantity. ‘We did observe calcite
needles in some of the empty cavities.

The lignite zones were also noted in passing. The
strange phenomenon of radial columns was recorded for
future investigation.

In conclusion we are not in a position yet to state that
the quarries around Belfast contain the same minor
interbasaltic zone, but everywhere investigated revealed that
the interbasaltic rested less than 50 feet above the Chalk
and one observes a comparable interbasaltic band above the
Chalk outcropping along the coast from Portrush to the
Causeway.

We hope to enquire further into the causes which have
produced the abundance of pseudomorphs in the lower
basalts.

(No abstract was furnished of Mr. A. H. Davison’s paper).
QUESTION NIGHT.

The fourth Meeting of the Winter Session was held on
Tuesday, 17th December, at 8 p.m., in the Museum
Building, College Square North, Mr. G. H. Henderson,
in the Chair, the President and Vice-President being
unavoidably absent.

A number of Questions were asked and answered, all
leading to animated discussions.

There was a very fair attendance, the Meeting lasting
for one and a quarter hours.

MIGRATION OF BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

The fifth Meeting of the Winter Session was held on
Tuesday, 21st January, at 8 p.m., in the Museum Building,
College Square North, when Dr. G. F. Cockbill read a paper
on the above subject.

In the course of his remarks Dr. Cockbill said :—

It has long been known that locusts congregate in
swarms and migrate, but it is only in recent years that the
migratory habit has been found to extend to other groups
of insects. Isolated accounts of mass movements of butter-
flies and moths have occurred in historic chronicles, usually

1946-47.]
219

associated with some alleged supernatural event, in
travellers’ accounts and in scientific literature, but such
movements were regarded as being unusual and sporadic
events.

It was not until Dr. C. B. Williams became interested
in the subject that a determined study of migration in
Lepidoptera was made. Dr. Williams has spent many
~ years in the Tropics, and has collected a wealth of first hand
information on the habits of migratory Lepidoptera. His
book ** The Migration of Butterflies,’’ published in 1930, sets
out clearly the evidence of migration in many species of
Lepidoptera, including a compilation of the literature,
historic and recent, relating to the subject.

Migration is defined by him as being “ a periodic, more
or less undirectional continual movement, assisted by the
efforts of the animal and in a direction over which it exerts
a control, which results in the animal passing away from
its previous daily field of operations.’’ Such movements
have been shown to occur in Lepidoptera and to be
independent of the direction of the prevailing wind, and
therefore to some extent under the control of the insect.

Of the sixty-eight species of Briish Butterflies about one
fifth are known migrants. They can be classified according
to the nature of their occurrence in Britain.

1. Vagrants. Generally scarce, straying far from their
normal habitat.

- The Milkweed or Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus)
a native of North America is an example of an insect which
occurs periodically in small numbers in Britain, but which
is incapable of supporting itself there. The food plant of the
larvae is the Milkweed,Asclepias sp. which does not occur
wild in Europe, but is a native of North America. Since
1876, the date. of the first record, 57 speeimens of this
butterfly have been caught in Britain and 94 recorded but
notcaptured. In 1933, there were 33 records. Most records
have occurred in the months of September and October, and
from the South-west and South coasts of Britain. It is
possible that specimens have been carried across the
Atlantic by ships, but the evidence is strongly in favour of
their having flown across. ‘Specimens have been seen flying
strongly 300 miles west of the Scottish coast. The time of
their occurrence in Britain coincides with the period of
migratory activity in North America.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
220

The summer distribution of the species in North
America extends throughout the United States and as far
north as Hudson Bay. In September and October, the
butterflies congregate in enormous swarms, and fly south-
wards. This southerly movement has tbeen recorded
throughout North America by many observers. During the
winter months, the species collects in swarms along the
coastal belt of California and in Florida. In Monterey,
California, the same pine trees are literally covered year
after year with hibernating butterflies and are exhibited to
visitors ‘as a local phenomenon. During the spring months,
the butterflies leave the trees and fly northwards in small
isolated groups, laying eggs en route. In the Southern
States, where eggs are laid first, three generations may be
produced in the year, but in the region of Hudson Bay, only
one generation is produced. The progeny, without any
previous knowledge of routes, undergo the southward flight
in the following autumn. The flight from Hudson Bay to
South California is roughly the same distance as the Atlantic
crossing, and their appearance in Britain is probably due to
the butterflies having strayed off their course.

2. Seasonal immigrants which cannot normally main-
tain themselves in the winter climate of the British Isles.

The Painted Lady (Vanessa cardui) is an example of this-
group. It occurs almost annually in Britain and has been
recorded flying in from the sea along the south coasts of
Britain during April and May. The species has been
recorded moving northwards across North Africa and the
Mediterranean countries in April and early May, and
appearing in Britam and the more northerly European
countries in late May and June.

Evidence is accumulating to support the view that after
one or two broods are produced, a southerly autumn flight
occurs from Britain to the Continent. It is likely that
Britain is on the fringe of the area of distribution of this
species which has North Africa as a centre. As the
population increases during the early summer, the species
spreads farther afield, and as it diminishes during autumn,
the area occupied by the species is reduced.

3. Resident species which may be reinforced by
immigration.

The Cabbage White Butterflies (Pieris brassicae and
P. rapae) may be taken as examples of this group. The

1946-47.]
221

recorded movements of these butterflies show that there are —
two main flight seasons, one occurring during the end of May
and beginning of June, and the other during the end of July
and beginning of August, corresponding with the two broods
of these species. In Europe, the first flight season shows né
pronounced directional movement, but in the second season,
the recorded flights are unmistakeably to the south. The
movement appears to originate in Scandinavia, passing
. through Germany and Austria to break up in the region of .
the Alps.

In Britain the movement is predominantly to the west
and north-west during both seasons. Most of the flights are
recorded from the east and south coasts, supporting the view
that the migrations originate in north Europe.

During 1940, however, a large southerly migration
occurred in Britam extending from the north of Scotland
to the south of England. The first records occurred at
Harpenden, Herts. on July 14th. Daily records were kept
at Harpenden from this date until the movement terminated
about August 22nd. During a total of 300 minutes
observation over a 100 yard front, 1,627 msects were seen
to pass to the south of an east-west line, and only 256 to
the north. The peak activity at Harpenden occurred on
July 22nd when up to 170 insects were recorded per 5
minutes passing to the south over a front of 100 yards.

Over a hundred independent records of flights in other
parts of the country were received during this migration.
There appears to have been two main movements. One
occurred to the south and was recorded in Cambs., Herts.,
Oxfordshire, Shropshire, Gloucestershire, Somerset and
South Wales. The other was a large immigration from the
south or south-east extending along the south coast from
Kent to South Devon.

The study of migration in insects has been extended
since 1931 by the activities of the Insect Immigration
Committee of the South Eastern Union of Scientific
Societies, under the energetic direction of the Hon.
Secretary, Capt. T. Dannreuther, R.N., ‘* Windycroft,’’
Hastings.

It is the function of this Committee to collect and collate
records of insect migrations. The masters of lightships and
keepers of lighthouses co-operate in sending in valuable
information. More observers are needed in Ireland, and any

(Proc. B.N.F.C.
222

interested naturalist is invited to send to the Hon. Secretary,
information relating to insect migration, stating the species
observed, the direction of flight, the date and locality, the
name and address of the observer and any other relevant
data.

ISLAND MACHUGH AND ITS BEARING ON IRISH
ARCHAEOLOGY.

The sixth Meeting of the Winter Session was held on
Tuesday, 4th February, in the Museum Building, College
Square North, when Mr. O. Davies, M.A., read a paper on
the above subject.

Island MacHugh is a small island in the lower lake in
the Baronscourt Demesne. Excavations have been in
progress there from 1937-9 and in 1946 and 1947. The site
is remarkable for its long history, illustrating the delevop-
ment of lake-dwelling in Ireland from early times until the
end of the middle ages.

The site was first occupied by the ‘‘ Neolithic B ’’ folk.
Up to that time it was a reedy patch in the lake. Brush-
wood and pegs were then laid down, and the place made
sufficiently dry for habitation. The ‘“‘ Neolithic B’”’ or
‘* Peterborough ’’ culture has been identified in various
parts of England and Scotland. It came from the southern
shores of the Baltic, and is descended from the great group
of Mesolithic fishing cultures which extended across the
north |Huropean plain. Itis characterised by coarse pottery,
liberally ornamented with scorings and cord-impressions.
Island MacHugh was the first Irish excavation in which this
pottery was recognised, though it had previously been
identified from stray finds at Dundrum, Lambay, ete.

The date of the Neolithic B culture in England is
comparatively late, not before 1500 B.C. It was preceded
by that of other island-dwellers. The Mesolithic folk had
reached Ireland and spread along its rivers and on to mud-
flats on its lakes, but do not seem to have built artificial
islands. At Knagh Lough (Derry) a ‘‘ Neolithic A ’’ culture
was identified earlier than the~‘* Neolithic B.’’ This was
probably derived from a Neolithic A people identified in the
Kinglish Lake District. So far as we can see, the Neolithic
B people had settled only in the east and south of England
and in Scotland, and thence must have reached Ireland.

1946-47.1
223

After the Neolithic B period, Island MacHugh was for '
a time deserted. The next remains found on it belong to
the Late Bronze age. ‘Such finds have been made on a
few other crannogs in Ireland, and it is likely that the
invasions of this period caused a considerable settlement on
lakes and rivers. The Late Bronze age people were Celts,
who had been in contact with lake-dwellers in Switzerland
‘and south Germany before they reached the British Isles.
It cannot be proved how early the Late Bronze age settle-
ment on Island MacHugh was. At present we know very
little that can be placed between the Late Bronze age and
early Christian times, so the former period may have
lingered on into the Christian era, as it did in north England.

The principal Late Bronze age remains at Island
MacHugh were of two large circular houses, one superposed
on the other. They were floored with planks, brushwood,
leaves and sand, and walled with double rings of posts.
They must have been 70 feet across, and only portions of
them have been uncovered. They seem parallel to the large
house discovered by Bersu in a rath of Lissue (Antrim) and
to the structures on the crannog of Ballinderry I. (Meath).
But Island MacHugh is considerably older than either of
these sites, and is probably the earliest large house yet
known.

Island MacHugh continued to be occupied throughout
the Middle Ages, and has yielded a particularly fine series
of late medieval pottery, as well as other remains. A few
coins assist the dating. Im the sixteenth century a small
stone tower was built on the site. It was granted in
Elizabethan times to Henry Hovenden, foster-brother of
O’Neill. Like English colonists since, he was not satisfied
with the cramped conditions under which the natives lived,
eating and sleeping in the same room, and so he enlarged
the castle with an extra storey.

The castle was attacked by Sir Henry Doewra in 1601;
he has left us two accounts of his operations. It was
slighted after its surrender, and has since that time been
abandoned, save for a small cottage in the early nineteenth
century.

It is hoped to bring the excavation to a close in the
summer of 1947. Its publication will require a large
volume. There is no doubt that in many ways Island
MacHugh is the most important site yet excavated in

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
224

Ireland, though similar sites, perhaps with as long a history,
probably await the excavator as soon as he has time to
tackle them.

SEAWEEDS.

The seventh Meeting of the Winter Session was held
on Tuesday, 25th February, in the Museum Building,
College Square North, when Dr. M. J. Lynn dealt with the
above subject.

(No abstract).

THE ORIGIN AND SIGNIFICANCE OF IRISH PLACE
NAMES.

The eighth Meeting of the Winter Session was held on
Tuesday, 18th March, in the Museum Building, College
Square North, when Rev. Leo M‘Keown, C.C., lectured on
the above subject.

(No abstract).
ANNUAL MEETING.

The Annual Meeting was held in Museum Building,
College Square North, on Tuesday, 15th April, 1947, the
Chair being occupied by Dr. E. E. Evans, 'M.A., D.Sc.,
F.S.A.

ANNUAL REPORT.

Your Committee in submitting the Annual Report for
the 84th year has pleasure in recording that the activities
of the Club have been well maintained, and that the
membership continues to include practically everyone who
is interested in adding to the knowledge of the natural history
and archaeology of our district.

At the beginning of the Club year there were 448
members on the roll. During the year 10 members died,
15 resigned, 6 allowed their membership to lapse, 86 new
members were elected, and one member of the Junior
Division was transferred. At present the total membership
is 454, an increase of 6.

The Summer Programme consisted of 12 general
excursions, all of which were held.’ The visit to the
Copeland Islands attracted about 60 members and friends.
About 80 were present at the excursion to Newtownards

a

1946-47.
225

and Greyabbey. Attendances at other excursions varied
according to weather conditions, and averaged about 30.
The Sectional Excursions of the Club were well attended.

Seven lectures were given during the Winter Session,
and one evening was devoted to Questions sent in by
members. On 25th February, owing to a severe blizzard,
there was a record low attendance of 12. About 150 were
present at the last lecture of the season. Excluding these
exceptional figures the average number present at the lecture
did not exceed 50.

Your Committee regrets to report the deaths of 10
members whose names are appended. The names include
“Miss Sarah Blackwood and Mr. Jams Orr, a Past President,
who had each been members for 50 years; Mr. W. J.
Stewart, M.P., who had been a member for 53 years and
the Right Hon. Samuel Cunningham who had been a
member for 63 years.

During the year the Annual Reports and Proceedings
from year 1940-1941 till year 1945-1946 were printed and
- circulated. Stencilled-copies of the Rules were also sent to

all members.

In view of the fact that the last Conversazione was held
in March 1946, your Committee decided that if this-function
were to be restored to its pre-war importance, the next
Conversazione could not be held until late in 1947.

At the last Annual Meeting the appointment of an
Honorary Treasurer was left in the hands of your Committee
who were fortunate in securing the services of Mr. R. C.
Davidson. The decision regarding the Secretaryship was
also left to your Committee, but no appointment was made.
Throughout the year the secretarial duties have been carried
out by a sub-committee. At the beginning this consisted of
Mr. and Mrs. Grainger and Mr. E. N. Carrothers. Mr. and
Mrs. Grainger resigned in consequence of their taking up
residence in Limavady, and Mr. Moon was appointed to
the Secretarial Sub-Committee.

Your Committee desires to record its thanks for
courtesies extended to the Club during the Summer
Excursions by the Commissioners of Irish Lights, the
Borough Council of Newtownards, Mr. Moore of Milecross
House, and Mr. Bell, Town Planning Officer of Lisburn.

‘H}. N. rs eA Hon.
J. McK. Moon, Secretaries.

{Proc. B.N.F.C.

226
TEE EL AE EI PE RG SBE AS CE BE ES EE
OBITUARY.
Berry, Col. R. G.J. J. Macartney, Miss L.
Blackwood, Miss Sarah Millin, S. Shannon
Blair, John T. Murray, B.
Cunningham, Rt. Hon. Samuel Orr, James
Jermyn, Capt. W. M. Stewart, W. J., M.P.

REPORT OF BOTANICAL SECTION.

In addition to the customary sectional excursions there
were week evening excursions to places within easy reach
of the city and much interesting work was accomplished by
the section, which now consists of 60 members. All these
excursions were well attended and some of them had, as
their special aim, instruction in the use of a ‘‘ Flora.”’

The excursion of June 22nd, was to Staffordstown and
by the Lough Neagh shore to” Toome. This gave an
opportunity of seeing the characteristic lake and marsh
plants of that area, although it was too early to see
Spiranthes stricta.

On August 24th a most interesting day was spent at
Downpatrick were Galium cruciata and Dipsacus sylvestria
still inhabit the Rath and near the cricket ground a plant
new to our area, Mentha longifolia, was seen.

A visit to Red Hall, Ballycarry, on September 21st, was
made in order to study the Fungi, but the season proved
disappointing for these and only a few characteristic species
apppeared. One important find was Heluella crispa.

A notable event of the evening excursions was the
re-finding of Vaccinium Vitis on the Cave Hill, where it
had been lost sight of for nearly a century.

As on the previous year the Section held a tea party
in December, when 40 members attended and enjoyed
themselves so well that this seems destined to become an
annual function. , Mr. R. D. Meikle kindly presented a book
prize for a Botanical Conundrum, which ‘was won by Miss
EH. M. Bell.

M. Patricia H. Kertianp,\ Hom.
Joun McK. Moon, { Secretaries.

1946-47.)
227

REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

The year just past was a record for the number of
excursions of geological interest held by the Club. KEHight of
these were held during the Summer and six during the
Winter.

May 18th, 1946. An excursion took place to Scrabo to
study the Trias and Tertiary Sills. Here the Trias is about
120 feet thick. It is well-bedded and has thin reddish clay
partings, ripple marks, sun cracks, and rain pits.

June 21st. The Club visited. Carlingford. In the after-
noon the quarries of Carboniferous Limestone were
inspected. The dense blue stone which was once in great
demand for the manufacture of hydraulic lime was
examined. Here the dykes ramify throughout the quarry
and are sometimes forced between the beds of limestone.
The quarry is now disused and grass is growing over the
dumps. From here the party walked over the flat golf
course to Greenore and had little more than a glance at the
raised beach here of which this forms a part.

June 22nd. An excursion was made to Dundonald area
to inspect the glacial sands and gravels which are a
prominent feature of this district.

June 25th. An excursion led by H. S. Black, M.A.,
to a basaltic quarry at Carnmoney. Here the conductor
gave an interesting talk on the lower basalt flows, minor
interbasaltic beds and the formation of zeolites. The quarry
was particularly rich in zeolites.

July 6th. During a Club excursion to Ballycastle the
Carboniferous sandstones, shales, and coal beds were seen
as well as dykes and faults. The lower deltas of the Carey
glacial lake were seen from the Golf Links as well as the
raised beach and blown sand.

3rd August. The famous succession of Jurassic and
Cretaceous beds were visited at Colin Glen.

20th August. H. S. Black took the section to
Craigahullier where the interbasaltic bauxite, lignite, and
plant remains were studied.

31st August. During the Club excursion to Kilkeel
many geological phenomena were seen including Maggie's

{Proc. B.N.F.C.
228

Leap, the Cone Sheet at Bloody Bridge and Glasdrummond
as well as the glacial deposits and river meanders at Kilkeel.

During the Winter six excursions were made to various
quarries in the neighbourhood of Belfast to study the lower
tertiary basalts, minor interbasaltic beds, and zeolites.
These were under the direction of Mr. H. 8. Black, M.A.
and proved of great interest to those taking part.

‘A. H. Davison, Hon.
1 S. BLACK; | secteuiriel

REPORT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SECTION.

The Archaeological Section held two Meetings during
the Session: one on June 22nd to Mallusk, the other on
July 27th, to Kilroot.

We were very fortunate in getting a lovely summer day
for the Mallusk visit; but heavy showers prevented a large
turn out of members to Kilroot.

We visited Mallusk graveyard and saw the graves of
the Bigger family and the celebrated James Hope. There
is nothing left of.the medieval church of Mallusk, which
was valued at forty shillings in the Taxation of Pope
Nicholas in 1306.

We walked to the ‘‘ Trench,’’ one of the fortified houses
of the neighbourhood during the Revolution of 1688-89.
Here Protestant families, fearful of the raids of M‘Carthy
More and his soldiers, banded themselves together and
withdrew when’ night time fell into this house, which was
well wooded and had a deep entrenchment on two sides.

During the 18th and 19th centuries the “‘ Trench ’’ was
in the possession of the Bigger family. They had settled
first in a house off High Street, Belfast, about the middle
of the 17th century, and had come from Nithsdale,
Dumfries. David Bigger started the Carnmoney Calico
Printing Works at Mossley about the end of the 18th
century.

We ended our excursion by walking about a mile
towards Roughfort to Grania’s Grave, a well known
megalith.

1946-47.]
229

On July 27th we went by bus to Kilroot where we
visited the churchyard and afterwards the Bishop’s House.
The Church of Kilroot is one of the oldest ecclesiastical
foundations in this country and dates from the time of St.
Patrick. It was valued in the Taxation of Pope Nicholas
at 5 marks, but like Mallusk was mentioned as being in a
ruined condition in 1622. There is nothing left to-day of
.the Church except the few stones which support the bullaun
stone, although a considerable quantity of dressed stones
is known to have been removed for modern buildings in the
neighbourhood.

A portion of a much weathered Anglo-Norman Grave
Slab is in the garden of the adjoining farmhouse, also another
bullaun or basin stone of a more recent type than the one
in the graveyard. The Holy Well which Albeus prophesied
would never fail is in the southern part of the farmhouse.
About 1604 the Bishop of Down and Connor selected this
place as a site for a new Bishop’s House or Palace enclosed
in a fortified bawn. It was three storeys high and had four
circular towers, one at each corner of the bawn. Members
were greatly interested in the Dovecot built in one of the
towers in more recent times. It is one of the few in
Northern Ireland.

In spite of the inclement weather a few members visited
Dean Swift’s house near Kilroot Station, about a mile away.

if. Be. mie Hon.
J. SKILLEN, Secretaries.

REPORT OF ZOOLOGICAL SECTION.

During the year only two sectional excursions were
held. The first to the Lagan canal near Lisburn for the
purpose of examining the freshwater fauna. The second
excursion which was held during August was to Crow Glen
near Ligoniel. This is a very interesting area and during the
afternoon numerous specimens of the land snail Arianta
arbustorum were collected as well as the slug Arion ater in
several colour varieties. Other mollusca included Lauria
cylindracea, Clausilia rugosa, numerous species of Hyalima
and a number of common slugs. Several species of Isopoda
and Myriapoda were also noted.

Ranatp MacDona.Lp, Hon.
J. S. LouGHrIpGeE, Secretaries.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.
230

REPORT OF JUNIOR DIVISION.

During the year 67 new members were elected and 10
resigned, our total number now being 242.

The Excursions made during the Session were as
follows : —

6th April ... Lagan at Edenderry.

4th May ... Belfast Castle Estate.

18th May ... Cairngaver.
30th May ... Botanic Gardens.
31st May ... Moira Canal and Swamp.
Ist June .... Divis Mountain.

6th June .... Cranmore Estate.

8th June ... serabo Hill.

13th June .... Campbell College Grounds.
22nd June ... Saintfield Demesne.

6th July ... Whithead..
28th September ... Lagan Valley.
5th October ... Carr’s Glen and Cave Hill.
12th October ... Whitehead and Blackhead
Lighthouse.

Attendances at the above 14 excursions were kept up
to a healthy standard.

Subscriptions and arrears received during the year
reached a good level and a special effort was made to reduce
expense by lessening the number of circulars issued.

Fr.icitry Boiron, Hon. Secretary.
CLUB MEDALLISTS.

1923. William Swanston, F.G.S.

1924. Nevin Harkness Foster, F.L.S., M.R.LA.
1925. Nathaniel Carrothers.

1926. Robert Bell.

1927. R. Lloyd Praeger, D.Sc., M.R.IA.

1928. R. J. Welch, M.Sc., M.R.I.A.

19381. S. A. Bennett, B.A., B.Sc.

19382. J. A. S. Stendall, M.R.I.A., M.B.O.U.

19383. A. M‘I. Cleland.

1934. Professor Gregg Wilson, O.B.E., D.Sc., M.R
1936. Professor J. K. Charlesworth, D.Sc., Ph. Di Te
1937. Rev. W. R. Megaw, B.A., M.R.LA.

1938. Miss W. J. Sayers, B.A.

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ILLUSTRATIONS.

Slemish Mountain, Co. Antrim ...

Carr’s Glen, Belfast

The Lagan, near Edenderry

Jelly Fish

Later Stages of Marsh Building, Comber Estuary
In Saintfield Demesne

King John’s Castle, Carlingford ...

i

Pan, Mh .

if
i

A
Accounts: 35, 74, 105, 130,

163, 189, 206,
Miss F. M. J.:

Adams, M.Sc.;
** Medicinal Plants ”’
“* Local. Medicinal Plants”’

INDEX.

141,
231.

15
118

Allworthy, M.A.; Dr. S. W.:

“Some Notable Friend-
_ships ”’ eS

Beckett, M.A.; J. C.:
“Monasticism in Medieval
Ireland ”’
Bell-Welch Memorial Fund
Black: H. S.
“ Fossil Plants of Fife-
shire Coal Measures ”’
“Waterways” ..
“ Zeolites of the
basaltic Beds ”’
Bourke, B.Sc.; Miss K. :
“ Botany ”’

Inter-

eC

Carrothers, E. N.:
*Plant Names”’ ... te
Charlesworth, D.Sc., F.G.S.,
MARAT Prot. J. K.:
‘““Fossils and Evolution ”’
paebhe Piuvial Period” ..-
“* Fossils ”’ Ay
Cleland, A. McI.
4 Geological Reminis-
' cences ”’ a,
28, 68,

Club Medallists : 104,

140, 162, 188, 205,

Gockbill, Dr: Gi F.:
‘Migration of Butterflies

and Moths ”’ ...
Conversaziones : 12, 54, 81,

127

156
30

123
181
216
123

145

92
158
199

137
129,
230.

218
109,

135, 145, 168, 199.

Davies, M.A.; O.:
“Study of Cronnogs”’ ...
“Island Machugh and its

Bearing on Irish
Archeology ”’ a
Davison, F.R.S.A.I.; A. H.:

“Geology and the Evolu-
tion of Plants ”’

“Geography and
Archeology ”’

123

222

82
216

Deane, C. D.:
“The Behaviour of Breed-
ing Birds” aah Sf)
E
Evans, M.A., F.S.A.; Dr. E. E.:
** Lyle’s Hill se ete 57
‘* Seasonal Nomadism in
Modern Europe ”’ 94
“The Irish House ”’ Be LOG
“An Atlas of Northern
Ireland ” ele
Excursions :
Altadavin Glen 46
Ardglass ... Ae 81, 145
Armagh City 109, 145, 195
Athlone and District ode 6
Ballycastle 2, 81, 211
Ballymena and District... 81
Ballyutoag 109, 195
Belfast Castle Estate ye. 209
Benevenagh a ae ie V5)
Black Mountain ... 81, 145, 195
Botanic Gardens oe ABE)
Carlingford 211
Carnmoney sper al
Carrickfergus 81, 195
Carr’s Glen 50, 167, 195
Castlereagh Hills 09
Castle Upton and
Templepatrick 135
Castleward 3
Cavan and District 2 Si:
Cave Hill 167, 195
Church Hill Demesne ” 5
Comber Estuary . > ta
Copeland Islands ~ be ae 5!
Crawfordsburn Glen 10, 46
Cregagh Glen a ped
Cullamore Mountain . | 46
Cultra bal : 3
Derryadd 81
Donaghadee 167
Downpatrick 211
Drumbo _... 44
Dublin and District 48
Dundrum 109
Edenderry 4
Ellis’s Cut ve 45
Galgorm Castle Demesne 109
Giant’s Ring S635 185
Gilnahirk 145
Glenariff ... 10
Glenballyemon 10

INDE X—Continued.

Glenoe _....
Grey Abbey
Hillhall
Hillsborough
Holywood
Inch Abbey
Kilkeel
Kilmood
Manor
Lagan Canal 5
Laganvale Brickworks ...
Lambeg and peee :
Larne
Lisburn
Londonderry and
_ District
Lough Beg
Lyle Hill
Magheramorne
Maghery
Massereene Deerpark 145,
Miner’s Town
Muckamore
Ness Glen
New Grange
Newtownards
Newtownhamilton
Old Belfast -
Omagh and District
Portrush
Portstewart
Rademon
Rostrevor
Rowallan be
Saintfield Demesne
Sallagh Braes
Sharvogue’s Bog
Skegoniel Brickworks
Slemish
Strangford
Struell Wells
Toombridge
Tynan Abbey

G

Gaffikin, Miss M. :
“The Bronze
Treland ”’

109,

‘a nd Florida

81,
135,
os

Age in

Hanna, D.O.D., B.A.
** Special Pacuitarinan of
Ulster Architecture” .
Hartley, M.Sc.; J. J.:
‘‘Dalradian Rocks ”’

145
211
135
211
3
52
211

135
81

13

214

54

Hayward, R.:
“The Kingdom of Kerry”
Henderson, F.C.A.; R. G.:
“Some Notes on Com-
posite ”’ :
K
Keir, MAS -Dre la:
‘“ History : Movements of
Men ”’ :
L
Lectures, etc. :
1938—1939.
“The Bronze: Age” in
Ireland ”’

“* Medicinal Plants we

Query Night : ae

“A Talk About Birds” Wx.

‘* Volcanoes ’

‘‘ Fifty Years
Work ”’

‘* Trees”

of Field

1939—1940.
‘Nalradian Rocks ”’
‘““Dragon Flies”
‘‘Lyle’s Hill”

“New. “Elloray 7 Gin aewNel.
Ireland ”’
Lantern Night
1940—1141.
‘* Treland, Past and
Present ”’

“Geology and the Evolu-
tion of Plants ”’

“Water Boatmen and
Their Relatives ”’ 4

“ Explaining the Milky
Way ”

“Fossils and Evolution ”
‘“ History — Movements of
Men ”’
“ Plants
Shore ”’
‘* Seasonal Nomadism in
Modern Europe”

1941—1942,
“Water and Life’
‘focal Medicinal Herbs"
‘Study of Crannogs ”’
De Photographing the
Badger ”’ A
Demonstrations in
Physiology

of the Sea

199

136

93

INDE X—Continued.

“Fossil Plants of Fife-
shire Coal Measures”

“Some Notable Friend-
ships ”’

1942—1943.
“Some Notes on
posite ”’
“The Wonders of. Egypt”
“Population Problems ”’
Query Night
“Geological Reminis-
cences ”’ ;

Com-

1943—1944.

‘Ulster Mammals ”’
“Plant Names ”’
“Monasticism in Medieval

Ireland ”’ xs
“The Pluvial Period Me
Query Night be
“The Making of the Irish

Fauna and Flora.” .:.

1944—1945,
eaOldisBelfast??- 34
“Clouds ”’

“Afforestation in Northern
Ireland ”’

a Prehistoric Men of Co.
Derry ”’ 2

“A Talk on Shells”

“ Waterways ”’

“What is This Plant?”

Query Night be ant

1945—1946.

“This Our Heritage ”’
““The Irish House ”’
“Looking Back ”
. Bung <
“ Fossils ”
‘“*‘The Behaviour of Breed-

Le ITGS'* 2.2
“The Kingdom of Kerry”

1946—1947.
“An Atlas of Northern
Ireland ”’
“ Special Peculiarities of
Ulster Architecture” ..
‘Zeolites of the Inter-
basaltic Beds’’ a
‘““Geography and
Archeology ”
“Question Night ”’
‘Migration of Butterflies
and Moths” ey

123
127

136
137
137
137

137

145
14’

145
158
158

158

168
170

175

177
179
181
181
181

195
197
198
198
199

199
199

213
214
216

216
218

218

“Island Machugh and its
Bearing on Irish
Archeology ”

‘* Seaweeds ”’ ; a

‘The Origin and Signi-
ficance of Irish Place
Names”’

Lindsay, M.Sc., A.M., Ph.D.,
M.R.EA:; Dro Ex Mi :

“Explaining the Milky

Way ”’ 11, 92
List of Exchange Societies 32, 69

Loughridge, M.D., F.R.C.S.;
| as eae
“Water and Life” 109
Lynn, Dr. M. Ju: .
** Seaweeds ”’ 224
M
MacDonald, R. :
“ Zoology ”’ 123

McKeown, C.C.; Rev. Oe
“The Origin and Siani-
ficance of Irish Place
Names ”’ wea OO
Mason, M.R.I.A.; T. EE.
“ Treland, Past and

Present ”’ ob Ph ee
May, A. MCcL.
2 Prehistoric Men in Co.
Derry ”’ aowliaa
Memorial Fund: Denis lH.
Rankin # 183, 191
Mogay, M.A.; I. M.:
“Population Problems” ... 137
Moon, J. McK. :
| Fungi” 198
Moore, H. S.:
‘““Old Belfast ”’ 168
oO
Obituary: 22; 60, 100; 128, 138;
160, 183, 201, 226
Dp
Praeger, Dr. R. LI. :
“Fifty Years of Field
Work ”’ we a2)
‘* New Flora of N.E.
Ireland ”’ 58

‘“The Making of the Irish

Fauna and Flora” 158
Presentation to
Mr. J. Skillen 167

INDEX—Continued.

Q
Query Night: 16, 137, 158, 184
R
Rankin, N. and D. H.:
“A Talk About Birds” ... 17
Rankin, R.A.F.; Denis H.:
Memorial Fund.
Reilly, G. C.:
“This Our Heritage” ... 195
Reports :
Annual 21, 60, 99, 127, 138, 159,
182, 200, 224
Librarian 22, 61, 201
Recording Secretary ete

Botanical Section 24, 62, 100,
128, 139, 161, 183, 201, 226
Geological Section 24, 63, 101,
128, 139, 160, 184, 202, 227
Zoological Section 25, 64, 101,
186, 203, 229
Archeological Section 25, 64,
102, 139, 161, 187, 228
Survey of Antiquities 26, 65
Junior Division 27, 66, 103, 128,
140, 162, 187, 203, 230

Delegate to British

Association ... 28
Ruttledge, A.R.PIS.; T. O.:
““Photographing the
Badger ”’ 123
ev Wy,

Ss
Sayers, B.A.; Miss W. J.:
“ Trees ’
“Plants of the Sea
Snore”’ Bae
“‘iWihat is This’ “Plant?”
Skillen : Presentation to
Mr. J.

Stendall, M.R.1.A.; 5. A. ae
‘* Ulster Mammals 2
‘* Looking Back ”’
Stewart, D.:
‘Afforestation in Northern
Ireland ”’
Swan, F.R.S.A-1.; H. R.
“Wonders of eoont” a

Ww
Weatherup, B.Sc.; W. J.:

‘Clouds ”’
Welch Memorial Fund

Wilson, D.Sc.; Prof. Gregg :
‘* Dragon Flies ’ :
“Water Boatmen and

Their Relatives ”’
“A Talk on Shells”
Woodland, B.Sc., Ph.D.;
Dri AS WLS:
“Volcanoes ”’

2 “JUL 194s

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